Jerusalem in the Qur'ān

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies

Volumn 28, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 25-53

  El Khatib, Abdallah ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHARJAH   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 22144435243     PISSN: 13530194     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13530190120034549     Document Type: Article

References (221)

1. 2];
2. Benjamin Joseph, 'Temple Mount and H + (Combining dot below sign)aram al-Sharīf, in Reeva S. Simon, Philip Matter and Richard W. Bulliet (eds) Encyclopaedia of Modern Middle East, Vol. 4 (New York: Macmillan Reference, USA 1996), pp. 1753-1754;
3. 'Jerusalem', in F. L. Crosand and E. A. Livingstone (eds) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. (Oxford: OUP, reprinted 1990), pp. 732-733;
4. Michael Avi-Yonah, 'Jerusalem', in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 9 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd., n.d.), p. 1384.
5. W. Sibley Towner, 'A Crisis of the Imagination: The Real Jerusalem Confronts the Ideal Jerusalem', in Judith Tucker (ed.) Arab Jerusalem, 1996 Symposium (Georgetown: Centre for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University), internet 1998, www.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/ccas/jerusalem/towner.htm, p. 5.
6. Walīd Khālidī, 'Islam, the West and Jerusalem', in Judith Tucker (ed.) Arab Jerusalem, 1996 Symposium (Georgetown: Centre for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University), internet 1998, www.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/ccas/jerusalem/khalidi.htm, p. 3. [hereafter Khālidī, 'Islam'].
7. 'Adnūn Farh + (Combining dot below sign)ān, al-Quds fī'l-wathā'iq al-Vatīkāniyya (Beirut: Dār al-Nahār, 1991), p. 13.
8. Ibid.
9. al-Masjid al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā's compound comprises many buildings including the Dome of the Rock which is an integral and essential part of al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā Mosque. The word masjid means 'a place of prostration' or 'a place of prayer' and this is applicable even to the Dome of the Rock in Islamic terms. Further, this Mosque was built by 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwān and 'The name of the mosque, al-Masjid al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā, derives from verse 1 of Sūrat al-Isrā' ... in the Qur'ān'. Ian Richard Netton, A Popular Dictionary of Islam (London: Curzon Press, 1992), p. 37. It should be noted here that some historical sources such as al-Kāmil of Ibn al-Athīr relate the building of al-Masjid al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā to 'Abd al-Malik's son al-Walīd. For more information about who built this Mosque see Ibn al-Athīr, in M. Y. al-Daqqāq (ed.) al-Kāmil Vol. 4 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1987), p. 239; and appendix 1 of Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. 'Alī al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, in Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad Ramad + (Combining dot below sign)ān Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad (ed.) Ith + (Combining dot below sign)āf al-Akhis + (Combining dot below sign)s + (Combining dot below sign)ā' bi Fadā'il al-Masjid al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā, Vol. 2, (Cairo: al-Hay'a al-Mis + (Combining dot below sign)riyya al-'Amma, 1982), pp. 179-180 [hereafter al- Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il al-Masjid al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā]; Khayr al-Dīn al-Ziriklī, al-A'lām, Vol. 8 (Beirut: Dār al-'Ilm li'l-Malāyyīn, 1995), p. 121 [hereafter al-Ziriklī, al-A'lām]; and Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mud Ibrāhīm, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il Bayt al-Maqdis fī Makht + (Combining dot below sign)ūt + (Combining dot below sign)āt + (Combining dot below sign) 'Arabiyya Qadīma (Kuwait: Ma'had al-Makht + (Combining dot below sign)ūt + (Combining dot below sign)āt al-'Arabiyya, 1985), p. 351 [hereafter Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mūd Ibr̄ahīm, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il Bayt al-Maqdis].
10. Timothy Insoll, The Archaeology of Islam (Oxford: Blackwell, 1999), p. 49.
11. This symbolized Muslim allegiance to the continuity of God's revelation.
12. The h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth related to the building of al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā Mosque will be cited below.
13. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad Bas + (Combining dot below sign)būs + (Combining dot below sign), al-Quds Tunādīkum (Amman: Dār al-Bashīr, 1995), p. 18.
14. Qur'ān XVII, 1.
15. For further information about references to the mi'rāj in the Qur'ān and h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth literatrue see Qur'ān XVII, 1, Qur'ān XVII, 60, and Qur'ān LIII, 7-18 and Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. 'Alī b. H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, in Sayyid b. 'Abbās al-Julaymī and Ayman b. 'Ārif al-Dimashqī (eds.) Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bārī bi Sharh + (Combining dot below sign) S + (Combining dot below sign)ah + (Combining dot below sign)īh al-Bukhārī, (Cairo: Dār Abī Hayyān, 1996), Vol. 2, pp. 164-165, Vol. 4, p. 104; Vol. 9, pp. 65-90; Vol. 10, pp. 363-364 [hereafter Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al -Bārī].
16. Khālidī, 'Islam', p. 3.
17. 2, Vol. VIII, p. 927. See also Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bārī, Vol. 9, pp. 67, 86-87.
18. For further information about these books and manuscripts see Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mūd Ibrāhīm, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 74. It should be noted here that the muh + (Combining dot below sign)addithūn (traditionists) divided the h + (Combining dot below sign)adīths on the merits of Jerusalem and on other topics into the four usual categories: s + (Combining dot below sign)ah + (Combining dot below sign)īh + (Combining dot below sign) (trustworthy), h + (Combining dot below sign)asan (sound), d + (Combining dot below sign)a'īf (weak), and mawdū' (forged).
19. This h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth is mentioned in the main h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth collections compiled by al-Bukhārī, Muslim, Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī, al-Dārimī, al-Nasā'i, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. H + (Combining dot below sign)anbal, Ibn Mājah, and Mālik. See A. J. Wensinck, Concordance et Indices de la Tradition Musulmane, Tome 2, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1943), p. 234. See also Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bārī, Vol. 4, p. 101.
20. The translation of this h + (Combining dot below sign)adith is taken from M. Lecker, 'Biographical Notes on Ibn Shihāb al-Zuhri'. Journal of Semitic Studies, 41 (1996) p. 42 [hereafter Lecker, 'Biographical Notes'].
21. While Horovitz challenged Goldziher's view that al-Zuhrī has forged this h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth, M. Lecker seems to support Goldziher's view and tries to prove al-Zuhrī's early connection with the Umayyads; therefore, he concludes: 'Suffice it to say that the h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth was transmitted in the Umayyad period and that its transmission was expedient to Umayyad objectives'. Lecker, 'Biographical Notes', p. 42.
22. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. Abī Ya'qūb al-Ya'qūbī, Tārīkh al-Ya'qūbī, Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dār S + (Combining dot below sign)ādir, 1995), p. 261 [hereafter al-Ya'qūbī, T + (Combining dot below sign)ārīkh].
23. Lecker, 'Biographical Notes', p. 30, footnote no. 36.
24. For more details about Sa'īd b. al-Musayyib's enmity with the Caliph 'Abd al-Malik who asked Sa'īd to give his daughter in marriage to his son al-Walīd and Sa'īd's refusal and his invocation of God against the Umayyads after each prayer see Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad al-Dhahabī, in Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ibb al-Dīn al-'Amrawī (ed.) Siyar A'lām al-Nubalā' (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1997), pp. 220-225, 228.
25. Sa'īd died in AH 94/AD 713. See al-Ziriklī, al-A'lām, Vol. 3, p. 102.
26. M.A. al-Khateeb, al-Sunna Qabl al-Tadwīn (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1981), p. 513.
27. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis wa'l-Masjid al-Aqs + (Combining dot below sign)ā: Dirāsa Tārīkhiyya Muwaththaqa (Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1994), pp 317-320 [hereafter Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis].
28. Lecker, 'Biographical Notes', p. 42, footnote no. 38.
29. Muslim b. al-Ha + (Combining dot below sign)jjāj al-Naysābūrī; see Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Sālim Hāshim (ed.) S + (Combining dot below sign)ah + (Combining dot below sign)īh + (Combining dot below sign) Muslim Ma' Sharh + (Combining dot below sign)ihi al-Musammā Ikmāl al-Mu'allim, Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, 1994), p. 409.
30. There is a similar h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth to the above which says: 'on the authority of Maymūna who asked the Prophet about Baỳt al-Maqdis and he replied: 'It's the place where people will be gathered for the day of judgment, it is a place to which one should travel to pray because one prayer there equals one thousand prayers elsewhere'. See Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Yazīd al-Quzwīnī Ibn Mājah, in Khalīl Shīh + (Combining dot below sign)a (ed.) Sunan Ibn Mājah bi Sharh + (Combining dot below sign) Abī al-Husayn al-Sincrossed d signi, Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dār al-Ma'rifa, 1997), p. 173 [hereafter Ibn Mājah, Sunan].
31. For his biography see: 'Izzal-Dīn b. al-Athīr al-Jazarī, in 'Ādil Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad al-Rifā'i (ed.) Usdal-Ghābah fī Ma'rifat al-S + (Combining dot below sign)ah + (Combining dot below sign)āba, (Beirut: Dār Ih + (Combining dot below sign)yā' al-Turāth, 1996), pp. 319-320; Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, in S + (Combining dot below sign)idqī, Jamīl al-'At + (Combining dot below sign)t + (Combining dot below sign)ār (ed.) Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb, Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995), pp. 539-540; Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, al-Is + (Combining dot below sign)āba fī Tamyyīz al-S + (Combining dot below sign)ah + (Combining dot below sign)āba, Vol. 21, (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, reprinted 1910), pp. 183-184; al-Dhahabī, Siyar A'lām al-Nubalā', Vol. 24, pp. 83-84; Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Makram b. Manz + (Combining dot below sign)ūr, in Ma'mūn al-Sāghirjī (ed.) Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Tārīkh Dimashq li Ibn 'Asākir, Vol. 5 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1985), pp. 312-316 [hereafter Ibn Manz + (Combining dot below sign)ūr, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Tārīkh Dimashq li Ibn 'Asākir]; Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Sa'd al-Zuhrī, in Riyād + (Combining dot below sign) 'Abd al-Hādī (ed.) al-T + (Combining dot below sign)abaqāt al-Kubrā, Vol. 7 (Beirut: Dār Ih + (Combining dot below sign)yā' al-Turāth al-'Arabī, 1995), p. 195; 'Abd al-Karīm b. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad al-Sam'ānī, in Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad 'At + (Combining dot below sign)a (ed.) Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1998), p. 505; and Abū al-H + (Combining dot below sign)ajjāj Yūsuf al-Mizzī, in Bashshār 'Awwād Ma'rūf (ed.) Tahdhīb al-Kamal fī Asmā' al-Rijāl, Vol. 4, (Beirut: Mu'assasat al-Risāla, 1992), pp. 326-327.
32. 2, Vol. II, p. 910 and 'Palestine' in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. 9 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britanica, Inc., 1997), p. 81.
33. Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, Tahdhīb al-Tahdhīb, Vol. 1, p. 539.
34. Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mud Ibrāhīm, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 364.
35. 2].
36. 2, Vol. IV, pp. 954-955 and al-Munaz + (Combining dot below sign)z + (Combining dot below sign)ama al-'Arabiyya li'l-Tarbiya wa'l-Thaqāfa wa'l-'Ulūm, 'al-Khalīl,' in Husayn al-'Awdāt (ed.) Mawsū'at al-Mudun al-Filist + (Combining dot below sign)iniyya (Damascus: al-Ahālī li'l-T + (Combining dot below sign)ibā'a wa'l-Noashr, 1990), p. 256.
37. 2, Vol. IV, p. 956.
38. Ibid.
39. For detailed information about Jerusalem during the Ottoman era, see for example: Rochelle Davis, Ottoman Jerusalem: The Growth of the City outside the Walls', in Salim Tamari (ed.) Jerusalem 1948, The Arab Neighbourhoods and their Fate in the War (Jerusalem: The Institute of Jerusalem Studies, 1999), pp. 10-29.
40. 2].
41. F. E. Peters, 'Jerusalem', in Mircea Eliade (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Religion, Vol. 7 (New York: Simon and Schuster Macmillan, 1995), p. 12.
42. Timothy Insoll, The Archaeology of Islam, p. 49.
43. 2, Vol. I, p. 77.
44. See Ibn Kathīr, in Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad Abu Milh + (Combining dot below sign)im and 'Ādil 'Abd al-Mawjūd (eds) al-Bidāya wa'l-Nihāya, Vol. 9 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1997), p. 141 and Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis, pp. 367-368.
45. For the starting and finishing dates of the building of the Dome see Lecker, 'Biographical Notes', p. 43, footnote 90.
46. 2, Vol. V, p. 298 and Zakī Hasan, Funūn al-Islām p. 39.
47. Grabar, 'Jerusalem', Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 7, p. 60.
48. 2, Vol. V, p. 299.
49. It is said that 'Abd al-Malik also made special cloths for the building to protect it from the severe cold weather. See al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, Fadā'il al-Masjid al-Aqsā, vol. 1, p. 242 and Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 340. It should also be noted here that al-Musharraf b. al-Murajjā al-Maqdisī said in his manuscript entitled Fadā'il Bayt al-Maqdis wa al-Khalīl ''Abd al-Malik wanted to build the Dome of the Rock and al-Masjid al-Aqsā to protect people from cold and heat'. This explanation could be added to the other explanations. See Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mūd Ibrāhīm, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 224.
50. 2, Vol. V, p. 341.
51. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad al-Maqdisī, in Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Makhzūm (ed.) Ah + (Combining dot below sign)san al-Taqāsīm fī Ma'rifat al-Aqālīm (Beirut: Dār Ih + (Combining dot below sign)yā' al-Turāth, 1987), p. 139 [hereafter al-Maqdisī, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)san al-Taqāsīm].
52. 2, Vol. V, p. 299.
53. See Ibn al-'Athīr, al-Kāmil, Vol. 4, p. 239; Ibn Manz + (Combining dot below sign)ūr, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Tārīkh Dimashq, Vol. 15, p. 221 and Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa 'l-Nihāya, Vol. 9, p. 56.
54. 2, Vol. V, p. 341.
55. Timothy Insoll, The Archaeology of Islam, p. 51.
56. For a similar view see Grabar, 'Jerusalem', Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 7, p. 60
57. Angelika Neuwirth, 'The Spiritual Meaning of Jerusalem in Islam', City of the Great King, p. 108.
58. 2, Vol. V, p. 325.
59. 2, Vol. V, p. 299.
60. Timothy Insoll, The Archaeology of Islam, p. 51.
61. His book is called: Nazm al-Jawhar wa 'l-Tārīkh al-Majmū' 'alā al-Tah + (Combining dot below sign)qīq wa 'l-Tas + (Combining dot below sign)dīq fī Ma'rifat al-Tawārīhk. See Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mūd Ibrāhīm, Fad + (Combining dot below sign)ā'il Bayt al-Maqdis, p. 57.
62. Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis, pp. 360-361.
63. Mujīr al-Dīn al-H + (Combining dot below sign)anbalī, Tārīkh al-Quds wa'l-Khalil, Vol. 1, p. 272.
64. 2, Vol. V, p. 325.
65. Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis, pp. 369-370.
66. 2, Vol. V, p. 325.
67. 2 Vol. V, p. 341.
68. Charles Matthews, 'Palestine: Mohammadan Holy Land', in Muslim World, (xxxiii), 1943, pp. 245-246.
69. See his book Studies in Early Hadith Literature (Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1978).
70. M.A. al-Khateeb, al-Sunna Qabl al-Tadwīn, pp. 511-515.
71. Shurrāb, Bayt al-Maqdis, pp. 357-369.
72. 2, Vol. V, p. 325.
73. 2, Vol. V, p. 299.
74. Lecker, 'Biographical Notes', p. 30 footnote no. 36, p. 42 footnote no. 88.
75. 2, Vol. V, p. 325.
76. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. Abī Ya'qūb al-Ya'qūbī, Tārīkh al-Ya'qūbī, Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dār S + (Combining dot below sign)ādir, 1995), p. 261 [hereafter al-Ya'qūbī, Tārīkh al-Ya'qūbī].
77. Al-Ya'qūbī, Tārīkh al-Ya'qūbī, Vol. 2, pp. 263-268.
78. 2, Vol. V, p. 325.
79. Al-Ya'qūbī, Tārīkh al-Ya'qūbī, Vol. 2, p. 273; Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. Yah + (Combining dot below sign)yā al-Balādhurī, in Suhayl Zakkār and Riyād Ziriklī (eds) Ansāb al-Ashrāf, Vol. 7 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1996), p. 212; Muh +(Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Jarīr al-T + (Combining dot below sign)abarī, in Muh + (Combining dot below sign) ammad Abual-Fad + (Combining dot below sign)l Ibrāhīm (ed.) Tārīkh al-Umam wa 'l-Mulūk, Vol. 6 (Beirut: n.d), p. 209; 'Alī b. al-H + (Combining dot below sign)asan al-Mas'ūdī, in Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Sa'īd al-Lah + (Combining dot below sign)h + (Combining dot below sign)ām (ed.) Murūj al-Dhahab fī Ma'ādin al-Jawhar, Vol. 3 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1997), p. 130 and Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad al-Dhahabī, in 'Umar 'Abd al-Salām Tadmurī (ed.) Tārīkh al-Islām, Vol. 4 (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-'Arabī, 1998), p. 319.
80. 2, Vol. V, p. 299.
81. Lecker, 'Biographical Notes', p. 42.
82. Grabar, 'Jerusalem', Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Vol. 7, p. 60.
83. The translation of the verses are mostly taken from the translations of both Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Taqī al-Dīn al-Hilalī and Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Muh + (Combining dot below sign)sin Khān, Interpretation of the Meanings of the Noble Qur'ān, in the English Language (Riyād + (Combining dot below sign): Dār al-Salām, 1995), 11th edn, [hereafter al-Hilalī and Khān, Interpretation of the Meanings of the Noble Qur'ān] and 'Abdullāh Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān Text, Translation and Commentary (New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur'ān, INC, 1987) [hereafter Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation]. The translation of Marmaduke Pickthall was also consulted: Marmaduke Pickthall, The Glorious Qur'ān, Bi-Lingual edition with English Translation (Istanbul: Cagri Yayinlari, 1996).
84. 2].
85. Ibn H + ̀ajar al-'Asqalānī, Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bārī, Vol. 2, p. 166. See also Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-'Azīm, Vol. 3, (Damascus: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1994), p. 33.
86. 2. vol. VII. p. 98.
87. 2, Vol. 9, p. 22.
88. Mujīr al-Dīn al-H + (Combining dot below sign)anbalī, al-Uns al-Jalīl fī Tārīkh al-Quds wa 'l-Khalīl, Vol. 1 ('Ammān: Maktabat al-Muh + (Combining dot below sign)tasib, 1973), p. 241 [hereafter Mujīr al-Dīn al-H + (Combining dot below sign)anbalī, Tārīkh al-Quds wa 'l-Khalīl].
89. Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bārī, Vol. 9, pp. 75-76. It should be noted here that the Qur'ānic references to the ascent of the Prophet Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad to Heaven (mi'rāj) are in the following verses: Q 17:60 and Q 53:7-18.
90. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 166.
91. Ibid., pp. 63-64.
92. Mujīr al-Dīn al-H + (Combining dot below sign)anbalī, Tārīkh al-Quds wa 'l-Khalīl, Vol. 1, p. 256. It should be noted here that al-Aqsā mosque was abandoned when the Muslims captured the city.
93. Ibn 'Asākir cites only one h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth which says that Allāh has blessed the land stretching from al-'Arīsh to the Euphrates. See Ibn Manz + (Combining dot below sign)ūr, Mukhtasar Tārīkh Dimashq li Ibn 'Asākir, Vol. 5, p. 65.
94. Ibn 'Asākir cited many reports related to the companions and their successors who regarded Bilād al-Shām as the Holy Land which was mentioned in the Qur'ān. See ibid., pp. 67-68.
95. 2, Vol. I p. 630.
96. 1].
97. 2, Vol. IX, p. 261. For more information about the definition of Bilād al-Shām see Yāqūt b. 'Abd Allāh al-Hamawī, Mu'jam al-Buldān, Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār S + (Combining dot below sign)ādir, 1984), p. 312; Zakariyyā b. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Mah + (Combining dot below sign)amūd al-Qazwīnī, Āthār al-Bilād wa Akhbār al-'Ibād (Beirut: Dār Bayrūt li 'l-T + (Combining dot below sign)ibā'a wa 'l-N + (Combining dot below sign)ashr, 1984), p. 159 [hereafter al-Qazwīnī, Āthār al-Bilād]; Abū al-Qāsim b. H + (Combining dot below sign)awqal al-Nas + (Combining dot below sign)ībī, in M. J. De Goeje et al. (eds) Kitāb Sūrat al-Ard + (Combining dot below sign), Vol. 1 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1939), pp. 165-168, 171 [Hereafter Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)awqal, Kitāb Sūrat al-Ard + (Combining dot below sign)]; and Ibn al-Faqīh, Abū Bakr Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)mmad al-Hamadhānī, in M. J. De Goeje (ed.) Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 92 [hereafter Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān].
98. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 248, footnote no. 724.
99. 1, Vol. 6, p. 110.
100. Nas + (Combining dot below sign)r b. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī, in Mah + (Combining dot below sign)mud Mat + (Combining dot below sign)arjī (ed.) Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-Karīm Bah + (Combining dot below sign)r al-'Ulūm, Vol. 1, (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1997), pp. 405-407.
101. 'Izziddīn b. 'Abd al-'Azīz b. 'Abd al-Salām, in 'Abdallāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Wuhay bī (ed.) Tafsīr al-Qur'ān (Ikhtisār al-Nukat wa 'l-'Uyūn li 'l-Māwardcrossed d signī), Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)azm, 1996), p. 379 [hereafter Ibn 'Abd al-Sālām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān].
102. 'Abd Allāh b. Ahmad al-Nasafī, in Marwān al-Sha''ār (ed.) Tafsīr al-Nasafī Madārik al-Tanzīl wa H + (Combining dot below sign)aqā'iq al-Ta'wīl, Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Nafā'is, 1996), pp. 403-404.
103. 1].
104. 1, Vol. 6, p. 110.
105. 4].
106. 3].
107. al-Maqdisī, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)san al-Taqāsīm, p. 161.
108. 2].
109. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Sayyid T + (Combining dot below sign)ant + (Combining dot below sign)āwī, Banū Isrā'īl fī 'l-Qur'ān (Cairo: al-Zahra' li 'l-I'lām al-'Arabī, 1987), p. 460.
110. Al-Hilalī and Khān, Interpretation of the Meanings of the Noble Qur'ān, p. 314.
111. 1, Vol. 9, p. 30. 106 Ibn 'Abd-al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 1, p. 500.
112. 1, Vol. 7, p. 172.
113. Abū al-Hasan 'Alī b. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad al-Wāh + (Combining dot below sign)idī, in 'Ādil Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad 'Abd al-Mawjūd, Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad 'Awad + (Combining dot below sign) et al. (eds) al-Wasīt + (Combining dot below sign) fī Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-Majīd, Vol. 2 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1994), p. 402.
114. 1, Vol. 14, p. 221.
115. Al-Maqdisī stresses that this verse includes all the area of Palestine especially Jerusalem. See al-Maqdisī, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)san al-Taqāsīm, p. 161.
116. 1, Vol. 9, p. 30.
117. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 60-63; 'Alī b. Muh + ̄ammad al-Māwardī in al-Sayyīd b. 'Abd al-Maqs + (Combining dot below sign)ūd 'Abd al-Rah + (Combining dot below sign)īm (eds) al-Nukat wa 'l-'Uyūn Tafsīr al-Māwardī, Vol. 3 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, n.d.), p. 454 [hereafter al-Māwardī, al-Nukat wa 'l-'Uyūn; and al-Qurt + (Combining dot below sign)ubī, al-Jāmi', Vol. 11, p. 202.
118. 2, Vol. IV, p. 219.
119. 1, Vol. 14, p. 173.
120. See Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 92.
121. See Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 1, p. 498.
122. 1, Vol. 10, p. 141. Al-Qurt + (Combining dot below sign)ubī said: 'the word "the earth" in this verse means the entities of al-Shām, Jerusalem and the area surrounding it'. See also S + (Combining dot below sign)iddīq b. H + (Combining dot below sign)asan al-Qinnawjī in 'Abdullāh b. Ibrāhīm al-Ansāri (ed.) Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bayān fī Maqās + (Combining dot below sign)id al-Qur'ān Vol. 7 (Beirut: al-Maktaba al-'Asriyya li 'l-T + (Combining dot below sign)ibā'a wa 'l-Nashr, 1992), p. 356.
123. 1 Vol. 10, p. 219 and Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al- Qur'ān, Vol. 2, p. 234.
124. 1].
125. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 93. Compare with Yusuf 'Ali who said: 'After many wanderings the Israelites were settled in the land of Canan, described as "a land flowing with milk and honey" (Exod.iii. 8). They had a prosperous land; and they were supplied with spiritual sustenance by men sent to deliver God's Message'. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 508, footnote No. 1474. For explanation about the land of Canan see art. 'al-Kan'āniyyūn', in al-Mawsū'a-'Arabiyya al-'Ālamiyya, Vol. 20 (al-Riyād + (Combining dot below sign): Mu'assasat A'māl al-Mawsū'a li 'l-Nashr wa 'l-Tawzī', 1996), p. 104.
126. 1, Vol. 8, p. 243.
127. 2, Vol. 1, p. 426; al-Māwardī, al-Nukat wa 'l-'Uyūn, Vol. 1, p. 125; al-Husayn b. Ma'sūd al-Baghawī, in 'Abd al-Salām Muhammad 'Alī Shāhīn (ed.) Ma'ālim al-Tanzīl, in Hāshiyat Kitāb Tafsīr al-Khāzin, Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1995), p. 84; 'Alī b. Muh + ̄ammad al-Khāzin, Tafsīr al-Khāzin, al-Musammā Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'ānī al-Tanzīl, Vo1. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1995), p. 84 [hereafter al-Khāzin, Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'ānī al-Tanzīl]; 'Abd-al-Rah + (Combining dot below sign)mān b. al-Kamāl Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, al-Durr al-Manthūr fī 'l-Tafsīr bi 'l-Ma'thūr, Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993), pp. 172-173 [hereafter al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, al-Durr al-Manthūr fī 'l-Tafsīr bi 'l-Ma'thūr]; Ibrāhīm b. 'Umar al-Rubāt + (Combining dot below sign) al-Buqā 'ī, in 'Abd al-Razzāq Ghālib al-Mahdī (ed.) Naz + (Combining dot below sign)m al-Durar fī Tanāsub al-Āy wa 'l-Suwar, Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1995), p. 140.
128. 2, Vol. 1, p. 426.
129. 2 Vol. 1, pp. 997-998.
130. 2]; al-Khāzin Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'ānī al-Tanzīl, Vol. 1, p. 84; al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, al-Durr al-Manthūr fī 'l-Tafsīr bi 'l-Ma'thūr Vol. 1 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993), pp. 172-173. Yusuf 'Ali suggested that the town in this verse probably refers to Shittim, 'the town of acacias' just east of Jerusalem. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 31, footnote no. 72.
131. Al-Māwardī, al-Nukat wa 'l-'Uyūn, Vol. 1, p. 125.
132. 3, Vol. 1, p. 125.
133. Ibid.
134. 4, Vol. 1, p. 5.
135. 3, Vol. 1, p. 125.
136. For a comparison between the verbal changes in Q 2:58 and Q 7:161, see Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 31, footnote no. 72 and p. 390, footnote no. 1136.
137. 2, Vol. 3, p. 289.
138. 3, Vol. 3, pp. 31-32.
139. Al-Khāzin, Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'ānī al-Tanzīl, Vol. 1, p. 355.
140. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad Rashīd Rid + (Combining dot below sign)ā, Tafsīr al-Manār, Vol. 3, p. 49.
141. Sayyid Qut + (Combining dot below sign)b, Fī Z + (Combining dot below sign)ilāl al-Qur'ān, Vol. 3 (Beirut: Dār al-Shurūq, n.d.), p. 99.
142. al-Baghawī, Ma'ālim al-Tanzīl, Vol. 1, pp. 357-358.
143. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 105, footnote no. 304.
144. 2].
145. Ibid. Yusuf Ali suggests three possible names for the person who passed by Jerusalem, of which two are Ezra and Nehemiah. Yusuf 'Ali concluded by saying: 'As to (1) [Nehemiah] and (2) [Ezra], there is nothing specific to connect this verse with either. The wording is perfectly general, and we must understand it as general. I think it does refer not only to individual, but to national, death and resurrection'. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 105, footnote no. 304.
146. 2, Vol. 3, pp. 288-289; al-Khāzin, Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'anī al-Tanzīl, Vol. 1, pp. 355-356; al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, al-Durr al-Manthūr fī 'l-Tafsīr bi 'l-Ma'thūr, Vol. 3 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1993), p. 29.
147. 1, Vol. 14, p. 185.
148. 1, Vol. 3, p. 880.
149. 1, Vol. 14, p. 185.
150. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 1139, footnote no. 3816.
151. 1, Vol. 3, p. 494; Abū al-Faraj 'Abd al-Rah + (Combining dot below sign)mān 'Alī b. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad al-Jawzī, Zād al-Masīr fī 'Ilm al-Tafsīr, Vol. 5 (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1984), p. 11.
152. 2; Vol. 1, pp. 1297-1298; Donald J. Wiseman, 'Nebuchadrezzar', in Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan (eds) The Oxford Companion to the Bible (Oxford: OUP, 1993), pp. 552-553; 'Jerusalem', in F. L. Crosand and E. A. Livingstone (eds) The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, pp. 732-733; Michael Avi-Yonah, 'Jerusalem', in Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 9 (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd, 1974), p. 1384; and Bustanay Oded, 'Nebuchadrezzar', in ibid. Vol. 12, p. 914.
153. 2, Vol. 2, p. 84; al-Khāzin, Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'ānī al-Tanzīl, Vo1. 1, p. 131; Lea Roth, 'Titus Flavius Vespasianus', in Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol. 15, pp. 1168-1169; and Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 695, footnotes no. 2176-2180.
154. 3].
155. 1, Vol. 1, pp. 303-304.
156. 2, Vol. V, p. 323.
157. al-Qazwīnī, Āthār al-Bilād, p. 162.
158. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 101; Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)awqal, Kitāb S + (Combining dot below sign)ūrat al-Ard + (Combining dot below sign), Vol. 1, p. 171 and al-Qazwīnī, Āthār al-Bilād, p. 162.
159. Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)awqal, Kitāb S + (Combining dot below sign)ūrat al-Ard + (Combining dot below sign), Vol. 1, p. 171 and Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Ish + (Combining dot below sign)āq al-Hamdhānī, Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 95.
160. 2, Vol. 15, p. 112; and al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, al-Durr al-Manthūr, Vol. 8, p. 555.
161. 2].
162. See infra n. 158 for those who refer to this possibility.
163. 2, Vol. 4, p. 628; and al-Suyūt + (Combining dot below sign)ī, al-Durr al-Manthūr, Vol. 8, p. 558.
164. Ibid.
165. 2, Vol. 15, p. 112; al-Buqā'ī, Naz + (Combining dot below sign)m al-Durar, Vol. 18, pp. 470-471 and Abū H + (Combining dot below sign)ayyān al-Andalusī, Tafsīr al-Bah + (Combining dot below sign)r al-Muh + (Combining dot below sign)īt + (Combining dot below sign), Vol. 8 (Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1992), p. 486 [hereafter Abū H + (Combining dot below sign)ayyān al-Andalusī, Tafsīr al-Bah + (Combining dot below sign)r al-Muh + (Combining dot below sign)īt + (Combining dot below sign)].
166. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 1758, footnote no. 6198.
167. Ibid., p. 1794, footnote no. 6276.
168. 1, Vol. 4, p. 927 and Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 3, p. 492.
169. 2, Vol. 1, pp. 783-784.
170. Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 3, p. 492.
171. 2, Vol. 1, p. 194.
172. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 1074.
173. Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)ajar al-'Asqalānī, Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Bārī, Vol. 1, pp. 86-109.
174. Ibid., Vol. 10, pp. 363-364.
175. 1, Vol. 11, p. 202.
176. Ibn al-Faqih, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 95.
177. Ibid.; there is in Islamic literature a more common view that Ismā'īl was the one Abraham wanted to sacrifice in Mecca.
178. All these events took place in Jerusalem. See Ibid., pp. 93-94.
179. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, p. 95 and Ibn H + (Combining dot below sign)awqal, Kitāb Sūrat al-Ard + (Combining dot below sign), Vol. 1, p. 171.
180. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, pp. 93-94.
181. Ibid.
182. 1, Vol. 14, p. 173, Vol. 11, p. 212 and Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 3, p. 460.
183. See Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 3, p. 3. Ibn 'Abd al-Salām interpreted the words 'ayn al-qit + (Combining dot below sign)r' as: 'a spring of water' in the region of al-Shām.
184. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, pp. 95-96.
185. 1, Vol. 3, p. 602. Ibn Kathīr specified that this event was in Jerusalem.
186. 1, Vol. 4, pp. 58-59; al-Qazwīnī, Āthār al-Bilād, p. 162 and Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 1225, footnote no. 4189.
187. 1, Vol. 14, p. 181; and Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, pp. 93-101.
188. 1, Vol. 1, p. 563; Abū al-Layth al-Samarqandī, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān al-Karīm Bah + (Combining dot below sign)r al-'Ulūm, Vol. 1, pp. 233-234 and Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 1, p. 259.
189. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, pp. 93-94.
190. 1, Vol. 11, p. 60.
191. Ibn al-Faqīh, Mukhtas + (Combining dot below sign)ar Kitāb al-Buldān, pp. 93-94.
192. 1, Vol. 3, p. 408.
193. Ibid., Vol. 1, pp. 909-910.
194. 1, Vol. 14, p. 5 and Ibn 'Abd al-Salām, Tafsīr al-Qur'ān, Vol. 2, p. 521.
195. 2, Vol. 1, p. 194.
196. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 1074.
197. 3, Vol. 1, p. 545.
198. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad b. 'Alī Abū Bakr al-Jassās, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)kām al-Qur'ān, Vol. 4 (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1996), pp. 61-62; Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Ah + (Combining dot below sign)mad al-Qurt + (Combining dot below sign)ubī, in Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. Ibrāhīm al-H + (Combining dot below sign)afnāwī and Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad H + (Combining dot below sign)āmid 'Uthmān (eds) al-Jāmi' li Ah + (Combining dot below sign)kām al-Qur'ān, Vol. 2 (Cairo: Dār al-H + (Combining dot below sign)adīth, 1994), p. 84 and al-Buqā'ī, Naz + (Combining dot below sign)m al-Durar, Vol. 1, p. 225.
199. 2, Vol. 4, p. 11.
200. 2, Vol. 1, p. 196.
201. Yusuf 'Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 49, footnotes no. 117.
202. 2, Vol. 2, p. 84; al-Khāzin, Lubāb al-Ta'wīl fī Ma'ānī al-Tanzīl, Vol. 1, p. 131.
203. 2, Vol. 1, p. 196.
204. 2, Vol. 1, p. 364.
205. Al-Jassās, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)kām al-Qur'ān, Vol. 1, p. 61.
206. 3, Vol. 1, p. 547.
207. Al-Jassās, Ah + (Combining dot below sign)kām al-Qur'ān, Vol. 1, p. 61.
208. Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'ān, Translation, p. 49, footnotes no. 117.
209. 1, Vol. 12, p. 176.
210. 1, Vol. 11, pp. 106-107.
211. 1, Vol. 2, pp. 693-694.
212. 1, Vol. 11, p. 109.
213. 2, Vol. VIII, pp. 423-424.
214. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 34-36.
215. 1, Vol. 17, p. 19.
216. Abū H + (Combining dot below sign)ayyān al-'Andalusī, Tafsīr al-Bah + (Combining dot below sign)r al-Muh + (Combining dot below sign)īt + (Combining dot below sign), Vol. 9, p. 543.
217. It should be noted here that there are many authentic reports in h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth literature, as in the previous h + (Combining dot below sign)adīth cited on the authority of Maymūna, that speak about Jerusalem as a site for eschatological events. However, Abū H + (Combining dot below sign)ayyān's view should be strictly confined to these verses only since he did not find any authentic report that directly explains these verses.
218. 1, Vol. 17, p. 106.
219. Al-Māwardī, al-Nukat wa 'l-'Uyūn, Vol. 5, p. 475.
220. 2, Vol. 4, p. 366; and Muh + (Combining dot below sign)ammad b. 'Ali al-Shawkānī, in Ahmad 'Abd al-Salām (ed.), Fath + (Combining dot below sign) al-Qadīr al-Jāmī' Bayn Fannay al-Riwāya wa 'l-Dirāya fī 'Ilm al-Tafsīr Vol. 5 (Beirat: Dār al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1994), pp. 213-214.
221. Don Peretz, 'America and Jerusalem', in Judith Tucker (ed.) Arab Jerusalem, 1996 Symposium (Georgetown: Centre for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University), Internet 1998, www.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/ccas/jerusalem/towner.htm, p. 14.