Ecological risk assessment approaches within the regulatory framework

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (HERA)

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 853-886

  Rand, Gary M ^a   Zeeman, Maurice G ^b  

^a FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Ecological risk assessment; Federal Insecticide; Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); Pesticide registration; Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); USEPA regulations

Indexed keywords

EID: 22044449825     PISSN: 10807039     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10807039891284857     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. Allen, J.C., Schafer, W.M., and Rosko, D. 1993. Chaos and extinction in ecological populations. Nature, 364, 229-232.
2. Auer, C. M., Nabholz, J.V., and Baetke, K.P. 1990. Mode of action and the assessment of chemical hazards in the presence of limited data: use of structure-activity relationships (SAR) under TSCA, Section 5. Environmental Health Perspectives, 87, 183-197.
3. Egerton, F.N. 1973.Changing concepts in the balance of nature. Quart.Rev. Biol., 48, 322-350.
4. Egerton, F.N. 1976. Ecological studies and observations before 1900. In: Issues and Ideas in America, pp. 311-351. (Taylor, B.J. and White, T.J., Eds.). Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.
5. Hastings, A. 1993. Complex interactions between dispersal and dynamics: lessons from coupled logistic equations. Ecology, 74, 1362-1372.
6. Nabholz, J.V. 1991. Environmental hazard and risk assessment under the United States Toxic Substances Control Act. The Science of the Total Environment, 109/110, 649-665.
7. Nabholz, J.V., Miller, P., and Zeeman, M.G. 1993. Environmental risk assessment of new chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) section five. In: Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, ASTM STP, pp.40-55. (Landis, W.G., Hughes, J.S., and Lewis, M.A.,Eds.). Philadelphia, American Society for Testing and Materials.
8. NAS-NRC (National Academy of Science-National Research Council). 1983. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, D.C.
9. Pahl-Wostl, C. 1993. The influence of hierarchy in time scales on the dynamics of, and the coexistence within, ensembles of predator-prey pairs. Theor. Popul. Biol., 43, 159-183.
10. Suter, II,G.W. 1993. Ecological Risk Assessment. Boca Raton, Lewis Publishers.
11. Touart, L.W. 1995. The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, pp. 657-668. (Rand, G.M., Ed.). Washington, D.C., Taylor and Francis.
12. Urban, D. J. and Cook, N.J. 1986. Hazard Evaluation Division Standard Evaluation Procedure: Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA-540/09-86-167, U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.
13. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1984. Estimating "concern levels" for concentrations of chemical substances in the environment. Environmental Effects Branch, Health and Environmental Review Division, Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
14. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. User's guide to PDM3, Final Report, EPA contract No. 68-02-4254. Task No. 117. Exposure Assessment Branch, Exposure Evaluation Division (TS-798), Office of Toxic Substances, U.S.EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460-0001.
15. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1992. A Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment: EPA/630/R-92/001. Washington, D.C.
16. USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Proposed Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-95/002B. Washington, D.C.
17. Walker, J. 1995. Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Interagency Testing Committee: Data Developed Under Section 4 of TSCA. In: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, pp. 669-701. (Rand, G.M., Ed.). Washington, D.C., Taylor and Francis.
18. Zeeman, M.G. 1995. Ecotoxicity testing and estimation methods developed under Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). In: Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology, pp.703-716. (Rand, G.M., Ed.), Washington, D.C., Taylor and Francis.
19. Zeeman, M. 1997. Aquatic toxicology and ecological risk assessment: U.S.-EPA/ OPPT perspective and OECD interactions. In: Ecotoxicology! Responses, Biomarkers and Risk Assessment, pp. 89-108. (Zelikoff, J.T., Lynch, J., Schepers, J., and Dunier, M., Eds.), Paris, OECD. Fairhaven, N.J., Published for OECD by SOS Pub.
20. Zeeman, M. and Gilford, J. 1993. Ecological hazard evaluation and risk assessment under EPA's Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): an introduction. In: Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment, pp. 7-21. (Landis, W. G. and Hughes, J.S., Eds.), ASTM STP 1179. Philadelphia, PA, American Society for Testing and Materials.