The failure of environmental regulation in New York: The role of co-optation, corruption and a co-operative enforcement approach

Crime, Law and Social Change

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 27-52

  Carter, Timothy S ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21444432266     PISSN: 09254994     EISSN: 15730751     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/bf02226103     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Previously presented at the 1995 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology in Boston, Massachusetts, and subsequently revised for publication here.
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3. See, for example, A. Block and F. Scarpitti, Poisoning for Profit: The Mafia and Toxic Waste in America, (New York, William Morrow & Co., Inc., 1985).
4. See also F. Pearce and S. Tombs, "Ideology, Hegemony and Empiricism: Compliance Theories of Regulation," British Journal of Criminology 30, 4: 423-443, 1990.
5. Also A. Szasz, "Corporations, Organized Crime, and the Disposal of Hazardous Waste: An Examination of the Making of a Criminogenic Regulatory Structure," Criminology 24: 1-27, 1986.
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8. See, for example: Y. Brittan, The Impact of Water Pollution Control on Industry: A Case Study of Fifty Dischargers, (Oxford, Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, 1984).
9. See also K. Hawkins, Environment and Enforcement: Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1984).
10. Also Pearce and Tombs, Environment and Enforcement: Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution, op. cit., 1990.
11. Also G. Richardson, A. Ogus and P. Burrows, Policing Pollution: A Case Study of Regulations and Enforcement, (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982).
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13. Environmental Law Institute, "Pennsylvania Hazardous Waste Enforcement." Prepared for the Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, RCRA Enforcement Division, U.S. EPA, 1987.
14. Richardson et al., "Pennsylvania Hazardous Waste Enforcement." op. cit., 1982.
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16. Hawkins, "Pennsylvania Hazardous Waste Enforcement." op. cit., 1984, p. 203, emphasis added.
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25. Also J. Plaut, Follow-Up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Recommendations for U.S. Government Policy, U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs and Subcommittee on Oceanography, Great Lakes and the Outer Continental Shelf, 1992.
26. Brittan, Follow-Up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Recommendations for U.S. Government Policy, U.S. op. cit., 1984, pp. 70-71.
27. Brittan, Follow-Up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Recommendations for U.S. Government Policy, U.S. Ibid., p. 69.
28. See, for example: Block and Scarpitti, Follow-Up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development: Recommendations for U.S. Government Policy, U.S. op. cit., 1985.
29. See also W. Carson, "White-Collar Crime and the Enforcement of Factory Legislation," British Journal of Criminology 10: 383-398, 1970.
30. Also J. Hammit and P. Reuter, Measuring and Deterring Illegal Disposal of Hazardous Waste: A Preliminary Assessment, A Report Prepared for the U.S. EPA, The RAND Corporation, 1988.
31. Also E. Hochstedler, Corporations as criminals, (Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, 1984).
32. Also Szasz, Corporations as criminals, op. cit., 1986.
33. Also Vaughan, Corporations as criminals, op. cit., 1983.
34. N. Vig and M. Kraft, Environmental Policy in the 1990s, (Washington, DC, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1990).
35. A. Gore, Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit, (New York, Penguin Group, 1992).
36. M. Freeman III in Vig and Kraft (eds), Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit, op. cit., 1990, p. 161.
37. D. Mazmanian and D. Morell, Beyond Superfailure: America's Toxics Policy for the 1990s, (Boulder, CO, Westview Press, 1992, p. 142).
38. W. Rosenbaum, Environmental Politics and Policy, (Washington, DC, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., 1991, p. 124).
39. Mazmanian and Morell, Environmental Politics and Policy, op. cit., 1992.
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42. M. Clinard, Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of Management, (Beverly Hills, CA, Sage Publications, 1983, p. 150).
43. Pearce, Corporate Ethics and Crime: The Role of Management, op. cit., 1990.
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45. Block & Scarpitti, Deviant Behavior op. cit., 1985;
46. Szasz, Deviant Behavior op. cit., 1986.
47. Szasz, Deviant Behavior op. cit., 1986.
48. Block and Scarpitti, Deviant Behavior op. cit., 1985.
49. A. Block, Space, Time & Organized Crime, (New Brunswick, NJ, Transaction, 1994).
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51. United States Congress, Senate, Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, "Investigation of Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field, Private Carting Industry (New York and Los Angeles)," 85th Congress, April 29, November 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, 1957.
52. United States Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, public hearing on Organized Crime and Hazardous Waste Disposal, 96th Congress, 2nd session, December 16, 1980, pp. 7-11.
53. P. Reuter, "The Cartage Industry in New York," in M. Tony and A. Reiss (eds), Beyond the Law: Crime in Complex Organizations, (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993).
54. D. Kenney and J. Finkenauer, Organized Crime in America, (Belmont, CA, Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1995).
55. D. Kenney and J. Finkenauer, Organized Crime in America, Ibid., p. 226.
56. Reuter, Organized Crime in America, op. cit., 1987.
57. F. Scarpitti and A. Block, "America's Toxic Waste Racket: Dimensions of the Environmental Crisis," in T. Bynum (ed.), Organized Crime in America: Concepts and Controversies, (Monsey, NY, Criminal Justice Press, 1987, p. 120).
58. M. Hinchey, Organized Crime's Involvement in the Waste Hauling Industry, (New York, The New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, July 24, 1986).
59. M. Hinchey, Illegal Dumping in New York State: Who's Enforcing the Law? (New York, The New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, April 10, 1992).
60. M. Hinchey, Illegal Dumping in New York State: Who's Enforcing the Law? Ibid., p. 2.
61. M. Hinchey, Illegal Dumping in New York State: Who's Enforcing the Law? p. 2. Ibid.
62. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Public Hearing into the Illegal Disposal of Wastes in the Hudson Valley, (New York, The New York State Legislature, September 14, 1989).
63. In the Matter of a Public Hearing into the Illegal Disposal of Wastes in the Hudson Valley, 1989. Ibid.
64. In the Matter of a Public Hearing into the Illegal Disposal of Wastes in the Hudson Valley, Ibid., p. 67-68.
65. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of Robert J. Conklin, Kingston, NY, July 6, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature, p. 45).
66. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of William Farley, Kingston, NY, July 7, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature, pp. 74-75).
67. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of William Bubenicek, Kingston, NY, July 10, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature, p. 30).
68. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of Lawrence C. Gallagher, Kingston, NY, August 1, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature, pp. 21-22).
69. In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Ibid., p. 47.
70. In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Ibid., p. 33.
71. In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, p. 33. Ibid.
72. Hinchey, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, op. cit., 1992.
73. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of Judith A. Ferry, Kingston, NY, August 14, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature).
74. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of Jerome Sterritt, Albany, NY, July 12, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature).
75. In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Ibid., p. 51.
76. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of Mark P. Mateunas, Albany, NY, July 13, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature).
77. New York State Assembly Standing Committee on Environmental Conservation, In the Matter of a Private Hearing into the Involvement of Organized Crime in the Waste Disposal Industry, Testimony of Henry M. Ashton, Kingston, NY, August 3, 1989, (New York, The New York State Legislature).
78. Environmental Law Institute, "State Hazardous Waste Enforcement Study," Prepared for the Office of Waste Programs Enforcement, RCRA Enforcement Division, U.S. EPA, 1987.
79. Hammit and Reuter, "State Hazardous Waste Enforcement Study," op. cit., 1988.
80. Hinchey, "State Hazardous Waste Enforcement Study," op. cit., 1992.
81. United States Bankruptcy Court, Southern District of New York, In re: Metro New York Health Waste Processing, L.P., and Metro New York Health Waste Processing, Inc. Affidavit Presenting Evidence of Mail Fraud, Securities Fraud, Money Laundering, and Fraud upon the Court, Case No. 93-B-44157, February 25, 1994.
82. Metro New York Health Waste Processing, 1994. Ibid.
83. Metro New York Health Waste Processing, Ibid., p. 10.
84. Metro New York Health Waste Processing, p. 10. Ibid.
85. Metro New York Health Waste Processing, Ibid., p. 12.
86. Fiscal Policy Institute, "New York State's Industrial Development Agencies: Boon or Boondoggle?" Fiscal Policy Institute, Albany, NY, 1992, p. 1.
87. United States Bankruptcy Court, "New York State's Industrial Development Agencies: Boon or Boondoggle?" op. cit., 1994. p. 16.
88. "New York State's Industrial Development Agencies: Boon or Boondoggle?" Ibid., p. 19.
89. R. Sugarman, "Standards go up in Smoke: 51 State Violations for Hospital Incinerator," The Bronx Daily News, November 6, 1993, p. 1.
90. W. Bunch, "Bronx Incinerator has Locals Fuming," New York Newsday, February 11, 1994.
91. United States Bankruptcy Court, New York Newsday, op. cit., 1994, p. 20.
92. New York Newsday, 1994, p. 20. Ibid.