Poultry mycoplasmas: Sophisticated pathogens in simple guise

British Poultry Science

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 125-136

  Bradbury, J M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVES; MOLLICUTES; MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM; MYCOPLASMA IOWAE; MYCOPLASMA MELEAGRIDIS; MYCOPLASMA SYNOVIAE; MYCOPLASMATALES; PROKARYOTA;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BIRD DISEASE; MICROBIOLOGY; MYCOPLASMA; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POULTRY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; MYCOPLASMA; MYCOPLASMA INFECTIONS; POULTRY; POULTRY DISEASES;

EID: 22144473738     PISSN: 00071668     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00071660500066282     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (78)

1. BALISH, M.F. & KRAUSE, D.C. (2002) Cytadherence and cytoskeleton, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 491-518 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
2. BASEGGIO, N., GLEW, M., MARKHAM, P.F., WHITHEAR, K.G. & BROWNING, G.F. (1996) Size and genomic location of the pMGA multigene family of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Microbiology, 142: 1429-1435.
3. BASEMAN, J.B. & TULLY, J.G. (1997) Mycoplasmas: sophisticated, reemerging, and burdened by their notoriety. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3: 21-32.
4. BASEMAN, J.B., DALLO, S.F., TULLY, J.G. & ROSE, D.L. (1988) Isolation and characterization of Mycoplasma genitalium strains from the human respiratory tract. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 26: 2266-2269.
5. BASEMAN, J.B., LANGE, M., CRISCIMAGNA, N.L., GIRON, J.A. & THOMAS, C.A. (1995) Interplay between mycoplasmas and host target cells. Microbial Pathogenesis, 19: 105-116.
6. BENČINA, D., DROBNIČ-VALIČ, M., HORVAT, S., NARAT, M., KLEVEN, S.H. & DOVČ, P. (2001) Molecular basis of the length variation in the N-terminal part of Mycoplasma synoviae hemagglutinin. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 203: 115-123.
7. BOGUSLAVSKY, S., MENAKER, D., LYSNYANSKY, I., LIU, T., LEVISOHN, S., ROSENGARTEN, R., GARCIA, M. & YOGEV, D. (2000) Molecular characterization of the Mycoplasma gallisepticum pvpA gene which encodes a putative variable cytadhesin protein. Infection and Immunity, 68: 3956-3964.
8. BOVÉ, J.M. (1999) The one-hundredth anniversary of the first culture of a mollicute, the contagious bovine peripneumonia microbe, by Nocard and Roux, with the collaboration of Borrel, Salimbeni and Dujardin-Baumetz. Research in Microbiology, 150: 239-245.
9. BRADBURY, J.M. (1984) The effect of Mycoplasma iowae infection on the immune system of the young turkey. Abstracts of the 5th Congress of the International Organisation for Mycoplasmology, Jerusalem, Israel, p. 112.
10. BRADBURY, J.M. (2002) Mycoplasma infections, in: JORDAN, F.T.W., PATTISON, M., ALEXANDER, D.J. & FARAGHER, T. (Eds) Poultry Diseases, 5th edn, pp. 178-193 (London, W.B. Saunders).
11. BRADBURY, J.M., SAED ABDUL-WAHAB, O.M., YAVARI, C.A., DUPIELLET, J.-P. & BOVÉ, J.M. (1993) Mycoplasma imitans, a new species related to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and found in birds. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43: 721-728.
12. BRADBURY, J.M., DARE, C.M., YAVARI, C.A. & FORRESTER, A. (2000) Evidence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in British wild birds. Abstracts of the 13th International Congress of the International Organization for Mycoplasmology, Fukuoka, Japan, p. 253.
13. BRADBURY, J.M., YAVARI, C.A. & DARE, C.M. (2001a) Mycoplasmas and respiratory disease in pheasants and partridges. Avian Pathology, 30: 391-396.
14. BRADBURY, J.M., YAVARI, C.A. & DARE, C.M. (2001b) Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae in clinically normal pheasants. Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae in clinically normal pheasants. Veterinary Record, 148: 72-74.
15. CHRISTENSEN, N.E., YAVARI, C.A., MCBAIN, A.J. & BRADBURY, J.M. (1994) Investigations into the survival of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma iowae on materials found in the poultry house environment. Avian Pathology, 23: 127-143.
16. CLYDE, W.A. (1979) Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections of man, in: TULLY, J.G. & WHITCOMB, R.F. (Eds) The Mycoplasmas, Vol. 2, Human and Animal Mycoplasmas, pp. 275-306 (New York, Academic Press).
17. COLE, B.C. (1996) Mycoplasma interactions with the immune system: implications for disease pathology. ASM News, 62: 471-475.
18. ENDRESEN, G.K. (2003) Mycoplasma blood infection in chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia syndromes. Rheumatology International, 23: 211-215.
19. FRASER, C.M., GOCAYNE, J.D., WHITE, O., ADAMS, M.D., CLAYTON, R.A., FLEISCHMANN, R.D., BULT, C.J., KERLAVAGE, A.R., SUTTON, G., KELLY, J.M., FRITCHMAN, J.L., WEIDMAN, J.F., SMALL, K.V., SANDUSKY, M., FUHRMANN, J., NGUYEN, D., UTTERBACK, T.R., SUADEK, D.M., PHILLIPS, C.A., MERRICK, J.M., TOMB, J.-F., DAUGHERTY, B.A., BOTT, K.F., HU, P.-C., LUCIER, T.S., PETTERSON, S.N., SMITH, H.O., HUTCHISON, C.A., III & VENTER, J.C. (1995) The minimal gene complement of Mycoplasma genitalium. Science, 270: 397-403.
20. GANAPATHY, K. & BRADBURY, J.M. (2003) Effects of cyclosporin A on the immune responses and pathogenesis of a virulent strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens. Avian Pathology, 32: 495-502.
21. GLEW, M.D., BROWNING, G.F., MARKHAM, P.F. & WALKER, I.D. (2000) pMGA phenotype variation in Mycoplasma gallisepticum occurs in vivo and is mediated by trinucleotide repeat length variation. Infection and Immunity, 68: 6027-6033.
22. GRAY, G.C., KAISER, K.S., HAWKSWORTH, A.W. & WATSON, H.L. (1999) No serologic evidence of an association found between Gulf War service and Mycoplasma fermentans infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 60: 752-757.
23. HAMMOND, P.P., BRADBURY, J.M., RAMÍREZ, A. & MORROW, C.J. (2004) Combined detection and identification of Mycoplasma synoviae strains by amplification of a conserved part of the vlhA gene. Abstracts of the 15th Congress of the International Organisation for Mycoplasmology, Athens, USA.
24. HART, M.K., DEL GIUDICE, R.A. & KORCH, G.W. JR (2002) Absence of mycoplasma contamination in the anthrax vaccine. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8: 94-96.
25. HAZEL, K.A. (2002) The risk factors for mycoplasma infection in UK broiler breeder and turkey breeder flocks. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Liverpool.
26. HUTCHISON, C.A. & MONTAGUE, M.G. (2002) Mycoplasmas and the minimal gene concept, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 221-231 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
27. HUTCHISON, C.A., PETERSON, S.N., GILL, S.R., CLINE, R.T., WHITE, O., FRASER, C.M., SMITH, H.O. & VENTER, J.C. (1999) Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome. Science, 286: 2165-2169.
28. JORDAN, F.T.W. (1979) Avian mycoplasmas, in: TULLY, J.G. & WHITCOMB, R.F. (Eds) The Mycoplasmas, Vol. 2, Human and Animal Mycoplasmas, pp. 1-49 (New York, Academic Press).
29. KIRCHHOFF, H. (1992) Motility, in: MANILOFF, J., MCELHANEY, R.N., FINCH, L.R. & BASEMAN, J.B. (Eds) Mycoplasmas: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, pp. 289-306 (Washington, ASM).
30. KLEVEN, S.H. (2003) Mycoplasma synoviae infection, in: SAIF, Y.M., BARNES, H.J., FADLY, A.M., GLISSON, J.R., MCDOUGALD, L.R. & SWAYNE, D.E. (Eds) Diseases of Poultry, 11th edn, pp. 756-766 (Ames, Iowa State University Press).
31. KUME, K., KAWAKUBO, Y., MORITA, C., HAYATSU, E. & YOSHIOKA, M. (1977) Experimentally induced synovitis of chickens with Mycoplasma synoviae. Effects of bursectomy and thymectomy on course of the infection for the first four weeks. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 38: 1595-1600.
32. LAMBERT, L.C., TRUMMELL, H.Q., SINGH, A., CASSELL, G.H. & BRIDGES, R.J. (1998) Mycoplasma pulmonis inhibits electrogenic ion transport across murine tracheal epithelial cell monolayers. Infection and Immunity, 66: 272-279.
33. LEVISOHN, S. & KLEVEN, S.H. (2000) Avian Mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum). Office international des epizooties revue scientifique et technique, Diseases of Poultry: World Trade and Public Health Implications, 19: 425-442.
34. LEVISOHN, S., ROSENGARTEN, R. & YOGEV, D. (1995) In vivo variation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum antigen expression in experimentally infected chickens. Veterinary Microbiology, 45: 219-231.
35. LEY, D.H., BERKHOFF, J.E. & MCLAREN, J.M. (1996) Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolated from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) with conjunctivitis. Avian Diseases, 40: 480-483.
36. LEY, D.H., BERKHOFF, J.E. & LEVISOHN, S. (1997) Molecular epidemiologic investigations of Mycoplasma gallisepticum conjunctivitis in songbirds by random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3: 375-380.
37. LO, S.-C. (2002) Apoptotic, antiapoptotic, clastogenic and oncogenic effects, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 403-416 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
38. LO, S.-C., DAWSON, M.S., NEWTON, P.E., III, SONODA, M.A., SHIH, J.W., ENGLER, W.F., WANG, R.Y.-H. & WEAR, D.J. (1989) Association of the virus-like infectious agent originally reported in patients with AIDS with acute fatal disease in previously healthy non-AIDS patients. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 41: 364-376.
39. LUTTRELL, M.P., FISCHER, J.R., STALLKNECHT, D.E. & KLEVEN, S.H. (1996) Field investigation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infections in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) from Maryland and Georgia. Avian Diseases, 40: 335-341.
40. LUTTRELL, M.P., STALLKNECHT, D.E., KLEVEN, S.H., KAVANAUGH, D.M., CORN, J.L. & FISCHER, J.R. (2001) Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) and other wild birds associated with poultry production facilities. Avian Diseases, 45: 321-329.
41. MANILOFF, J. (2002) Phylogeny and evolution, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 31-43 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
42. MARKHAM, P.F., GLEW, M., WHITHEAR, K.G. & WALKER, I.D. (1993) Molecular cloning of a member of the gene family that encodes pMGA, a hemagglutinin of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Infection and Immunity, 61: 903-909.
43. MCGARRITY, G.J., KOTANI, H. & BUTLER, G.H. (1992) Mycoplasmas and tissue culture cells, in: MANILOFF, J., MCELHANEY, R.N., FINCH, L.R. & BASEMAN, J.B. (Eds) Mycoplasmas: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, pp. 445-454 (Washington, ASM).
44. MIKAELIAN, I., LEY, D.H., CLAVEAU, R., LEMIEUX, M. & BERUBE, J.P. (2001) Mycoplasmosis in evening and pine grosbeaks with conjunctivitis in Quebec. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 37: 826-830.
45. MOROWITZ, H.J. (2002) Foreword: from the enigmatic pleuropneumonia-like organisms to the paradigmatic mycoplasmas, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. v-viii (New York, Kluwer Academic).
46. MOROWITZ, H.J. & TOURTELLOTTE, M.E. (1962) The smallest living cells. Scientific American, 206: 117-126.
47. MUCH, P., WINNER, F., STIPKOVITS, L., ROSENGARTEN, R. & CITTI, C. (2002) Mycoplasma gallisepticum: influence of cell invasiveness on the outcome of experimental infection in chickens. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 34: 181-186.
48. MUDAHI-ORENSTEIN, S., LEVISOHN, S., GEARY, S.J. & YOGEV, D. (2003) Cytadherence-deficient mutants of Mycoplasma gallisepticum generated by transposon mutagenesis. Infection and Immunity, 71: 3812-3820.
49. MÜHLRADT, P.F. (2002) Immunomodulation by mycoplasmas: artifacts, facts and active molecules, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 445-472 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
50. NAYLOR, C.J., AL-ANKARI, A.R., Al-AFALEQ, A., BRADBURY, J.M. & JONES, R.C. (1992) Exacerbation of Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in turkeys by rhinotracheitis virus. Avian Pathology, 21: 295-305.
51. NEIMARK, H.C. & KOCAN, K.M. (1997) The cell wall-less rickettsia Eperythrozoon wenyonii is a Mycoplasma. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 156: 287-291.
52. NEIMARK, H.C., JOHANSSON, K.-E., RIKIHISA, Y. & TULLY, J.G. (2001) Proposal to transfer some members of the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon to the genus Mycoplasma with descriptions of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis', and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma wenyonii'. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 51: 891-899.
53. NICOLSON, G.L. & NICOLSON, N.L. (1996) Anthrax vaccine: controversy over safety and efficacy. Antimicrobics and Infectious Diseases Newsletter, 18: 1-6.
54. NIJS, J., NICOLSON, G.L., DE BECKER, P., COOMANS, D. & DE MEIRLEIR, K. (2002) High prevalence of Mycoplasma infections among European chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Examination of four Mycoplasma species in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 34: 209-214.
55. NOCARD, E. & ROUX, E.R. (1898) Le microbe de la péripneumonie. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, 12: 240-262.
56. NOORMOHAMMADI, A.H., MARKHAM, P.F., WHITHEAR, K.G., WALKER, I.D., GUREVICH, V.A., LEY, D.H. & BROWNING, G.F. (1997) Mycoplasma synoviae has two distinct phase-variable major membrane antigens, one of which is a putative hemagglutinin. Infection and Immunity, 65: 2542-2547.
57. NOORMOHAMMADI, A.H., MARKHAM, P.F., KANCI, A., WHITHEAR, K.G. & BROWNING, G.F. (2000) A novel mechanism for control of antigenic variation in the haemagglutinin gene family of Mycoplasma synoviae. Molecular Microbiology, 35: 911-923.
58. ORTIZ, A.M., YAMAMOTO, R., BENEDICT, A.A. & MATEOS, A.P. (1981) The immunosuppressive effect of Mycoplasma meleagridis on non-replicating antigens. Avian Diseases, 25: 954-963.
59. PAPAZISI, L., FRASCA, S., GLADD, M., JR, LIAO, X., YOGEV, D. & GEARY, S.J. (2002) GapA and CrmA coexpression is essential for Mycoplasma gallisepticum cytadherence and virulence. Infection and Immunity, 70: 6839-6845.
60. low. Microbiology, 149: 2307-2316.
61. RAZIN, S. (1985) Mycoplasma adherence, in: RAZIN, S. & BARILE, M.F. (Eds) The Mycoplasmas, Vol. 4, Mycoplasma Pathogenicity, pp. 161-203 (New York, Academic Press).
62. RAZIN, S. (1997) Comparative genomics of mycoplasmas. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, 109: 551-556.
63. RAZIN, S., YOGEV, D. & NAOT, Y. (1998) Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 62: 1094-1156.
64. ROBERTS, D.H. & MCDANIEL, J.W. (1967) Mechanism of egg transmission of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 77: 439-442.
65. ROEDIGER, W.E.W. & MACFARLANE, G.T. (2002) A role for intestinal mycoplasmas in the aetiology of Crohn's disease? Journal of Applied Microbiology, 92: 377-381.
66. ROSENGARTEN, R. & WISE, K.S. (1990) Phenotypic switching in mycoplasmas: phase variation of diverse surface lipoproteins. Science, 247: 315-318.
67. ROTTEM, S. (2002) Invasion of mycoplasmas into and fusion with host cells, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 391-401 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
68. SIMECKA, J.W., DAVIS, J.K., DAVIDSON, M.K., ROSS, S.E., STÄDTLANDER, C.T.K.-H. & CASSELL, G.H. (1992) Mycoplasma diseases of animals, in: MANILOFF, J., MCELHANEY, R.N., FINCH, L.R. & BASEMAN, J.B. (Eds) Mycoplasmas. Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis, pp. 391-415 (American Society for Microbiology).
69. TAYLOR-ROBINSON, D. (1996) Mycoplasmas in rheumatoid arthritis and other human arthritides. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 49: 781-782.
70. TAYLOR-ROBINSON, D. & BRADBURY, J. (1998) Mycoplasma diseases, in: BALOWS, A. & SUSSMAN, M. (Eds) Topley and Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th edn, Vol. 3, Bacterial Infections, Chap. 54, pp. 1013-1037 (London, Edward Arnold).
71. TRACHTENBERG, S. (1998) Mollicutes - wall-less bacteria with internal cytoskeletons. Journal of Structural Biology, 124: 244-256.
72. TULLY, J.G., TAYLOR-ROBINSON, D., COLE, R.M. & ROSE, D.L. (1981) A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract. Lancet, i: 1288-1291.
73. WHITCOMB, R.F. & BOVÉ, J.M. (1983) Mycoplasma-plant-insect interrelationships, in: RAZIN, S. & TULLY, J.G. (Eds) Methods in Mycoplasmology, Vol. I, pp. 21-25 (New York, Academic Press).
74. WINNER, F., ROSENGARTEN, R. & CITTI, C. (2000) In vitro cell invasion of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Infection and Immunity, 68: 4238-4244.
75. WINNER, F., MARKOVA, I., MUCH, P., LUGMAIR, A., SIEBERTGULLE, K., VOGL, G., ROSENGARTEN, R. & CITTI, C. (2003) Phenotypic switching in Mycoplasma gallisepticum hemadsorption is governed by a high-frequency, reversible point mutation. Infection and Immunity, 71: 1265-1273.
76. YANCEY, A.L., WATSON, H.L., CARTNER, S.C. & SIMECKA, J.W. (2001) Gender is a major factor in determining the severity of mycoplasma respiratory disease in mice. Infection and Immunity, 69: 2865-2871.
77. YOGEV, D., BROWNING, G.F. & WISE, K.S. (2002) Genetic mechanisms of surface variation, in: RAZIN, S. & HERRMANN, R. (Eds) Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, pp. 417-443 (New York, Kluwer Academic).
78. ZIMMER, C. (2003) Tinker, tailor: can Venter stitch together a genome from scratch? Science, 299: 1006-1007.