Empire: A blunt tool for democratization

Daedalus

Volumn 134, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 58-71

  Snyder, Jack ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21644490093     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0011526053887356     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Office of the President, "National Security Strategy of the United States," September 2002, 〈www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html〉.
2. Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 2003), 358.
3. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968).
4. T. N. Harper, The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 378; for other points, see 58, 75, 82-83.
5. Ronald Hyam, "Bureaucracy and Trusteeship' in Colonial Empire," in Judith M. Brown and Wm. Roger Louis, eds., The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century, vol. 4 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 278, quoting a Foreign Office memorandum by William Gorell Barnes.
6. John W. Cell, "Colonial Rule," in Brown and Louis, eds., The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century.
7. Speech by A. Hilton Poynton at the United Nations, October 3, 1947, quoted in Hyam, "Bureaucracy and Trusteeship' in Colonial Empire," 277.
8. Colonial Office paper, quoted in Hyam, "Bureaucracy and Trusteeship' in Colonial Empire," 277.
9. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Electing to Fight: Why Emerging Democracies Go to War (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005);
10. Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conflict (New York: Norton, 2000).
11. Eugene Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976).
12. Reeva Simon, Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The Creation and Implementation of a Nationalist Ideology (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), 3-4.
13. Phebe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985), 55-93.
14. Ibid., 96-100;
15. Matthew Elliot, "Independent Iraq": The Monarchy and British Influence, 1941-1958 (London: Tauris Academic Studies, 1996), 25.
16. Elliot, "Independent Iraq," 26.
17. Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, 101;
18. Michael Eppel, The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq (London: Frank Cass, 1994), 139.
19. Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, The Crystallization of the Arab State System, 1945-1954 (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 36.
20. Eppel, The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq, 167;
21. Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, 103.
22. Eppel, The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq, 159, 162-163;
23. Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, 101-102.
24. Maddy-Weitzman, The Crystallization of the Arab State System, 49;
25. Eppel, The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq, 143, 164-166, 174-175;
26. Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, 101-105.
27. Eppel, The Palestine Conflict in the History of Modern Iraq, 169.
28. Ibid., 141-142, 158, 181, 193;
29. Marr, The Modern History of Iraq, 102;
30. Maddy-Weitzman, The Crystallization of the Arab State System, 49.
31. For a related argument, see Michael Barnett, Dialogues in Arab Politics: Negotiations in Regional Order (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 87-91.
32. Radha Kumar, "The Troubled History of Partition," Foreign Affairs 76 (1) (January/February 1997): 26.
33. Anita Inder Singh, The Origins of the Partition of India, 1936-1947 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987), 237;
34. Peter Hardy, The Muslims of British India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), chap. 8;
35. H. V. Hudson, The Great Divide (London: Hutchison, 1969), 14-15, 48.
36. Singh, The Origins of the Partition of India, 243.
37. K. N. O. Dharmadasa, Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness: The Growth of Sinhalese Nationalism in Sri Lanka (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 225-226, 254.
38. Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), 65-66, 79, 155.
39. Urmila Phadnis, Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka (New Delhi: Manohar, 1976), 159;
40. Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic Conflict and Reconciliation in Sri Lanka (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987), 8;
41. James Manor, "The Failure of Political Integration in Sri Lanka (Ceylon)," Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 17 (1) (March 1979): 23.
42. Tambiah, Sri Lanka, 8, 20;
43. Phadnis, Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka, 74.
44. Phadnis, Religion and Politics in Sri Lanka, 73-74, 160, 164-165, 183-187;
45. Manor, "The Failure of Political Integration in Sri Lanka (Ceylon)," 21-22;
46. Dharmadasa, Language, Religion, and Ethnic Assertiveness, 296-297, 300, 314.
47. Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah, Buddhism Betrayed?: Religion, Politics, and Violence in Sri Lanka (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.), 50.
48. Donald Horowitz, "Making Moderation Pay," in Joseph Montville, ed., Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (New York: Lexington Books, 1991), 463.
49. On the more recent period, see Amita Shatri, "Government Policy and the Ethnic Crisis in Sri Lanka," in Michael E. Brown and Sumit Ganguly, eds., Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), 129-164.
50. Gordon P. Means, Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1991), chap. 1;
51. Muthiah Alagappa, "Contestation and Crisis," in Alagappa, ed., Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995), 63-64.
52. Stanley S. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1978), 85-87.
53. Karl von Vorys, Democracy Without Consensus: Communalism and Political Stability in Malaysia (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), 249, 297.
54. Ibid., 268.
55. Ibid., 271.
56. Ibid., 394-412;
57. Means, Malaysian Politics, 439;
58. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore, 116.
59. D. Rumley, "Political Geography of Control of Minorities," Tijdschrift voor Economische in Sociale Geographie 84 (1) (1993);
60. Ian Lustick, "Stability in Deeply Divided Societies: Consociationalism Versus Control," World Politics 31 (3) (April 1979): 325-344.
61. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore, 152;
62. William Case, "Malaysia: Aspects and Audiences of Legitimacy," in Alagappa, ed., Political Legitimacy in Southeast Asia, 75-76, 79-80, 106;
63. Sumit Ganguly, "Ethnic Politics and Political Quiescence in Malaysia and Singapore," in Brown and Ganguly, eds., Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific, 233-272.
64. Milton Esman, Administration and Development in Malaysia: Institution Building and Reform in a Plural Society (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1972).
65. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore, 166-167;
66. von Vorys, Democracy Without Consensus, 348.
67. Means, Malaysian Politics, 137-140;
68. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore, 150;
69. Jon Vanden Heuvel, The Unfolding Lotus: East Asia's Changing Media (New York: Columbia University, Freedom Forum Media Studies Center, 1993), 146-162;
70. von Vorys, Democracy Without Consensus, 429.