Evidence for possible precursor events of megathrust earthquakes on the west coast of North America

Bulletin of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 117, Issue 7-8, 2005, Pages 996-1008

  Hawkes, Andrea D ^a   Scott, David B ^a   Lipps, Jere H ^b   Combellick, Rod ^c  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys   (United States)

Author keywords

Foraminifera; Marsh forest transition; Megathrust earthquake; Precursor; Thecamoebian

Indexed keywords

ALASKA EARTHQUAKES; FORAMINIFERA; MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKES; THECAMOEBIAN ASSEMBLAGES;

CARBON; DEPOSITION; FORECASTING; GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS; SAND; SEISMOGRAPHS;

EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS;

EARTHQUAKE PRECURSOR; FORAMINIFERA; PALEOSEISMICITY;

NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC COAST [NORTH AMERICA]; PACIFIC COAST [UNITED STATES]; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

BACILLARIOPHYTA; FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 21944438194     PISSN: 00167606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1130/B25455.1     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Atwater, B.F., 1987, Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State: Science, v. 236, p. 942-944.
2. Atwater, B.F., 1992, Geologic evidence for earthquakes during the past 2000 years along the Copalis River, southern coastal Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 1901-1919.
3. Atwater, B.F., 1997, Coastal evidence for great earthquakes in western Washington, in Rogers, A.M., Walsh, T.J., Kockleman, W.J., and Priest, G.R., eds., Earthquake Hazards in the Pacific Northwest of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560, p. 70-90.
4. Atwater, B.F., Nelson, A.R., Clague, J.J., Carver, G.A., Yamaguchi, D.K., Bobrowski, P.T., Bourgeois, J., Darienzo, M.E., Grant, W.C., Hemphill-Haley, E.K., Kelsey, H.M., Jacoby, G.C., Nishenko, S.P., Palmer, S.P., Peterson, C.D., and Reinhardt, M.A., 1995, Summary of coastal geologic evidence for past great earthquakes at the Cascadian subduction zone: Earthquake Spectra, v. 11, no. 1, p. 1-18.
5. Batten, A.R., Murphy, S., and Murray, D.F., 1978, Definition of Alaskan Coastal Wetlands by Floristic Criteria: Corvallis, Oregon, Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, 490 p.
6. Clague, J.J., and Bobrowsky, P.T., 1994a, Tsunami deposits beneath tidal marshes on Vancouver, Island, British Columbia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 1293-1303.
7. Clague, J.J., and Bobrowsky, P.T., 1994b, Evidence for a large earthquake and tsunami 100-400 years ago on western Vancouver Island, British Columbia: Quaternary Research, v. 41, p. 176-184.
8. Collins, E.S., Scott, D.B., and Gayes, P.T., 1999, Hurricane records on the South Carolina coast: Can they be detected in the sediment record?: Quaternary International, v. 56, p. 15-26.
9. Combellick, R.A., 1991, Paleoseismicity of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska: Evidence from Peat Stratigraphy in Turnagain and Knik Arms: Fairbanks, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Professional Report, 52 p.
10. Combellick, R.A., and Reger, R.D., 1994, Sedimentological and Radiocarbon-Age Data for Tidal Marshes along the Eastern and Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska: Fairbanks, Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Report of Investigations 94-6, 60 p.
11. Cox, W.S., 1973, Oregon Estuaries: State of Oregon, Division of Lands, Net art's Bay, 48 p.
12. Darienzo, M.E., and Peterson, C.D., 1990, Episodic tectonic subsidence of late Holocene salt marshes, northern Oregon central Cascadian margin: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 1-22.
13. Darienzo, M.E., Peterson, C.D., and Clough, C., 1994, Stratigraphic evidence for great subduction zone earthquakes at four estuaries in northern Oregon, USA: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 10, p. 850-876.
14. Dragert, H., Wang, K., and James, T., 2001, A silent slip event on the deeper Cascadia subduction interface: Science, v. 292, p. 1525-1528.
15. Hippensteel, S.P., and Martin, R.E., 1999, Foraminifera as an indicator of overwash deposits, barrier island sediment supply, and barrier island evolution: Folly Island, South Carolina: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 149, p. 115-125.
16. Javaux, E.J., and Scott, D.B., 2003, Illustration of modern benthic foraminifera from Bermuda and remarks on distribution in other subtropical/tropical areas: Palaeontologia Electronica, v. 6, issue 1, http://www.earthsci.carleton.ca/paleo/2003_1/benthic/issuel_03.htm.
17. Jennings, A.E., and Nelson, A.R., 1992, Foraminiferal assemblage zones in Oregon tidal marshes - Relation to marsh floral zones and sea level: Journal of Formaniferal Research, v. 22, p. 13-29.
18. Medioli, F.S., and Scott, D.B., 1983, Holocene Arcellacea (thecamoebians) from Eastern Canada: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 21, 63 p.
19. Nelson, A.R., and Personius, S.F., 1997, The potential for great earthquakes in Oregon and Washington; an overview of recent geologic studies and their bearing on segmentation of Holocene ruptures, central Cascadia subduction zone, in Rogers, A.M., Walsh, T.J., Kockelman, W.J., and Priest, G.R., eds., Earthquake hazards in the Pacific Northwest of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560, p. 90-110.
20. Nelson, A.R., Atwater, B.F., Bobrowsky, P.T., Bradley, L.A., Clague, J.J., Carver, G.A., Darienzo, M.E., Grant, W.C., Krueger, H.W., Sparks, R., Stafford, T.W., and Stuiver, M., 1995, Radiocarbon evidence for extensive plate-boundary rupture about 300 years ago at the Cascadian subduction zone: Nature, v. 378, p. 371-374.
21. Nelson, A.R., Jennings, A.E., and Kashima, K., 1996, An earthquake history derived from stratigraphic and microfossil evidence of relative sea-level change at Coos Bay, southern Oregon coast: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 141-154.
22. Oppenheimer, D., Beroza, G., Carver, G., Dengler, L., Eaton, J., Gee, L., Gonzalez, F., Jayko, A., Li, W.H., Lisowski, M., Magee, M., Marshall, M., McPherson, R., Romanowicz, B., Satake, K., Simpson, R., Somerville, P., Stein, R., and Valentine, D., 1993, The Cape Mendocino, California, earthquakes of April 1992: Subduction at a triple junction: Science, v. 261, p. 433-438.
23. Patterson, R.T., MacKinnon, K.D., Scoff, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1985, Arcellaceans (Thecamoebians) in small lakes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: Modern distribution and Holocene stratigraphic changes: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 15, p. 114-137.
24. Phleger, F.B., 1967, Marsh foraminiferal patterns, Pacific Coast of North America: Annales Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonomade Mexico, 38: Sevie Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, v. 1, p. 11-38.
25. Plafker, G., 1965, Tectonic deformation associated with the 1964 Alaska earthquake: Science, v. 148, p. 1675-1687.
26. Plafker, G., and Berg, H.C., 1994, Introduction, in Plafker, G. and Berg, H.C., eds., The Geology of Alaska: Geological Society of America, The Geology of North America, v. G1, p. 1-16.
27. Scott, D.B., and Hermelin, J.O.R., 1993, A device for precision splitting of micropaleontological samples in liquid suspension: Journal of Paleontology, v. 67, p. 151-154.
28. Scott, D.B., and Martini, I.P., 1982, Marsh foraminiferal zonations in western James-Hudson Bay: Naturaliste Canadien, v. 109, p. 399-414.
29. Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1978, Vertical zonations of marsh foraminifera as accurate indicators of former sea levels: Nature, v. 272, p. 528-531.
30. Scott, D.B., and Medioli, F.S., 1980, Quantitative studies of marsh foraminiferal distributions in Nova Scotia: Their implications for the study of sea-level changes: Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Special Publication 17, 58 p.
31. Scott, D.B., Williamson, M.A., and Duffett, T.E., 1981, Marsh foraminifera of Prince Edward Island: Their Recent distribution and application for former sea level studies: Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology, v. 17, p. 98-129.
32. Scott, D.B., Schnack, E.J., Ferrero, L., Espinosa, M., and Barbosa, C.F., 1990, Recent marsh foraminifera from the east coast of South America: Comparison to the Northern Hemisphere, in Hemleben, C., Kaminski, M., Kuhnt, W, and Scott, D.B., eds., North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Advanced Study Institute Series C: The Netherlands, Kluwer, Dordrecht, v. 327, p. 717-738.
33. Scott, D.B., Collins, E.S., Duggan, J., Asioli, A., Saito, T., and Hasegawa, S., 1996, Pacific Rim marsh foraminiferal distribution: Implications for sea-level studies: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, p. 850-861.
34. Scott, D.B., Medioli, F.S., and Schafer, C.T., 2001, Monitoring in coastal environments using foraminifera and thecamoebian indicators: London, Cambridge University Press, 175 p.
35. Scott, D.B., Collins, E.S., Gayes, P.T., and Wright, E., 2003, Records of prehistoric hurricanes on the South Carolina coast based on micropaleontological and sedimentological evidence with comparison to other Atlantic coast records: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 8, p. 1027-1039.
36. Shennan, I., Long, A.J., Rutherford, M.M., Green, F.M., Innes, J.B., Lloyd, J.M., Zong, Y, and Walker, K.J., 1996, Tidal marsh stratigraphy, sea-level change and large earthquakes, I: A 500 year record in Washington, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 15, p. 1023-1059.
37. Shennan, I., Long, A.J., Rutherford, M.M., Innes, J.B., Green, F.M., and Walker, K.J., 1998, Tidal marsh stratigraphy, sea-level change and large earthquakes II: Submergence events during the last 3500 years at Netarts Bay, Oregon, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 17, p. 365-393.
38. Shennan, I., Scott, D.B., Rutherford, M., and Zong, Y., 1999, Microfossil analysis of sediments representing the 1964 earthquake, exposed at Girdwood Flats, Alaska, USA: Quaternary International, v. 60, p. 55-74.
39. 14C age calibration program: Radiocarbon, v. 35, p. 215-300.
40. Yoon, C.Y., 2003, "Slow" quakes may lay ground work for big ones: New York Times newspaper, Science section, April 22, 2003 (http:// www.nytimes.com/2003/04/22/science/earth/22QUAK.html).
41. Zong, Y, Shennan, I., Combellick, R.A., Hamilton, S.L., and Rutherford, M.M., 2003, Microfossil evidence for land movements associated with the 1964 Alaska earthquake: The Holocene, v. 13, no. 1, p. 7-20.