The maastricht treaty as high politics: germany, france, and european integration

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 110, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 605-623

  Baun, Michael J ^a  

^a GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21844505699     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2151886     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. On the political economy approach to explaining EC institutional development, see Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann, "Institutional Change in Europe in the 1980s" in Keohane and Hoffmann, eds., The New European Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991), 22-23.
2. For examples of the neofunctionalist approach, see Jeppe Tranholm-Mikkelsen, "Neo-functionalism: Obstinate or Obsolete? A Reappraisal in the Light of the New Dynamism of the EC," Millennium 20 (Spring 1991): 1-22;
3. David Mutimer, "1992 and the Political Integration of Europe: Neofunctionalism Reconsidered," Journal of European Integration 13 (Fall 1989): 75-101. For a general review of theories of European integration, see Keohane and Hoffmann, "Institutional Change in Europe in the 1980s," 1-39.
4. For details, see Loukas Tsoukalis, The Politics and Economics of European Monetary Integration (London: Alien & Unwin, 1977).
5. On the creation of the EMS, see Peter Ludlow, The Making of the European Monetary System (London: Butterworth, 1982).
6. See the "Resolution of the European Council of 5 December 1978 on the Establishment of the European Monetary System (EMS) and Related Matters," reprinted in ibid., 303-308.
7. Elke Thiel, "Changing Patterns of Monetary Interdependence" in William Wallace, ed., The Dynamics of European Integration (London: Pinter, 1990), 76.
8. John T. Woolley, "Policy Credibility and European Monetary Institutions" in Alberta Sbragia, ed., Euro-Politics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992), 187-188.
9. On the issue of the EMS' deflationary bias and its asymmetry, see Loukas Tsoukalis, "The Political Economy of the European System" in Paolo Guerrieri and Piercarlo Padoan, eds., The Political Economy of European Monetary Integration (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1989), 59-61, 65.
10. The Economist, 30 January 1988, 35; 13 February 1988, 76-79; 5 March 1988, 14.
11. For a summary of the Delors Report, see The Economist, 22 April 1989, 45-46.
12. The Economist, 1 July 1989, 37-38.
13. The Economist, 21 October 1989, 50.
14. Dominique Moisi, "Die Mark und die Bombe," Die Zeit, 9 December 1988;
15. on Germany as a "civilian power," see Hans Maull, "Germany and Japan: The New Civilian Powers," Foreign Affairs 69 (Winter 1990/1991): 91-106.
16. For an overview of France's EC policy and of different national visions for post-cold war Europe, see Ole Waever, "Three Competing Europes: German, French, Russian," International Affairs 66 (July 1990): 477-494.
17. On the British position, see Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 759-763, 789-815.
18. On the relationship between German unification and European integration, see Kohl's speech to the Bundestag ("Regierungserklaerung") on 10 May 1990, reprinted in Europa-Archiv45 (1991): D289294; on Germany's EC policy more generally, see Gerd Langguth, "Deutschland, die EG und die Architektur Europas," Aussenpolitik 42 (1991): 136-145.
19. See the statements made by Delors and Mitterrand in October 1989, cited in The Economist, 21 October 1989, 50; and 28 October 1989, 58.
20. Serge Schemann, "Kohl Says Bonn Will Not Press East Germany on Unification," New York Times, 17 November 1989.
21. The Week in Germany, 24 November 1989, 1.
22. Ibid., 2.
23. "A Ten-Point Program for Overcoming the Division of Germany and Europe" (Official Translation), Statements and Speeches, vol. xii, no. 25 (New York: German Information Center, 19 December 1989).
24. While the initial public reaction of EC governments to the ten-point plan was largely positive, considerable dismay was expressed in private. At a 4 December NATO meeting, for instance, several European governments voiced strong complaints to U.S. President Bush about German behavior. Craig R. Whitney, "Rapid Change in East Is Taking a Toll on the Western Allies," New York Times, 6 December 1989.
25. Alan Riding, "Mitterrand Backs Europe Integration," New York Times, 8 December 1989.
26. David Marsh, "Kohl Wants Meeting on EMU Put Off," Financial Times, 7 December 1989, 2; The Week in Germany, I December 1989, 6.
27. Marsh, "Kohl Wants Meeting"; Riding, "Mitterrand."
28. "Bonn Strives to Calm Summit Concert," Financial Times, 8 December 1989, 24.
29. David Buchan, Robert Mauthner, and lan Davidson, "EC Leaders Isolate Thatcher at Summit," Financial Times, 9-10 December 1989, 1; Alan Riding, "European Leaders Give their Backing to Monetary Plan," New York Times, 9 December 1989; Tiie Week in Germany, 15 December 1989, 5.
30. Steven Greenhouse, "European Talks Called a Success," New York Times, 11 December 1989;
31. Robert Mauthner, "States Tackle Minefield of Reunification," Financial Times, 11 December 1989, 3.
32. Horst Teltschik, 329 Tage: Innenansichten der Einigung (Berlin: Siedler, 1991), 72.
33. Craig R. Whitney, "Unease Fills Western Allies over Rapid Changes in East," New York Times, 1 December 1989.
34. "Mitterrand, in Kiev, Warns Bonn Not to Press Reunification Issue,"New York Times, 7 December 1989.
35. Julius W. Friend, The Linchpin: French-German Relations, 1950-1990 (New York: Praeger, 1991), 81-82.
36. "Mitterrand, in East Germany, Calls for Caution on Unification," New York Times, 22 December 1989.
37. Teltschik, 529 Tage, 95: also Ronald Tiersky, "France in the New Europe," Foreign Affairs 71 (Spring 1992): 132.
38. Teltschik, 329 Tage, 150-151.
39. Ibid., 164-172.
40. Alan Riding, "France Urges West Germany to Speed Unification," New York Times, 21 March 1990.
41. George Graham, David Marsh, and Philip Stephens, "Bonn and Paris Move to Speed European Unity," Financial Times, 20 April 1990, 1.
42. Alan Riding, "Europe United?" New York Times, 28 April 1990;
43. Craig R. Whitney, "Europe's Alliance Seeks Closer Ties," New York Times, 29 April 1990;
44. David Buchan and Robert Mauthner, "Political Union Talks in Prospect after EC Summit," Financial Times, 30 April 1990.
45. The Week In Germany, 29 June 1990, 2.
46. "German Unity Welcomed," Financial Times, 30 April 1990, 2.
47. George Graham, "Paris and Bonn Back Monetary Union Plan," Financial Times, 7 April 1990, 2.
48. On the Bundesbank's views on EMU, see The Week in Germany, 15 June 1990,5;
49. The Economist, 7 July 1990, 25; 1 September 1990, 48; 15 September 1990, 61-62; "Survey on Germany," Financial Times, 29 October 1990, 12.
50. The Economist, 22 September 1990, 60.
51. The Economist, Ibid., 29 September 1990, 58.
52. Alan Riding, "Hesitation Now Greets Europe's Unity Plans," New York Times, 1 October 1990.
53. The Economist, 3 November 1990, 55.
54. The Economist, Ibid., 55-59;
55. David Buchan and John Wyles, Thatcher Left Trailing as a Summit Fixes EMU Date," Financial Times, 29 October 1990, 1.
56. Alan Riding, "Regional Defense Plan Urged for Europe," New York Times, 8 December 1990;
57. lan Davidson, "Joint European Foreign Policy Urged by France and Germany," Financial Times, 8-9 December 1990, 1;
58. The Week in Germany, 14 December 1990, 1.
59. David Marsh, "Dutch Fearful of Germany Going Its Own Way," Financial Times, 28 November 1991, 2.
60. Stephen Kinzer, "France and Germany Issue Warning to Britain over European Community," New York Times, 16 November 1991.
61. For details on the EMU agreement, see "Single Currency by 1999 Despite UK Objections," Financial Times, 10 December 1991;
62. Alan Riding, "Europeans Accept a Single Currency and Bank by 1999," New York Times, 10 December 1991;
63. Riding, "Europeans Agree on a Pact Forging New Political Ties and Integrating Economies," New York Times, 11 December 1991.
64. See, for instance, Kohl's 30 January 1991 speech before the German parliament, reprinted in Europa-Archiv 46 (1991): D135;
65. also his speech of 20 May 1991 at Georgetown University, "The Agenda of German Politics in the Nineties," Statements and Speeches 14 (New York: German Information Center, 6 June 1991), 3.
66. Quentin Peel and Robert Graham, "Kohl Holds Out Hope of Maastricht Compromise," Financial Times, 28 November 1991;
67. Stephen Kinzer, "Germany Now Leading Campaign to Strengthen the European Community," New York Times, 1 December 1991.
68. Formal EC recognition was given on 15 January 1992, but only after Germany, in a move that shocked its EC partners, broke ranks and announced it would unilaterally recognize Slovenia and Croatia in December. See The Economist, 21 December 1991, 57;
69. Stephen Kinzer, "Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod," New York Times, 24 December 1991;
70. Kinzer, "Europe, Backing Germans, Accepts Yugoslav Breakup," New York Times, 16 January 1992.
71. The Economist, 18 January 1992.
72. On the role of the Yugoslavia crisis and the recognition issue, see John Newhouse, "The Diplomatic Round: Dodging the Problem," The New Yorker, 24 August 1992, 60-71.
73. Stephen Kinzer, "Kohl Predicting Unity of Europe," New York Times, 14 December 1991.
74. The Economist, 6 November 1993, 56-61.
75. Admittedly, German support for the French franc in the latter crisis was more limited and grudging than in September 1992. For an account of the secretive Franco-German meetings on the exchange-rate crisis in July 1993, see David Marsh, "Faultlines Show in Franco-German Unity," Financial Times, 23 December 1993.