Western Europe's artery: The rhine

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 3 PART 1, 1996, Pages 441-453

  De Villeneuve, Carel H V ^a,b,c  

^a Netherlands Ministry of Transport Public Works and Water Management

^b Public Works and Water Management ^*

^c International Water Policy Division

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EID: 21744431615     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. These and the following data about the river Rhine are facts of common knowledge. I took most of these from Rhine, in ALGEMENE WINKLER PRINS ENCYCLOPEDIE, pt. XI, at 25-26 (1976).
2. LAMBERT C. GRIJNS & ERIK MOSTERT, THE RHINE AFTER 1992: TOWARDS A METHOD FOR COMPARING AND WEIGHING TWO CONFLICTING INTERESTS 17 (1992).
3. The Treaty of Mainz of March 31, 1831, followed by the Revised Rhine Navigation Act of Mannheim of October 17, 1868, guarantees free navigation for all nations on the river from Basel to its mouth, to be supervised by the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, located in Strassbourg; Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands participate in this Commission.
4. The Salmon Convention was signed at Berlin on June 7, 1886 by Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands; see ALEXANDRE CHARLES KISS, La pollution du Rhin et le droit international public, in RHINE POLLUTION - LEGAL, ECONOMIC AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS 59-80 (1978).
5. See SCHUURMAN & JORDENS, Introductory note to the ICPR Agreement, in NEDERLANDSE STAATSWETTEN NR. 147-IB, MILIEUWETGEVING, INTERNATIONALE REGELINGEN VERONTREINIGING ZEE EN RIVIEREN, VERDRAGEN EN ANDERE INTERNATIONALE REGELGEVING MET BETREKKING TOT ZOET WATER IN EUROPA 85 (5th ed. 1994) [hereinafter S&J].
6. Protokoll zwischen den Regierungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, der Französischen Republik und des Großherzogtums Luxemburg über die Errichtung einer Internationalen Kommission zum Schutz der Mosel gegen Verunreinigung, December 20, 1961, published in BUNDESGESETZBLATT, JAHRGANG 1962, TEIL II, 1102-05 [hereinafter Moselle Agreement].
7. Protokoll zwischen den Regierungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Französischen Republik über die Errichtung einer Internationalen Kommission zum Schutz der Saar gegen Verunreinigung, December 20, 1961, published in BUNDESGESETZBLATT, JAHRGANG 1962, TEIL II, 1106-08 [hereinafter Saar Agreement].
8. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 2; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 2.
9. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 5; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 5.
10. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 3; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 3.
11. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 7; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 7.
12. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 4; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 4.
13. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 8; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 8.
14. Moselle Agreement, supra note 6, at art. 10; Saar Agreement, supra note 7, at art. 10.
15. This secretariat is situated at Trier, in Germany.
16. Overeenkomst nopens de Internationale Commissie ter bescherming van de Rijn tegen verontreiniging, Apr. 29, 1963, art. 1, 1963 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden No. 104 (Neth.), published in S&J, supra note 5, at 89-94 [hereinafter ICPR Agreement].
17. S & J, supra note 5, at 86.
18. ICPR Agreement, supra note 16, at art. 2.
19. Id. at art. 11.
20. Id. at art. 5, para. 1.
21. Id. at art. 3, para. 1.
22. Id. at art. 6.
23. Id. at art. 4.
24. Id. at art. 7.
25. Id. at art. 12.
26. See Introduction to the Agreement on the Protection of the Rhine Against Chemical Pollution (the Chemical Agreement) in S&J, supra note 5, at 96.
27. The agreement was signed in Bonn, December 3, 1976 and published in 1977 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden No. 31 (Neth.).
28. See Introduction to the Agreement on the Protection of the Rhine Against Pollution by Chlorides (the Chloride Agreement) in S&J, supra note 5, at 104-05.
29. France and Germany pay 30% each, Switzerland pays 6% and the Netherlands, as the most interested party, pays 34%. See Introduction to the Chloride Agreement in S&J, supra note 5, at 106.
30. 1977 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden No. 33 (Neth.). Also published in S&J, supra note 5, at 193-209.
31. Id. at art. 2, para. 1.
32. Id. at art. 2, para. 2.
33. Id. at art. 7.
34. Id. at art. 4.
35. Id. at art. 6.
36. Id. at art. 11.
37. Id. at art. 13, Annex B.
38. See Introduction to the Chloride Agreement in S&J, supra note 5, at 107-08, n.1.
39. CJEC judgment of Nov. 30, 1976 in 21-76 AFFAIR 1735.
40. See H.U. Jessurun d'Oliveira, De Rijnsanering in het slop, in NEDERLANDS JURISTENBLAD 85-86 (1980).
41. See Introduction to the Chloride Agreement in S&J, supra note 5, at 107-08, n.1.
42. The Dutch plaintiffs were represented at the time by the actual French Environment Minister, Corinne Lepage.
43. Judgment of Sept. 23, 1988, HR [highest court], 13,303 RECHTSPRAAK VAN DE WEEK 1988 150 (Neth.).
44. Chloride Agreement, Sept. 25, 1991, Additional Protocol, 1992 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden No. 3 (Neth.).
45. See Introduction to the Chemical Agreement in S&J, supra note 5, at 96.
46. Id.
47. The Chemical Agreement, Dec. 3, 1976, 1977 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden No. 32 (Neth.), published in S&J, supra note 5, at 111ff.
48. Id. at art. 1, para. 1.
49. Id. at art. 3.
50. Id. at arts. 3, 4.
51. Id. at art. 5.
52. Id. at art. 6.
53. Id. at art. 9.
54. Id. at art. 7.
55. Id. at art. 10.
56. Id. at art. 11.
57. Id. at art. 15, Annex B.
58. Council Directive of May 14, 1976 (on the pollution caused by certain dangerous substances that are being discharged into the aquatic environment of the community), 1976 O.J. (L 129) 23.
59. See 1983 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlander No. 53 (Neth.); 1988 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlander No. 65 (Neth.).
60. See 1988 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlander No. 65 (Neth.).
61. Id.
62. See 1989 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlander No. 7 (Neth.).
63. See 1988 Tractatenblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlander No. 65 (Neth.).
64. All standards and objectives referred to above can also be found in S&J, supra note 5, at 138-92.
65. See C.H.V. de Villeneuve, De zalm terug in de Rijn? Enige beschouwingen over de Rijnministersconferentie van 19 december 1986, 72 WATERSCHAPSBELANGEN 206-11 (1986).
66. Introduction to the Chemical Agreement in S&J, supra note 5, at 103.
67. Id.
68. Id.
69. Published in its entirity in S&J, supra note 5, at 123-40.
70. Introduction to the Chemical Agreement in S&J, supra note 5, at 104.
71. See Press Release of the Eleventh Ministerial Conference, Berne, Dec. 8, 1994.
72. Final Declaration of the Eleventh Ministerial Conference, Berne, Dec. 1994.
73. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR THE POLLUTION OF THE RHINE, Ökologisches Gesamtkonzept für den Rhein "Lachs 2000" (1994).
74. Their legal tasks are confined to the water pollution area.