Impact of waves on the sea drag: Measurements in the Baltic Sea and a model interpretation

Global Atmosphere and Ocean System

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 97-120

  Larsén, Xiaoli Guo ^a   Makin, Vladimir K ^b   Smedman, Ann Sofi ^a  

^a UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Baltic sea; Wind over wave coupled model; Wind sea

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; DRAG COEFFICIENT; NUMERICAL MODEL; WIND WAVE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; BALTIC SEA;

EID: 2142701098     PISSN: 10236732     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10236730310001606308     Document Type: Article

References (23)

1. Dobson, F.W., Smith, S.D. and Anderson, R.J. (1994). Measuring the relationship between wind stress and sea state in the open ocean in the presence of swell. Atmosphere-Ocean, 32(1), 237-256.
2. Donelan, M.A., Drennan, W.M. and Katsaros, K.B. (1997). The air-sea momentum flux in conditions of wind sea and swell. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2087-2099.
3. Donelan, M.A., Hamilon, J. and Hui, W.H. (1985). Directional spectra of wind-generated waves. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, A 315, 509-562.
4. Donelan, M.A. (1990). Air-sea interaction. In: The Sea: Ocean Engineering Science, Vol. 9, pp. 239-292.
5. Drennan, W., Kahma, K.K. and Donelan, M.A. (1999a). On momentum flux and velocity spectra over waves. Boundury-Layer Meteorol., 92, 489-515.
6. Drennan, W., Graber, H.C. and Donelan, M.A. (1999b). Evidence for the effects of swell and unsteady winds on marine wind stress. J. Phys. Oceanogr, 29, 1853-1864.
7. Geernaert, G.L. (1990) Bulk parameterization for the wind stress and heat fluxes. In: Geernaert, G.L. and Plant, W.J. (Eds.), Surface Waves and Fluxes, 336 pp. Kluwer Academic, Norwell, Mass.
8. Grachev, A.A. and Fairall, C.W. (2001). Upward momentum transfer in the marine boundary layer. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1698-1711.
9. Grelle, A. and Lindroth, A. (1994). Flow distortion by a solent sonic anemometer: wind tunnel calibration and its assessment for flux measurements over forest and field. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 11, 1529-1542.
10. Kudryavtsev, V.N. and Makin, V.K. (2001). The impact of air-flow separation on the drag of the sea surface. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 98, 155-171.
11. Kudryavtsev, V.N., Makin, V.K. and Chapron, B. (1999). Coupled sea surface-atmosphere model 2. spectrum of short wind waves. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 7625-7639.
12. Makin, V.K. and Kudryavtsev, V.N. (2002). Impact of dominant waves on sea drag. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 103, 83-99.
13. Plant, W.J. (1982). A relation between wind stress and wave slope. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 1961-1967.
14. Rieder, K.F. and Smith, J.A. (1998). Removing wave effects from the wind stress vector. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1363-1374.
15. Rieder, K.F. (1997). Analysis of sea-surface drag parameterizations in open ocean conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 82, 355-377.
16. Sjoblom, A. and Smedman, A. (2002). The turbulence budget in the marine atmospheric surface layer. J. Geophys. Res., 107(C10), 3142, doi: 10.1029/2001JC001016.
17. Smedman, A.-S., Guo-Larsén, X., Högström, U., Kahma, K.K. and Pettersson, H. (2003). The effect of sea state on the momentum exchange over the sea during neutral conditions. J. Geophys. Res. (accepted).
18. Smedman, A.-S., Högström, U., Bergström, H., Rutgersson, A., Kahma, K.K. and Pettersson, H. (1999). A case study of air-sea interaction during swell conditions. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 25833-25851.
19. Smith, S.D. (1980). Wind stress and heat flux over the ocean in Gale force winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 709-726.
20. Smith, S.D., Fairall, C.W., Geernaert, G.L. and Hasse, L. (1996). Air-sea fluxes: 25 years of progress. Boundary-Layer Meteorol.. 78, 247-290.
21. Snodgrass, F.E., Groves, G.W., Hasselmann, K.F., Miller, G.R., Munk, W.H. and Powers, W.H. (1966). Propagation of ocean swell across the Pacific. Phil. Trans. Roy. London, A 259, 431-497.
22. Vickers, D. and Mahrt, L. (1997). Fetch limited drag coefficients. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 85, 53-79.
23. Willmott, C.J., Ackleson, S.G., Davis, R.E., Feddema, J.J., Klink, K.M., Legates, D.R., O'Donnell, J. and Rowe, C.M. (1985). Statistics for the evaluation and comparison of models. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 8995-9005.