Ecology: The science versus the myth

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (HERA)

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 829-838

  Kapustka, Lawrence A ^a   Landis, Wayne G ^b  

^a Ecol Planning and Toxicology Inc   (United States)

^b WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecology; Environmental risk assessment; Environmentalism; Societal values

Indexed keywords

EID: 22044455811     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807039891284820     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Clements, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Carnegie Institute Publication 242, Washington, DC.
2. Connell, J.H. and Sousa, W.P. 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. Am. Nat., 121, 789-824.
3. Cowles, H.C. 1898. The ecological relations of the vegetation of the sand dunes of Lake Michigan. Botanical Gazette,K27, 95-117, 167-202, 281-308, 361-391.
4. Curtis, J.T. 1955. A prairie continuum in Wisconsin. Ecology, 36, 558-566.
5. Curtis, J.T. and McIntosh, R.P. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology, 32, 476-496.
6. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Reprinted by the Modern Library, New York, Random House.
7. Drake, J.A., Flum, T.E., Witteman, G.J., Voskuil, T., Hoffman, A.M., Creson, C., Kenny, D.A., Huxel, G.R., Larue, C.S., and Duncan, J.R. 1993. The construction and assembly of an ecological landscape. J Anim. Ecol., 2, 117-130
8. Egerton, F.N. 1973. Changing concepts of the balance of nature. Q. Rev. Biol., 48, 322-350.
9. Elton, C. 1930. Animal Ecology and Evolution. New York, Oxford University Press
10. Fairbother, A., Kapustka, L.A., Williams, B.A., and Glicken, J. 1995. Risk assessment in practice: success and failure. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1, 367-375.
11. Forman, R.T. and Gordon, M. 1986. Landscape Ecology, New York, John Wiley.
12. Gingerich, O. 1980. The Galileo Affair. Sci. Am., 1980, 133-143.
13. Gleason, H.A. 1926. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 53, 7-26.
14. Hardin, G. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243-1248.
15. Hooper, D.U. and Vitousek, P.M. 1997. The effects of plant composition and diversity on ecosystem processes. Science, 277, 1302-1305.
16. Karr, J. 1993. Defining and assessing ecological integrity: beyond water quality. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 12, 1521-1531.
17. Kauffman, S.A. 1993. The Origins of Order Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. New York, Oxford University Press.
18. Kitching, R.L. 1983. Systems Ecology: An Introduction to Ecological Modeling. New York, University of Queensland Press.
19. Landis, W.G., Matthews, R.A., Markiewicz, A.J., and Matthews, G.B. 1993a. Multivariate analysis of the impacts of the turbine fuel JP-4 in a microcosm toxicity test with implications for the evaluation of ecosystem dynamics and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology, 2, 271-300.
20. Landis, W.G., Matthews, R.A., Markiewicz, A.J., Shough, N.A., and Matthews, G.B. 1993b. Multivariate analysis of the impacts of the turbine fuel Jet-A using a microcosm toxicity test. J. Environ. Sci., 2, 113-130.
21. Landis, W.G., Matthews, R.A., and Matthews, G.B. 1995. A contrast of human health risk and ecological risk assessment: risk assessment for an organism versus a complex non-organismal structure. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 1, 485-488.
22. Landis, W.G., Matthews, R.A., and Matthews, G.B. 1996. The layered and historical nature of ecological systems and the risk assessment of pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15, 432-440.
23. Matthews, G.B., Matthews, R.A., and Landis, W.G. 1995. Nonmetric clustering and association analysis: implications for the evaluations of multispecies toxicity tests and field monitoring, pp. 79-93 In: Hughes, J.S., Biddinger, G.R., and Mones, E. (Eds.). Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, Third Volume. STP 1218, Philadelphia, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials.
24. Matthews, R.A., Landis, W.G., and Matthews, G.B. 1996. The community conditioning hypothesis and its application to environmental toxicology. Environ. Toxieol. Chem, 15, 597-603.
25. Patten, B.C. 1971. Systems Analysis and Simulation Ecology. Volume I. New York, Academic Press.
26. Patten, B.C. 1972. Systems Analysis and Simulation Ecology. Volume II. New York, Academic Press.
27. Patten, B.C. 1975. Systems Analysis and Simulation Ecology. Volume III. New York, Academic Press.
28. Patten, B.C. 1976. Systems Analysis and Simulation Ecology. Volume IV. New York, Academic Press.
29. Pileou, E.C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theoret. Bio., 13, 131-144.
30. Pim, S.L. 1991. The Balance of Nature? Ecological Issues in the Conservations of Species and Communities. Chicago, IL, The University of Chicago Press.
31. Stern, K.R. 1985. Introductory Plant Biology, 3rd ed. Dubuque, IA, Wm. C. Brown, Publishers.
32. Suter, G.W., II. 1993. A critique of ecosystem health concepts and indexes. Environ. Tax. Chem., 12, 1521-1531.
33. Terborgh, J. 1971. Distribution on environmental gradients: Theory and a preliminary interpretation of distributional patterns in the avifauna of the Cordillera Vilacabamba, Peru. Ecology, 52, 23-40.
34. The Arkansas Board of Education. Science, 215, 934-943.
35. Tilman, D., Knops, J., Weldin, D., Reich, P., Ritchic, M., and Siemann, E. 1997. The influence of functional diversity and composition on ecosystem processes. Science, 277, 1300-1302.
36. United Nations Environmental Programme-International Environmental Technology Centre. (UNEP-IETC) 1996. Environmental Risk Assessment for Sustainable Cities. Technical Publication Series [3]. ISBN 92-807-1505-4. Osaka, Japan.
37. Wardle, D.A., Zackrisson, O., Hornberg, G., and Galet, C. 1997. The influence of island area on ecosystem properties. Science, 277, 1296-1299.
38. Whittaker, R.H. 1951. A criticism of the plant association and climatic climax concepts. Northwest Science, 25, 18-31.
39. Whittaker, R.H. 1953. A consideration of climax theory: The climax as a population and pattern. Ecol. Mono., 23, 41-78.
40. Whittaker, R.H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol. Rev., 42, 207-264.
41. Wu, J. and Loucks, O.L. 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 70, 439-466.