Immigration: Control or colour bar? the immigration reform movement, 1959-1966

Australian Historical Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 117, 2001, Pages 181-200

  Tavan, Gwenda ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 2142859606     PISSN: 1031461X     EISSN: 19405049     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10314610108596160     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. See S. Brawley, 'The Old and New Guards: A Factor in the Liberalisation of Australia's Restrictive Immigration Policy', Australian Journal of Public Administration 48, no. 2 (June 1989): 155-62
2. The White Peril: Foreign Relations and Asian Immigration to Australia and North America 1919-78 (Sydney: University New South Wales Press, 1995), 301-3
3. See: S. Brawley, 'Slaying the White Australia Dragon: Some Factors in the Abolition of the White Australia Policy
4. N. Viviani, 'Intellectuals and the Abolition of the White Australia Policy', both in The Abolition of the White Australia Policy: The Immigration Reform Movement Revisited, ed. N. Viviani, Australia-Asia Papers no. 65, (Queensland: Centre for the Study of Australia-Asia Relations, Griffith University, 1992), 1-9, 33-9
5. Also H.I. London, Non-White Immigration and the 'White Australia' Policy (New York: New York University Press, 1970), 132-8
6. The origins of the White Australia Policy are discussed in A. Markus, Fear and Hatred: Purifying Australia and California, 1850-1901 (Sydney: Hale and Ironmonger, 1979)
7. Charles Price, The Great White Walls Are Built: Restrictive Immigration to North America and Australia 1836-1888 (Canberra: Australian Institute of International Affairs, 1974)
8. A.T. Yarwood, Asian Migration to Australia. The Background to Exclusion 1896-1923 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1967)
9. Willard, History of the White Australia Policy (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1923)
10. Brawley, The White Peril, chap. 32
11. N. Meaney, 'The End of "White Australia" and Australia's Changing Perceptions of Asia, 1945-1990', Australian Journal of International Affairs 49, no. 2 (November 1995): 178
12. London, 16-17; S. Brawley, 'Da Heer Evatt: The O'Keefe Case and Dutch Perceptions of H.V. Evatt and Australian Foreign Policy', in Brave New World: Dr H.V. Evatt and Australian Foreign Policy 1941-49 ed. D. Day (Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1996), 131-45
13. London, 25-7; A.C. Palfreeman, The Administration of the White Australia Policy (London: Melbourne University Press, 1967), 22-5
14. Brawley, 'Old and New Guards', 156-7
15. R. Gordon and W. Osmond, 'An Overview of the Australian New Left', in The Australian New Left: Critical Essays and Strategy, ed. R. Gordon (Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1970), 3-39
16. Polls showed majority support for the admission of Asian migrants from 1959' onwards. J. Mackie, 'The Politics of Asian Immigration', in Asians in Australia: Patterns of Migration and Settlement, eds J.E. Coughlan and D.J. McNamara (Melbourne: MacMillan Education, 1997), 17-18
17. A.R. Downer, Address to Commonwealth Club Luncheon, 4 December 1959. Extract published in Immigration: Control or Colour Bar, ed. K. Rivett for the IRG (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1962), 157-8
18. Quoted in K. Rivett, 'The Immigration Reform Movement' in Viviani, Abolition, 11
19. See K. Rivett, 'Ends and Means in Immigration Reform: A memorandum prepared to assist the research of John Ingleson and David Walker of the History School, University of New South Wales', (unpublished) 1987, 19
20. E. Webb, 'Control or Colour Bar?: The Movement for Immigration Reform, 1959-1966' (BA Honours Thesis, Monash University, 1997), 9
21. J.D. Legge and H. Feith, 'J.A.C. Mackie: Biographical Notes', in Observing Change in Asia: Essays in Honour of J A.C. Mackie. eds R.J. May and W.J. O'Malley (Bathurst: Crawford House Press, 1989), 1-21
22. Rivett,'Ends and Means', 21-3
23. Mackie, 'Recollections', 25
24. 'We Should Allow Some Asians', Adelaide News, 22 June 1960, in File C1, Rivett Collection
25. 'White Australia Still A Must', Bulletin, 6 July 1960, 36
26. J.G. Latham, 'Australian Immigration Policy', Quadrant 5, no. 2 (Autumn 1961): 3-8
27. A.R. Downer, The Roy Milne Lecture for I960, Sydney, 28 July 1960; extract published in Rivett, Immigration: Control or Colour Bar?, 158-9
28. Rivett, 'Ends and Means', 2; K.D. Gott, 'White Ants in the ALP', Nation (5 May 1962): 5
29. Rivett; 'The Immigration Reform Group', 11
30. Rivett, 'Ends and Means', 66
31. th Summer School of Australian Institute of Political Science (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1963), 120-46
32. Rivett, 'Ends and Means', 67
33. S. Brawley, 'Slaves of Bishop Moyes and his Quota: The Department of Immigration and the Abolition of the White Australia Policy as Seen Through the Private Diaries of Sir Peter Heydon', Paper delivered to the Australian Historical Association Conference (Canberra, October, 1992), 3-4. Also Peter Richard Heydon 1913-1971: A Tribute From his Friends, ed. L.F. Crisp (Canberra: The Griffin Press, 1972)
34. Heydon Diaries, 22 January 1963; Rivett, 'The Immigration Reform Group', 13
35. Heydon Diaries, 26 March 1963; Brawley, 'The Old and New Guards', 160
36. S. Brawley, 'Long Hairs and Ratbags, The ALP and the Abolition of the White Australia Policy', in A Century of Social Change: Labor History Essays 4 (NSW: Pluto Press, 1992), 202-19
37. R. McMullin, The Light on the Hill (Australia: Oxford University Press, 1991), chapter 12
38. 'ALP Shuns Intellectuals', Tharunka, 30 June 1960
39. D. Dunstan, Felicia: The Political Memoirs of Don Dunstan (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1981), 74
40. Brawley, 'Long Hairs and Ratbags', 207
41. K. Rivett, 'Changes Since the White Australia Policy', Asian Studies Association of Australia: Review 6, no. 1 (July 1982): 4. Mackie, for his part, emphasises the excitement and momentum generated by the sense amongst members that real progress was being made in the area of immigration reform. Mackie to author, personal correspondence, June 1999
42. See, for example, 'White Australia Policy', The Australian Worker, 1 March 1961, 1-2
43. Rivett, Immigration: Control or Colour Bar?, viii, 138
44. A. Rennison, 'A Personal Statement on the Question of Immigration Reform' in Australia and the Non-White Migrant, ed. K. Rivett (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1975), 293
45. K. Rivett and J. Mackie, 'A Reply to Sir John Latham', Quadrant 5, no. 2 (Autumn 1961): 18
46. Rivett and Mackie, 'Reply to Latham', 18
47. Mackie, 'The Politics of Immigration', 20
48. This theme featured strongly in many publications during the early 1960s. Some well-known examples include D. Home, The Lucky Country (Melbourne: Penguin Books, 1964)
49. G. Dutton, 'Under Old Management', in Nation (19 October 1963): 7-8
50. Mackie, 'Recollections', 21. They were quite successful in this respect. Members of the Presbyterian and Catholic churches participated in the movement. Support for the movement also appears to have transcended political party lines. Edward St John served as president of the NSWAIR for a brief period before being elected to federal Parliament as the Liberal member for Warringah in 1966. R. Thompson, president of a Liberal Party branch, was a member of the WAAIR. See Rivett, 'Ends and Means', 19; Gott, 5
51. See, for example, Rivett, Immigration: Control or Colour Bar?, chap. 11
52. Mackie and Rivett. 'Reply to Latham', 17
53. See Mackie, 'The Politics of Immigration', 16. See also Goot's discussion of the difficulties inherent in gauging an accurate picture of popular attitudes towards Asian immigration during the 1950s and 1960s based on opinion polls
54. M. Goot, 'Immigrants and Immigration: Evidence and Argument from the Polls, 1943-1987', in Committee to Advise on Australia's Immigration Policies (CAAIP), Immigration. A Commitment to Australia. The Report of the Committee to Advise on Australia's Immigration Policies (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service), 5-8
55. H. McQueen, 'An End To The White Australia Policy', The Australian Quarterly 44, no. 1 (March 1972): 100
56. Melbourne Junior Chamber of Commerce, Report on the Australian Immigration Policy, 1962, VAIR Collection
57. Extract from Resolution on Migration, carried at Fourth Federal Conference of the DLP, January 1961, in Rivett, Immigration: Control or Colour Bar?, 162
58. Brawley, 'Long Hairs and Ratbags', 208
59. 'A Historic Decision', Sydney Morning Herald, 3 August 1965
60. Rivett, 'Ends and Means', 142
61. Opperman's explanation for Holt amending the policy was that 'it happened to be a topical piece of good P.R. for a new leader, endeavouring to develop a new "open door" image towards his party members and a reputation for tolerance in international affairs'. Opperman to Stan Hutchinson, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 September 1970, in Opperman Collection, Series no. 6, MS6429, NLA. Also: Brawley, 'Slaves of Bishop Moyes', 9-11
62. A. Markus, Australian Race Relations (NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 180-1