New strategies for treatment of heart failure with aldosterone antagonists and the risk of hyperkalaemia

Expert Opinion on Drug Safety

Volumn 4, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 677-688

  Cruz, Constança S ^a   Cruz, Luzia S ^b   Domingues, Gustavo S ^c   Marcílio de Souza, Carlos A ^a  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^b Clínica do Rim e Hipertensão Arterial CLINIRIM   (Brazil)

^c ESCOLA BAHIANA DE MEDICINA E SAÚDE PÚBLICA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor; Angiotensin receptor blockers; Eplerenone; Heart failure; Hyperkalaemia; Spironolactone

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; CYCLOSPORIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; EPLERENONE; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUCONAZOLE; HEPARIN; HYDRALAZINE; KETOCONAZOLE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; NITRATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLACEBO; POTASSIUM; SAQUINAVIR; SPIRONOLACTONE; VALSARTAN; VERAPAMIL;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AGING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; COUGHING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GYNECOMASTIA; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOALDOSTERONISM; HYPOTENSION; HYPOVOLEMIA; INFECTION; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PATHOGENESIS; POTASSIUM BLOOD LEVEL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SURVIVAL; UREMIA; VOMITING;

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; HUMANS; HYPERKALEMIA; PATIENT SELECTION; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; RISK FACTORS; SPIRONOLACTONE;

EID: 21744439132     PISSN: 14740338     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14740338.4.4.677     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. JUURLINK DN, MAMDANI MM, LEE DS et al.: Rates of Hyperkalemia after Publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351:543-551.
2. PITT B, ZANNAD F, REMME WJ et al.: The Effect of Spironolactone on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Severe Heart Failure. (The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators). N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:709-717.
3. GEORGES B, BEGUIN C, JADOUL M: Spironolactone and congestive heart failure. Lancet (2000) 355:1369.
4. THE CONSENSUS TRIAL STUDY GROUP: Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N. Engl. J. Med. (1987) 316:1429-1435.
5. THE SOLVD INVESTIGATORS: Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327:685-691.
6. THE SOLVD INVESTIGATORS: Effect of enalapril on survival in patints with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:293-302.
7. PFEFFER MA, BRAUNWALD E, MOYE LA et al.: Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left vertricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327:669-677.
8. THE ACUTE INFARCTION RAMIPRIL EFFICACY (AIRE) STUDY INVESTIGATORS: Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet (1993) 342:82182-82188.
9. PALMER BF: Managing hyperkalemia caused by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) 351:585-592.
10. DE FRONZO RA: Hyperkalemia and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Kidney Int. (1980) 17:118-134.
11. JESSUP M, BROZENA S: Heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:2007-2018.
12. SCHOOLWERTH AC, SICA DA, BALLERMAN BJ, WILCOX CS: Renal Considerations in Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Therapy. Circulation (2001) 104:1985-1991
13. SCHRIER RW, ABRAHAM W: Hormones and hemodynamics in heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:577-585.
14. BRAUNWALD E: Congestive heart failure: a half-century perspective. Eur. Heart J. (2001) 22:825-836.
15. JOHNSTON CI: Tissue angiotensin converting enzyme in cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, repair and remodelling. Hypertension (1994) 23:258-268.
16. HIRSCH AT, TALSNESS CE, PAUL M, DZAU VJ: Tissue-specific activation of cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme in experimental heart failure. Circ. Res. (1991) 69:475-482.
17. ZANNAD F: Aldosterone and heart failure. Eur. Heart J. (1995) 16:98-102.
18. WEBER KT: Aldosterone and spironolactone in heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 341:753-755.
19. SWEDBERG K, ENEROTH P, KJEKSHUS J, WILHELMSEN L: Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. Circulation (1990) 82:1730-1736.
20. FEUERSTEIN GZ, YUE TL: Apoptosis and the heart. Basic and applied mycology (1996) 6:221-225.
21. BATLOUNI M, RAMIRES JAF, MELLO EP: Inibidores da Enzina Conversora de Angiotensina. In: Farmacologia e Terapêutica Cardiovascular, Batlouni M, Ramires JAF (Ed.), Atheneu, São Paulo (1999) 287-300.
22. PACKER M, PHILIP A, POOLE-WILSON et al.: Comparative Effects of Low and High Doses of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, Lisinopril, on Morbidity and Mortality in Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation (1999) 100:2312-2318.
23. COHN JN, JOHNSON G, ZIESCHE S et al.: A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isossorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:303-310.
24. LJUNGMAN S, KJEKSHUS J, SWEDBERG K: Renal function in severe congestive heart failure during treatment with enalapril (the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study [CONSENSUS] Trial). Am. J. Cardiol. (1992) 70(4):479-487.
25. GOODFRIEND TL, ELLIOT ME, CATT KJ: Angiotensin receptor and their antagonists. N. Engl. J. Med. (1996) 334:1649-1654.
26. COHN J, TOGNONI G: A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 345:1667-1675.
27. BRUNNR HR, DELACRÉTAZ E, NUSSBERGER J, BURNIER N, WAEBER B: Angioiensin II antagonists DuP 753 and TCV 116. J. Hypertens. Suppl. (1994) 12:S29-S34.
28. WEBER MA, BYYNY RL, PRATT JH et al.: Blood pressure effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, losartan. Arch. Intern. Med. (1995) 155(4):405-411. Erratum in: Arch. Intern. Med. (1995) 155:876.
29. GRADMAN AH, ARCURI KE, GOLDBERG AI et al.: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study of various doses of losartan potassium compared with enalapril maleat in patients with essencial hypertension. Hypertension (1995) 25:1345-1350.
30. PITT B, SEGAL R, MARTINEZ FA et al.: Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet (1997) 349:747-751.
31. PITT B, POOLE-WILSON PA, SEGAL R et al.: Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet (2000) 355:1582-1587.
32. PFEFFER MA, MCMURRAY JJV, VELAZQUEZ EJ et al.: The Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, Captopril, or Both in Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Heart Failure, Left Ventricular Dysfunction, or Both. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 349:1893-1906.
33. GIORGI DMA: Diuréticos. In: Farmacologia e Terapêutica Cardiovascular, Batlouni M, Ramires JAF (Ed.), Atheneu, Såo Paulo (1999) 131-132.
34. JACKSON EK: Diuréticos. In: As Bases Farmacológicas da Terapéutica, Goodman LS, Gilman AG (Ed.) McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores, Chile (1996) 517-518.
35. ALMEIDA DR, DINIZ RVZ, CARVALHO ACC: Benefícios potenciais dos novos agentes bloqueadores de sistemas neuro-hormonais. Rev. Soc. Cardiol. (2004) 1:116-126.
36. SCHEPKENS H, VANHOLDER R, BILLIOUW JM, LAMEIRE N: Life-threatening hyperkalemia during combined therapy angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and spironolactone: an analysis of 25 cases. Am. J. Med. (2001) 110:438-441.
37. BERRY C, MCMURRAY JJV: Serious adverse events experienced by patients with chronic heart failure taking spironolactone. Heart (2001) 85:e8-e9.
38. SVENSSON M, GUSTAFSSON F, GALATIUS S, HILDEBRANDT PR, ATAR D: Hyperkalaemia and impaired renal function in patients taking spironolactone for congestive heart failure: retrospective study. Br. Med. J. (2003) 327:1141-1142.
39. BOZKURT B, AGOSTON I, KNOWLTON AA: Complications of Inappropriate Use of Spironolactone in Heart Failure: When an Old Medicine Spirals Out of New Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41(2):211-214.
40. CRUZ CS, CRUZ AA, MARCÍLIO DE SOUZA CA: Hyperkalemia in congestive hear failure patients using ACE inhibitors and spironolactone. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. (2003) 18:1814-1819.
41. WRENGER E, MULLER R, MOESENTHIN M, WELTE T, FROLICH JC, NEUMANN KH: Interaction of spironolactone with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: analysis of 44 cases. Br. Med. J. (2003) 327:147-149.
42. TANG WH, FRANCIS GS: Spironolactone in Chronic Heart Failure: All's Well That Ends Well. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 41(2):215-216.
43. SHLIPACK MG: Pharmacotherapy for heart failure in patients with renal insufficiency. Ann. Inter. Med. (1999) 138:917-924.
44. SICA DA et al.: Hyperkalemia, congestive heart failure, and aldosterone receptor antagonism. Congest. Heart Fail. (2003) 9:224-229.
45. BROWN NJ: Eplerenone: cardiovascular protection. Circulation (2003) 107(19):2512-2518.
46. DELYANI JA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists: the evolution of utility and pharmacology. Kidney Int. (2000) 57(4):1408-1411.
47. MOORE TD, NAWARSKAS JJ, ANDERSON JR: Eplerenone: a selective aldosterone receptor antagonist for hypertension and heart failure. Heart Dis. (2003) 5(5):354-363.
48. WEINBERGER MH, RONIKER B, KRAUSE SL, WEISS RJ: Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in mild-to-moderate hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. (2002) 15(8):709-716.
49. KRUM H, NOLLY H, WORKMAN D et al.: Efficacy of eplerenone added to renin-angiotensin blockade in hypertensive patients. Hypertension (2002) 40(2):117-123.
50. WHITE WB, CARR AA, KRAUSE S, JORDAN R, RONIKER B, OIGMAN W: Assessment of the novel selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone using ambulatory and clinical blood pressure in patients with systemic hypertension. Am. J. Cardiol. (2003) 92(1):38-42.
51. WHITE WB, DUPREZ D, ST HILLAIRE R et al.: Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension. Hypertension (2003) 41(5):1021-6. Erratum in: Hypertension (2003) 42(6):e20.
52. LEVY DG, ROCHA R, FUNDER JW: Distinguishing the antihypertensive and electrolyte effects of eplerenone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. (2004) 89(6):2736-2740.
53. EPSTEIN M, BUCKALEW V, ALTAMIRANO J et al.: Eplerenone reduces proteinuria in Type II diabetes mellitus: implications for aldosterone involvement in the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2002) 39(Suppl.):249A.
54. PITT B, RONIKER B. Eplerenone, a novel selective aldosterone receptor antagonist (SARA): dose finding study inpatients with heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1999) 33(Suppl. 2):188A-189A.
55. PITT B, REMME W, ZANNAD F et al.: Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. (2003) 348:1309-1321.
56. KOBER L, TORP-PEDERSEN C, CARLSEN JE et al.: A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular disfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) study group. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1670-1676.
57. PERAZELLA MA. Hyperkalemia in the elderly: a group at high risk. Conn. Med. (1996) 60:195-198.
58. MACDOWALL P et al.: Risk of morbidity from renovascular disease in elderly patients with congestive cardiac failure. Lancet (1998) 352(9121):13-16.
59. BUTLER JV, MCAVOY H, MCENROY D, MULKERRIN EC: Spironolactone therapy in older patients-the impact of renal dysfunction. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. (2002) 35:45-49.
60. AHUJAT S, FREEMAN D Jr., MAHNKEN JD, AGRAHARKAR M, SIDDIQUI M, MEMON A: Predictors of the development of hyperkalemia in patients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Am. J. Nephrol. (2000) 20(4):268-272.
61. ALBAREDA MM, CORCOY R: Reversible impairment of renal function associated with enalapril in a diabetic patient. CMAJ (1998) 159(10):1279-1281.
62. ODAWARA M, ASANO M, YAMASHITA K: Life-threatening hyperkalemia caused by Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor and diuretics. Diabetic Med. (1997) 14:169-170.