Multiculturalism and immigration: A comparison of the United States, Germany, and Great Britain

Theory and Society

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 449-500

  Joppke, Christian ^a  

^a European University Institute

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EID: 21444443640     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00160674     Document Type: Article

References (21)

1. The first version of this article was presented at the Georgetown/Bonn University Symposium on Multiculturalism, 20 June 1994, Bonn. I would like to thank Professors Samuel Barnes and Gregory Flynn of the Center for German and European Studies at Georgetown University for inviting me to this stimulating workshop.
2. This is why multiculturalism irritates the "old" new left (see Todd Gitlin, "From Universality to Difference: Notes on the Fragmentation of the Idea of the Left," Contention 2/2 (1993): 15-40.
3. The affinities between left- and right-wing ethnocentrisms are highlighted in various writings by Pierre-Andre Taguieff, e.g. Face au racisme (Paris: La Decouverte, 1991).
4. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992; 2nd ed., 1994).
5. See Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983).
6. Michael Schudson, "Culture and the Integration of National Societies," International Social Science Journal 139 (1994): 77.
7. Ibid., 68. Examples of underinclusive cultures are those of regions and homeland-based ethnic groups. Examples of overinclusive cultures are Islam and pop and youth culture.
8. In the following, I borrow from Bernhard Peters's good conceptual discussion, Kulturelle Differenz und interkulturelle Beziehungen (University of Bremen, typescript, June 1994).
9. In this regard, culture is to be taken in an anthropological sense as "personality writ large" (Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1934).
10. A still highly readable critique of the Durkheim-Parsonsian theory of consensus integration is Michael Mann, "The Social Cohesion of Liberal Democracy," American Sociological Review 35 (1970): 423-439.
11. See also Melanie Archer, "The Myth of Cultural Unity," British Journal of Sociology, 36 (1985): 333-353.
12. Homeland-based minority claims are of course central to Australian and Canadian multiculturalism. Note, however, that francophone Quebec has rejected the notion of multiculturalism, because it deflects from its monocultural, "national" pretensions (see Joseph Carens, "Cultural Adaptation and Integration. Is Quebec a Model for Europe?" in Rainer Bauböck, editor, From Aliens to Citizens, Aldershot: Avebury, 1994, 152).
13. Joseph Raz, "Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective," Dissent, Winter 1994, 69.
14. See also Will Kymlicka, Liberalism, Community, and Culture (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989).
15. Examples of violations of individual rights by group rights are Quebec's tough language provisions, which prohibit immigrants and francophones from sending their children to English-speaking schools, or U.S. America's affirmative-action privileges for members of certain "minorities," which some would argue entail "reverse" discrimination against members of majority society.
16. Quoted in Cornel West, Race Matters (New York: Vintage, 1994), xiv.
17. Ernest Gellner's furious critique of fin de millenaire's "carnival of cheap relativism" is premised on the same assumption ("Anything goes," The Times Literary Supplement, 16 June 1995, 6-8).
18. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (New York: Grove Press, 1963), 39f.
19. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism, 63, has made this point.
20. James Clifford, "Introduction: Partial Truths," in J. Clifford and George Marcus, editors, Writing Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986).
21. The reduction of cultural expressions to the power strategies of groups is a tenet of poststructuralism, which may be considered the epistemological core of multiculturalism. See the excellent introduction by Paul Berman, editor, Debating P.C., (New York: Dell).