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Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 11-38

The Mediterranean region: Reality, delusion, or Euro-Mediterranean project?

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CULTURAL INFLUENCE; REGIONAL POLITICS; REGIONALIZATION; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

EID: 21544439820     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-16-2-11     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (13)

References (55)
  • 4
    • 21544448158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Repenser l'espace Méditerranéen"
    • See, for example
    • See, for example, Mohammed Arkoun, "Repenser l'espace Méditerranéen," Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch, no. 3 (1996).
    • (1996) Zeitschrift Für Kulturaustausch , Issue.3
    • Arkoun, M.1
  • 5
    • 21544439374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Méditerranée occidentale et Euromediterranée, l'espace des malentendus"
    • For the Mediterranean understood as a community bound by a common destiny expressed in terms of evocative nostalgia for lost tolerant, creative, syncretistic Moorish Andalusias, see the discussion of "le mythe neo-andalou" (July - September)
    • For the Mediterranean understood as a community bound by a common destiny expressed in terms of evocative nostalgia for lost tolerant, creative, syncretistic Moorish Andalusias, see the discussion of "le mythe neo-andalou" in Jean-Robert Henry, "Méditerranée occidentale et Euromediterranée, l'espace des malentendus," Hérodote, no. 94 (July - September 1999): 24-36.
    • (1999) Hérodote , Issue.94 , pp. 24-36
    • Henry, J.-R.1
  • 6
    • 21544453913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Media"
    • See Keynote Address at the Institute of Mediterranean Studies University of Lugano, Mediterranean Forum Conference, "Changing Terms of Reference," 21-3 October 2003, at www.ism.unisi.ch/files/ Trascrizione.pdf
    • See Giuseppe Richeri, "The Media," keynote address at the Institute of Mediterranean Studies, University of Lugano, Mediterranean Forum Conference, "Changing Terms of Reference," 21-3 October 2003, at www.ism.unisi.ch/files/Trascrizione.pdf.
    • Richeri, G.1
  • 8
    • 21544444777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Between East and West: The Meaning of the Mediterranean in Modern Greece, and Possibly Elsewhere as Well"
    • "[Not] even cuisine," according to Constantinos Tsoukalas
    • "[Not] even cuisine," according to Constantinos Tsoukalas, "Between East and West: The Meaning of the Mediterranean in Modern Greece, and Possibly Elsewhere as Well," Mediterranean Historical Review 17, no. 2 (2002): 34.
    • (2002) Mediterranean Historical Review , vol.17 , Issue.2 , pp. 34
  • 11
    • 0004089822 scopus 로고
    • Contrary to the "unitarian" view proposed (New York: Oxford University Press)
    • Contrary to the "unitarian" view proposed in Peter Manuel, Popular Musics of the Non-Western World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988),
    • (1988) Popular Musics of the Non-Western World
    • Manuel, P.1
  • 12
    • 21544434991 scopus 로고
    • "Popular Music in the Mediterranean: A Case for Reconsidering the Current Definition of Culture"
    • see the subtle study of This study demonstrates among other things that, contrary to the commonly held impression that the diffusion of Anglo-American popular music has a homogenizing effect, we find instead the emergence of a MacMusic, with highly localized patterns of absorption and renewal into idioms rooted in traditional and often quite idiosyncratic musical sensibilities
    • see the subtle study of Marcello Sorce-Keller, "Popular Music in the Mediterranean: A Case for Reconsidering the Current Definition of Culture," Criticus Musicus 1, nos. 2-3 (1993): 52-63. This study demonstrates among other things that, contrary to the commonly held impression that the diffusion of Anglo-American popular music has a homogenizing effect, we find instead the emergence of a MacMusic, with highly localized patterns of absorption and renewal into idioms rooted in traditional and often quite idiosyncratic musical sensibilities.
    • (1993) Criticus Musicus , vol.1 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 52-63
    • Sorce-Keller, M.1
  • 13
    • 21544461027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the mental images of the Mediterranean see the collection of country studies in Thierry Fabre and Robert Ilbert This volume is invaluable. Individual volumes are quoted throughout this essay
    • For the mental images of the Mediterranean, see the collection of country studies in Thierry Fabre and Robert Ilbert, Les représentations de la Méditerranée (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2000). This volume is invaluable. Individual volumes are quoted throughout this essay.
    • Les Représentations De La Méditerranée
  • 14
    • 21544445939 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Europas Geschichten und Troia, Der Mythos im Mittelalter"
    • See the catalog exhibit article, (Stuttgart: Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden Würtenberg Interesting in this connection is the possibility of appealing to common descent from the Trojans in fifteenth-century French-Turkish relations, positing a link of blood, However remote, unthinkable after Lepanto and the hardening that went along with the Counter Reformation and the invention of "oriental despotism" by Venetian publicists. In 1453 the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmet II could still be portrayed in Western documents as Trojan revenge on the Greeks
    • See the catalog exhibit article, Michael Bergolte, "Europas Geschichten und Troia, Der Mythos im Mittelalter," Troia, Traum und Wirklichkeit (Stuttgart: Archäologisches Landesmuseum Baden Würtenberg, 2001), 190-203. Interesting in this connection is the possibility of appealing to common descent from the Trojans in fifteenth-century French-Turkish relations, positing a link of blood, However remote, unthinkable after Lepanto and the hardening that went along with the Counter Reformation and the invention of "oriental despotism" by Venetian publicists. In 1453 the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmet II could still be portrayed in Western documents as Trojan revenge on the Greeks.
    • (2001) Troia, Traum Und Wirklichkeit , pp. 190-203
    • Bergolte, M.1
  • 15
    • 21544439896 scopus 로고
    • The map of figure 2 illustrates chapter 3, "De asia," of book 14, "De terra et partibus," of Isidore's Etymologies. It is clearly linked to the structuring of the world into three parts, marked by the rising sun on one side and the Mediterranean on the other. In this passage, the Mediterranean is called "our sea," mare nostrum, which is less a possessive than an indication of "the sea in our parts," much as in Herodotus or Thucydides. But the vocabulary of possession is available. It is actually called "Mediterranean" in a different passage, book 13, chapter 16, "De mediterraneo mari," named that in a book of etymologies because "per mediam terram usque ad orientem perfunditur, Europam et Africam Asiamque disterminans." For more on the symbolic, biblical, and trinitarian associations of "T-O" (Terrarum Orbis) maps, see (Fribourg: Nathan,)
    • The map of figure 2 illustrates chapter 3, "De asia," of book 14, "De terra et partibus," of Isidore's Etymologies. It is clearly linked to the structuring of the world into three parts, marked by the rising sun on one side and the Mediterranean on the other. In this passage, the Mediterranean is called "our sea," mare nostrum, which is less a possessive than an indication of "the sea in our parts," much as in Herodotus or Thucydides. But the vocabulary of possession is available. It is actually called "Mediterranean" in a different passage, book 13, chapter 16, "De mediterraneo mari," named that in a book of etymologies because "per mediam terram usque ad orientem perfunditur, Europam et Africam Asiamque disterminans." For more on the symbolic, biblical, and trinitarian associations of "T-O" (Terrarum Orbis) maps, see Monique de la Roncière and Michel Molla de Jourdin, Les Portulans (Fribourg: Nathan, 1984), 8-9.
    • (1984) Les Portulans , pp. 8-9
    • de la Roncière, M.1    de Jourdin, M.M.2
  • 16
    • 21544472961 scopus 로고
    • Still indispensable in all matters of traditional Arab cartography is Konrad Miller, Mappae Arabicae, 6 vols. (Stuttgart: privately printed by the author, 1926). Modern anastatic reproductions are selective and therefore of limited use. In a first phase, with Arab cartographers following Ptolemy the Great, original works appear as of the tenth century as collections of sheets representing "countries" of the Islamic world and seas, the Mediterranean, the Caspian, and the Persian Gulf. They were apparently designed for school use, which is interesting since that suggests that they had some power in forming the perceptions of a considerable public. In the third phase of Arab cartography, in the splendid work done by Al Idrisi for (and perhaps with) Roger II of Sicily, information from both the Islamic and Christian worlds flows together, but it is treated in the Arab additive, narrative fashion. Al Idrisi recognizes seven seas or bays, with the "Gulf of Venice," that is, the Adriatic, Black, and Syrian Seas, seen as distinct entities that make up but do not quite exhaust what we call the Mediterranean. Miller, vol. 1, 44.
    • (1926) Mappae Arabicae , vol.6 , pp. 1-44
    • Miller, K.1
  • 17
    • 21544442382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The eastern Mediterranean is sometimes called Bahr as Sham, the Sea of Syria. The Adriatic is often considered as the distinct Sea of Venice. The Turks call the Mediterranean Ak Deniz, the White Sea, a term taken over in translation in popular Greek usage, as in Cretan songs. Its name distinguishes it from the Black Sea and the Red Sea but does not place it in the middle of anything.
  • 18
    • 21544480079 scopus 로고
    • "la frayeur atavique que la mer inspire aux musulmans"
    • Many if not most of these were in fact renegades. Roger Cointreau reflects a widespread impression when he writes of See his Les Corsaires de Salé (Salé, Morocco: La croisée des chemins,)
    • Many if not most of these were in fact renegades. Roger Cointreau reflects a widespread impression when he writes of "la frayeur atavique que la mer inspire aux musulmans." See his Les Corsaires de Salé (Salé, Morocco: La croisée des chemins, 1993).
    • (1993)
  • 19
    • 21544448654 scopus 로고
    • "Le Maroc d'autrefois. Les Corsaires de Salé"
    • See also Comte Henry de Castries who points out that whereas the fighting men on board corsair ships were of traditional Muslim extraction, the seamen where not
    • See also Comte Henry de Castries, "Le Maroc d'autrefois. Les Corsaires de Salé," Revue des Deux Mondes 15, no. 2 (1903), who points out that whereas the fighting men on board corsair ships were of traditional Muslim extraction, the seamen where not.
    • (1903) Revue Des Deux Mondes , vol.15 , Issue.2
  • 20
    • 21544447884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the Mediterranean experienced as a source of weakness and the locus of misfortunes for the Ottoman Empire, see
    • For the Mediterranean experienced as a source of weakness and the locus of misfortunes for the Ottoman Empire, see Feride Çiçekoglu and Edhem Eldem, La Méditerranée turque (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2000), 36.
    • (2000) La Méditerranée Turque (Paris: Maisonneuve Et Larose,) , pp. 36
    • Çiçekoglu, F.1    Eldem, E.2
  • 21
    • 21544453384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Miller, vol. 1, 38.
    • , vol.1 , pp. 38
    • Miller, A.1
  • 25
    • 61049512478 scopus 로고
    • The subtle appeal of ancient links to Frankish ancestors is charmingly evoked in Amin Maalouf's novella (Paris: Grasset) as is the subversive effect of mission schools on the old order. The main instruments of Phoenician revival were first, from 1919 onward, La révue phénicienne of Charles Corm and later the short-lived journal Phénicie, published by Aurore Ougour in 1938-9
    • The subtle appeal of ancient links to Frankish ancestors is charmingly evoked in Amin Maalouf's novella, Le Rocher de Tanios (Paris: Grasset, 1993), as is the subversive effect of mission schools on the old order. The main instruments of Phoenician revival were first, from 1919 onward, La révue phénicienne of Charles Corm and later the short-lived journal Phénicie, published by Aurore Ougour in 1938-9.
    • (1993) Le Rocher De Tanios
  • 26
    • 85044886806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Mediterranean Idea in Syria and Lebanon: Between Territorial Nationalism and Pan-Arabism"
    • For the Syrian as well as the Lebanese turn to the Mediterranean involving the symbolic instrumentalization of antiquities, see (June)
    • For the Syrian as well as the Lebanese turn to the Mediterranean involving the symbolic instrumentalization of antiquities, see Eyal Zisser, "The Mediterranean Idea in Syria and Lebanon: Between Territorial Nationalism and Pan-Arabism," Mediterranean Historical Review 18, no. 1 (June 2003): 76-90.
    • (2003) Mediterranean Historical Review , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-90
    • Zisser, E.1
  • 27
    • 84978526632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "They Shall Dwell by the Haven of the Sea: Israeli Poetry, 1950-1960"
    • Hannan Hever, "They Shall Dwell by the Haven of the Sea: Israeli Poetry, 1950-1960," Mediterranean Historical Review 17, no. 1 (2002): 49-64.
    • (2002) Mediterranean Historical Review , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 49-64
    • Hever, H.1
  • 30
    • 21544474199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • also note (on p. 33), "la Méditerranée, n'est pour l'auteur qu'un prétexte utile pour défendre la cause d'attachement de la Turquie au monde Occidental
    • Çiçekoglu and Eldem also note (on p. 33), "la Méditerranée, n'est pour l'auteur qu'un prétexte utile pour défendre la cause d'attachement de la Turquie au monde Occidental.
    • Çiçekoglu, F.1    Eldem, E.2
  • 31
    • 21544433580 scopus 로고
    • (pen name, The Fisherman of Halikarnassus) (Istanbul: Yeditepe) Compare the figure of the wise existential fisherman Paluko, developed by Sakir's disciple Azra Erhat, in Mavi Yolculuk (Istanbul: Çau, 1962)
    • Cevat Sakir Kabaagaçli (pen name, The Fisherman of Halikarnassus), Merhaba Alcdeniz (Istanbul: Yeditepe, 1962). Compare the figure of the wise existential fisherman Paluko, developed by Sakir's disciple Azra Erhat, in Mavi Yolculuk (Istanbul: Çau, 1962).
    • (1962) Merhaba Alcdeniz
    • Kabaagaçli, C.S.1
  • 33
    • 21544437969 scopus 로고
    • "Projet d'organisation du Centre Universitaire Méditerranéen"
    • Paul Valéry, "Projet d'organisation du Centre Universitaire Méditerranéen," Annales du CUM 1 (1946/7): 11.
    • (1946) Annales Du CUM , vol.1 , pp. 11
    • Valéry, P.1
  • 34
    • 21544483841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Le Cimitière Marine"
    • For the poetic articulation of the Mediterranean experience underpinning Valéry's project, see
    • For the poetic articulation of the Mediterranean experience underpinning Valéry's project, see "Le Cimitière Marine"
  • 36
    • 21544483564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For a survey of Catalan Mediterranean ideologies in their great variety, see Montalban and Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja, (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose)
    • For a survey of Catalan Mediterranean ideologies in their great variety, see Manuel Vasquez Montalban and Eduardo Gonzalez Calleja, La Méditerranée espagnole (Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 2000).
    • (2000) La Méditerranée Espagnole
    • Vasquez, M.1
  • 37
    • 21544484645 scopus 로고
    • "Oceanografia"
    • quoted in Montalban and Calleja
    • Eugenio d'Ors, "Oceanografia" (1910), quoted in Montalban and Calleja, 75.
    • (1910) , pp. 75
    • d'Ors, E.1
  • 38
    • 21544476777 scopus 로고
    • The quintessence of this neoclassical Mediterranean aesthetic can be found in (Barcelona: Selecta)
    • The quintessence of this neoclassical Mediterranean aesthetic can be found in Eugenio d'Ors, La Ben Plantada (Barcelona: Selecta, 1946).
    • (1946) La Ben Plantada
    • d'Ors, E.1
  • 39
    • 21544448929 scopus 로고
    • I believe one can see some echoes of it in a certain phase of Picasso's work. For more martial evocations of past greatness, see the works of Antonio Rubio y Lluch, especially (Barcelona: Jepus)
    • I believe one can see some echoes of it in a certain phase of Picasso's work. For more martial evocations of past greatness, see the works of Antonio Rubio y Lluch, especially La espedicion y dominacion de los Catalanes en Oriente (Barcelona: Jepus, 1883).
    • (1883) La Espedicion Y Dominacion De Los Catalanes En Oriente
  • 43
    • 21544462364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Draft Declaration of Barcelona europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/eu/lub/ r15001.htm
    • Draft, Declaration of Barcelona, 6, at europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/eu/lub/ r15001.htm.
    • , vol.6
  • 44
    • 21544468092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Bazzoni and Chartouni-Dubarry, 12-3, provides a good account of how the Barcelona Process failed to make progress and the Euro-Mediterranean partnership reverted to "the pre-Barcelona mindset of viewing programmes for security, stability and prosperity, as things that Europe does for the Mediterranean rather than as things that Europe and the Mediterranean do together."
  • 45
    • 0141710639 scopus 로고
    • This is from the title of the brilliant study by Carlo Maria Cipolla, who sought to understand the decline of what had been the most advanced civilization and economy of its time - Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy. See his (New York: Pantheon)
    • This is from the title of the brilliant study by Carlo Maria Cipolla, who sought to understand the decline of what had been the most advanced civilization and economy of its time - Late Medieval and Renaissance Italy. See his Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion, 1400-1700 (New York: Pantheon, 1966).
    • (1966) Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion, 1400-1700
  • 47
    • 21544478526 scopus 로고
    • statement made in quoted in Izzo and Fabre
    • Louis Veuillot, statement made in 1841, quoted in Izzo and Fabre, 53.
    • (1841) , pp. 53
    • Veuillot, L.1
  • 48
    • 21544481232 scopus 로고
    • statement made in quoted in Izzo and Fabre
    • Ibid., 54-5.
    • (1841) , pp. 54-55
    • Veuillot, L.1
  • 49
    • 21544446456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Nous voici de retour"
    • quoted in Khoury and Beydoun
    • "Nous voici de retour," quoted in Khoury and Beydoun, 8.
  • 50
    • 21544455314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "L'Italia nel Mediterraneo: Una prospettiva storica"
    • www.ism.unisi.ch/files/romano.pdf. The complexities of Italian colonial policy and attitude toward the Mediterranean are illustrated by an interesting episode. When in 1882 the British government invited Italy to join in the occupation of Egypt, Italy refused, despite the presence of a considerable Italian colony in Alexandria. It did so mainly from fear of possible expense, but the Italian foreign minister Mancini added the telling phrase, pointing to the disastrous colonial policy that followed: "The key of the Mediterranean for Italy resides in the Red Sea!"
    • See Sergio Romano, "L'Italia nel Mediterraneo: una prospettiva storica," at www.ism.unisi.ch/files/romano.pdf. The complexities of Italian colonial policy and attitude toward the Mediterranean are illustrated by an interesting episode. When in 1882 the British government invited Italy to join in the occupation of Egypt, Italy refused, despite the presence of a considerable Italian colony in Alexandria. It did so mainly from fear of possible expense, but the Italian foreign minister Mancini added the telling phrase, pointing to the disastrous colonial policy that followed: "The key of the Mediterranean for Italy resides in the Red Sea!"
    • Romano, S.1
  • 52
    • 21544436364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quoted in Consolo and Cassano
    • Quoted in Consolo and Cassano, 26.
  • 53
    • 21544477599 scopus 로고
    • (Stuttgart: Frommann,) "Für sie ist das Meer nur das Aufhören des Landes; sie haben kein positives Verhältnis zu demselben."
    • Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte (Stuttgart: Frommann, 1928), 134: "Für sie ist das Meer nur das Aufhören des Landes; sie haben kein positives Verhältnis zu demselben."
    • (1928) Vorlesungen über Die Philosophie Der Geschichte , pp. 134
    • Friedrich Hegel, G.W.1


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