Empire & 'civilizing' missions, past & present

Daedalus

Volumn 134, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 34-45

  Pomeranz, Kenneth ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21644437062     PISSN: 00115266     EISSN: 15486192     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0011526053887428     Document Type: Review

References (25)

1. My thanks to Walter LaFeber, Robert Moeller, Jeffrey Wasserstrom, and R. Bin Wong for exceptionally helpful comments on earlier drafts of this essay, and to Mark Elliott for clarifying specific questions of Qing frontier policy.
2. See C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830 (London: Longman, 1989), who labels many of the new and reorganized colonies of the 1800-1840 era as "proconsular despotisms."
3. Laura Hosteller, Qing Colonial Enterprise: Ethnography and Cartography in Early Modem China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001);
4. James A. Millward, "'Coming onto the Map': 'Western Regions' Geography and Cartographic Nomenclature in the Making of Chinese Empire in Xinjiang," Late Imperial China 20 (2) (December 2000): 61-98.
5. On Qing disdain for decadent Han Chinese, see, for instance, Philip Kuhn, Soulstealers: The Chinese Sorcery Scare of 1768 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990).
6. On the increased assertiveness of Han literati in frontier and foreign policy, see James Polachek, The Inner Opium War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992).
7. The most influential formulation of this is Ann Laura Stoler and Frederick Cooper, "Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda," in Cooper and Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 1-56.
8. Bayly, Imperial Meridian, 133-163.
9. See Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts (London: Verso, 2001), for a harrowing account of the Indian episode and similar ones during the same period.
10. Frederick Cooper, Thomas Holt, and Rebecca Scott, "Introduction, "
11. and Cooper, "Conditions Analogous to Slavery," in Cooper, Holt, and Scott, Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Post-Emancipation Societies (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 1-32, 107-149, develop this point and the metaphor of apprenticeship in particular.
12. For sample figures, see Carl Trocki, "Drugs, Taxes, and Chinese Capitalism," in Timothy Brook and Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, eds., Opium Regimes : China, Britain, and Japan, 1839-1952 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 82;
13. John Richards, "The Opium Indus try in British India," Indian Economic and Social History Review, Special Issue: Essays in Memory of Dharma Kumar 39 (2, 3) (2002): 149-180. See especially charts 2 and 3.
14. See, for instance, Norman Owen, ed., Death and Disease in Southeast Asia (Singapore: Oxford University Press, 1987), 13-14, 82-84, 276-277;
15. Leela Visaria and Pravin Visaria, "Population (1757-1947)," in Dharma Kumar and Tapan Raychaudhuri, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of India, Volume 2: 1757-1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 471, 501-502.
16. The essays in Mark R. Peattie and Ramon H. Myers, eds., The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895-1945 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1984), are a good starting place; Samuel Ho's contribution on economic development is particularly useful.
17. James L. Hevia, English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003).
18. For a fascinating discussion of how Americans as far back as the 1890s misunderstood their own economic history in a way that made such an approach to development seem logical, see Emily Rosenberg, Spreading the American Dream (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1982),
19. and Rosenberg, Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999).
20. From 1945 to 1984, South Korea and Taiwan received almost as much U.S. aid as all Africa and Latin America put together (Bruce Cumings, "The Origins and Development of the Northeast Asian Political Economy," International Organizations 38 [1] [1984]: 24). But as Taiwan and South Korea became more prosperous, the U.S. relationship with China stabilized, and oil imports became more critical (U.S. production peaked in 1970, and imports doubled in the next three years), American geopolitical concern shifted toward the Middle East.
21. Isaac Shapiro and Nancy Birdsall, "How Does the Proposed Level of Foreign Economic Aid Under the Bush Budget Compare with Historical Levels?" Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 〈www.cbpp.org/3-14-02foreignaid .htm〉, accessed July 5, 2004.
22. See Robert Hunter Wade, "The Rising Inequality of World Income Distribution," Finance and Development 38 (4) (December 2001).
23. On numbers of people in poverty in 2001. versus 1981, see Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, "How Have the World's Poor Fared Since the Early 1.980s?" 〈http://www.worldbank.org /research/povmonitor/index. htm〉, especially table 3, accessed July 8, 2004.
24. Patrick O'Brien, "The Governance of Globalization: The Political Economy of Anglo-American Hegemony, 1793-2003," CESifo Working Paper No. 1023 (Center for European Studies, University of Munich, and Ifo Institute for Economic Research), October 2003.
25. Parliament outlawed the slave trade within the British Empire in 1807 and authorized the Royal Navy to collect fines for slaves found on any British ship. In 1827, it declared participation in the slave trade to be a form of piracy punishable by death. At first, British action was limited to British ships and ports, but Britain gradually claimed the right to board other countries' ships as well. For British policy with respect to the Brazilian slave trade (the world's largest), see Leslie Bethell, The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade Question, 1807-1869 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970).