Francis Lieber's code and principles of humanity

Columbia Journal of Transnational Law

Volumn 36, Issue 1-2, 1997, Pages 269-281

  Meron, Theodor ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 21944434362     PISSN: 00101931     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. See generally Opening Address by Elihu Root at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law (Apr. 24, 1913),
2. reprinted in 7 AM. J. INT'L L. 453 (1913) [hereinafter Opening Address by Elihu Root];
3. George D. Haimbaugh, Jr., Introduction to Panel II: Humanitarian Law: The Lincoln-Lieber Initiative, 13 GA. J. INT'L & COMP. L. 245 (1983);
4. R.R. Baxter, The First Modern Codification of the Law of War - Francis Lieber and General Orders No. 100, 3 INT'L. REV. RED CROSS 171 (1963) [hereinafter Baxter I];
5. R.R. Baxter, The First Modern Codification of the Law of War - Francis Lieber and General Orders No. 100 (II), 3 INT'L. REV. RED CROSS 234 (1963) [hereinafter Baxter II];
6. George B. Davis, Doctor Francis Lieber's Instructions for the Government of Armies in the Field, 1 AM. J. INT'L L. 13 (1907);
7. Ernest Nys, Francis Lieber - His Life and His Work, 5 AM. J. INT'L L. 355 (1911);
8. Michael Harris Hoffman, The Customary Law of Non-international Armed Conflict: Evidence from the United States Civil War, 30 INT'L. REV. RED CROSS 322 (No. 277, July-August 1990).
9. See 1 FRANCIS LIEBER, THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS OF FRANCIS LIEBER: REMINISCENCES, ADDRESSES AND ESSAYS (1881).
10. See Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field, General Orders No. 100 (Apr. 24, 1963),
11. reprinted in THE LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICTS 3 (Dietrich Schindler & Jiri Toman eds., 3d ed. 1988) [hereinafter Lieber's Code].
12. Opening Address by Elihu Root, supra note 1, at 456.
13. J.C. Bluntschli, Introduction: Lieber's Service to Political Science and International Law, in 2 FRANCIS LIEBER, THE MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS OF FRANCES LIEBER: CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLITICAL SCIENCE 12-13 (1881).
14. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 29.
15. Id. art. 30.
16. Id. art. 17.
17. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), opened for signature Dec. 12, 1977, art. 54(1), 16 I.L.M. 1391 (1977); 1125 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter Protocol I].
18. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 18.
19. Id. art. 36.
20. Convention (IV) Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, signed at The Hague, October 18, 1907, art. 56, 36 Stat. 2277, T.S. No. 539; 1 Bevans 631, reprinted in THE LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICTS, supra note 3, at 63 [hereinafter Hague Convention (IV)].
21. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 60.
22. See THEODOR MERON, HENRY'S WARS AND SHAKESPEARE'S LAWS 154-71 (1993).
23. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 61.
24. Id. art. 62.
25. Id. art. 66.
26. Hague Convention (IV), supra note 12, art. 23(d).
27. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 4.
28. Id. art. 11.
29. Id. art. 15.
30. Id. art. 16.
31. See id. art. 21.
32. Id. art. 22.
33. See id. art. 24.
34. Id. art. 25.
35. See Convention (IV) Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War (Geneva Convention No. IV), opened for signature Aug. 12, 1949, art. 49, 6 U.S.T. 3516, 75 U.N.T.S. 287.
36. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 23.
37. See id. art. 38.
38. Id. art. 37.
39. See id. art. 34.
40. Id. art. 44.
41. Id. art. 47.
42. See id. art. 42.
43. Id. art. 43.
44. Id. art. 57.
45. See id. art. 58.
46. See Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva Convention No. III), opened for signature Aug. 12, 1949, 6 U.S.T. 3316, 75 U.N.T.S. 135.
47. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 70.
48. Id. art. 148.
49. Id. art. 27.
50. Id. art. 28.
51. Id.
52. See id. § X, arts. 149-57.
53. Common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949.
54. Protocol I, supra note 9, art. 4.
55. Lieber's Code, supra note 3, art. 152.
56. Id. art. 153.
57. Id. art. 154.
58. See RICHARD SHELLY HARTIGAN, LIBBER'S CODE AND THE LAW OF WAR 22 (1983).
59. See Davis, supra note 1, at 22.
60. See Bluntschli, supra note 5, at 13.
61. See Final Protocol and Project of an International Declaration Concerning the Laws and Customs of War, Aug. 27, 1874, reprinted in THE LAWS OF ARMED CONFLICT, supra note 3, at 25.
62. See Davis, supra note 1, at 23. For a chart comparing the Hague Regulations of the Hague Convention of 1899 with Lieber's Code, see Appendix, 7 AM. J. INT'L L. 466 app. (1913).
63. Trial of German Major War Criminals, 1946, Cmd. 6964, Misc. No. 12, at 65;
64. see also THEODOR MERON, HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN NORMS AS CUSTOMARY LAW 38-39 (1989).
65. Baxter I, supra note 1, at 184.
66. See id. at 186-89; see Baxter II, supra note 1, at 234-35.
67. See Baxter I, supra note 1, at 174-78.
68. See MERON, supra note 14, at 142-53.
69. See THE BLACK BOOK OF THE ADMIRALTY,
70. reprinted in I MONUMENTA JURIDICA 453 (Travers Twiss ed. 1871).
71. See id. at 459. See also EXCERPTA HISTORICA 30 (Samuel Bentley ed., 1831).
72. See ORDONNANCES DES ROIS DE FRANCE DE LA TROISIÈME RACE viii, 306 (LOUIS Guilllaume de Vilevault & Louis G.O.F. Bréquigny eds., 1782).
73. ARTICLES AND ORDINANCES OF WARRE FOR THE PRESENT EXPEDITION OF THE ARMY OF THE KINGDOME OF SCOTLAND BY THE COMMITTEE OF ESTATES AND HIS EXCELLENCE THE LORD GENERAL OF THE ARMY (Early English Books Series 1641-1700, Edinburgh, Scotland, Evan Tyler, 1644).
74. Id. art. VIII, at 6.
75. Id. art. XV, at 9.
76. Id. at 10; see also ON CUSTOM AND THE ANTECEDENTS OF THE MARTENS CLAUSE IN MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE ORDINANCES OF WAR 173 (Rudolf Bernhardt Festschrift 1995).