Scholarly communication as a loosely coupled system: Reassessing prospects for structural reform

College and Research Libraries

Volumn 55, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 101-117

  Schwartz, Charles A ^a  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21344477510     PISSN: 00100870     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5860/crl_55_02_101     Document Type: Article

References (110)

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7. For an overview of the interplay between academic rewards and scholarly publishing, see Dennis P. Carrigan, "Publish or Perish: The Troubled State of Scholarly Communication," Scholarly Publishing 22 (Apr. 1991): 131-42.
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10. National Enquiry into Scholarly Communication, Scholarly Communication: The Report of the National Enquiry (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 1979), xi.
11. Scholarly Communication: The Report of the National Enquiry (1979), Ibid., 6.
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15. For example, the American Political Science Association cut most of the book review section in The American Political Science Review, the Modern Language Association dropped many articles planned for the PMLA, and the American Economic Association omitted the author index in the Journal of Economic Literature. See Fritz Machlup, "Publishing Scholarly Books and Journals: Is It Economically Viable?" Journal of Political Economy 85 (Feb. 1977): 217-25;.
16. Fritz Machlup, 217-25 "Perspectives on Publishing" (issue theme), Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 421 (Sept. 1975), ed. Philip G. Altbach and Sheila McVey.
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37. Larry Hardesty, "The Bottomless Pit Revisited," College & Research Libraries 52 (May 1991): 219-29. Recent surveys reveal great difficulties when administrators and library directors attempt to move from rhetoric about abstract concepts to the formulation of explicit goals for the future of information resources and services on campus.
38. See Richard M. Dougherty and Carol Hughes, Preferred Futures: A Summary of Six Workshops with University Provosts and Library Directors (Mountain View, Calif.: Research Libraries Group, 1991).
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45. Richard Hacken, "The RLG Conoco Study and Its Aftermath: Is Resource Sharing in Limbo?," Journal of Academic Librarianship 18 (Mar. 1992): 17-23.
46. Blaise Cronin, "Invisible Colleges and Information Transfer," Journal of Documentation 38 (Sept. 1982): 212-36;.
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48. William E. Vandament, "Primer for Academic Administrators," Change 14 (Sept. 1982): 43.
49. For example, the November 1990 issue of Psychological Science has as its theme "intellectual perestroika" through electronic publishing; in eleven articles, libraries are mentioned only twice-once to suggest their demise (p. 348).
50. Robert E. Lane," To Nurture a Discipline," American Political Science Review 181 (Mar. 1972): 66;.
51. Carl Beck, "Peace Research and Information Systems," in UNESCO Yearbook on Peace and Conflict Studies (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1980), 14-24.
52. James L. McCartney, "Confronting the Journal Publication Crisis: A Proposal for a Council of Social Science Editors," American Sociologist 11 (Aug. 1976):144-52.
53. N. David Mermin, Boojums All the Way Through: Communicating Science in a Prosaic Age (New York: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1991), 58.
54. W. L. Williamson, review of The National Inquiry, in Library Quarterly 50 (July 1980): 370-71.
55. David Kaser, review of The National Enquiry, in Library Journal 104 (Oct. 15, 1979), 2179.
56. K. G. Peterson, review of The National Enquiry, in College & Research Libraries 40 (Nov. 1979)555-57.
57. Ellen K. Coughlin, "Years of Adversity, Decade of Growth Change Face of University Publishing," Chronicle of Higher Education 36 (June 27, 1990), A1, A8-9;.
58. Will Nixon, "University Presses: Highs & Lows," Publishers Weekly 236 (Sept. 22, 1989), 18-24;.
59. Colin Day, "The University Press: An Organic Part of the Institution," Scholarly Publishing 23 (Oct. 1991): 27-44.
60. Stanford G. Thatcher, "Towards the Year 2000," Scholarly Publishing 24 (Oct. 1992): 25-37.
61. Kenneth E. Marks et al., "Longitudinal Study of Scientific Journal Prices in a Research Library," College & Research Libraries 52 (Mar. 1991): 125-38.
62. Patrick Joyce and Thomas E. Merz, "Price Discrimination in Academic Journals," Library Quarterly 55 (July 1985): 273-83.
63. Jean Walstrom Haley and James Talaga, "Academic Library Responses to Journal Price Discrimination," College & Research Libraries 53 (Jan. 1992):61-70.
64. William D. Garvey and Beverly C. Griffith, "Scientific Communication: Its Role in the Conduct of Research and Creation of Knowledge," American Psychologist 26 (Apr. 1971): 357.
65. William D. Garvey, Stephen D. Gottfredson, and James G. Simmons, "A Comparison of Two Major Scientific Information Exchange Processes in Psychology," American Psychologist 39 (Jan. 1984): 20.
66. Garvey and Griffith, "Scientific Communication," 354.
67. Herbert C. Morton and Anne Jamieson Price, The ACLS Survey of Scholars: Views on Publications, Computers, and Libraries (Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, 1989).
68. Walter R. Nord, "Looking at Ourselves as We Look at Others: An Exploration of the Publication System for Organization Research," in Publishing in the Organizational Sciences, ed. L. L. Cummings and Peter J. Frost (Homewood, Ill.: Irwin, 1985), 76-88.
69. For an overview, see Charles A. Schwartz, "Research Productivity and Publication Output: An Interdisciplinary Analysis," College & Research Libraries 52 (Sept. 1991): 414-24.
70. Digest of Educational Statistics (Washington, D.C.: Govt. Print. Off., 1990), 166.
71. Chronicle of Higher Education Almanac 39 (Aug. 26, 1992): A15.
72. Robert E. McCormick and Roger E. Meiners, "University Governance: A Property Rights Perspective," Journal of Law and Economics 31 (Oct. 1988): 423-42.
73. Marley W. Watkins, "Chance and Interrater Agreement on Manuscripts," American Psychologist 34 (Sept. 1979): 796-97;.
74. Stephen Cole, Jonathan R. Cole, and Gary A. Simon, "Chance and Consensus in Peer Review," Science 214 (Nov. 20, 1981), 881-85.
75. Grover J. Whitehurst, "Interrater Agreement for Journal Manuscript Review," American Psychologist 39 (Jan. 1984): 22-28.
76. Howard P. Tuckman and Jack Leahey, "What Is an Article Worth?" Journal of Political Economy 83 (1975): 951-67.
77. Katherine Lewellan Kasten, "Tenure and Merit Pay as Rewards for Research, Teaching, and Service at a Research University," Journal of Higher Education 55 (July/Aug. 1984): 500-14.
78. Robert K. Merton, Social Research and the Practicing Professions (Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Books, 1982), 8.
79. For a satire on faculty members' behavior when the system for measuring scholarly merit is radically changed, see George J. Stigler, The Intellectual and the Marketplace (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Pr., 1984), 3-9.
80. Stanley Katz, "Meeting the Needs of Tomorrow's Scholars," Minutes of the 114th Meeting (Washington, D.C.: Assoc, of Research Libraries, 1990), 10.
81. On the Internet as a loosely coupled system, see Murli Nagasundaram and Gerald R. Wagner, "Ambiguity in Human Communication and the Design of Computer-Mediated-Communication Systems," Information Systems: Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Science 4 (1992): 90-100.
82. Edwin B. Brownrigg, "The Internet as an External Economy: The Emergence of the Invisible Hand," Library Administration & Management 5 (Spring 1991): 95-97.
83. Charles R. McClure et al., The National Research and Education Network (NREN): Research and Policy Perspectives (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1991), chap. 6.
84. Vartan Gregorian, "Technology, Scholarship, and the Humanities: The Implications of Electronic Information," (Paper presented at a conference on Technology, Scholarship, and the Humanities: The Implications of Electronic Information, Getty Art History Information Program, Sept. 30/Oct. 2, 1992.) Anonymous ftp: FTP.CNI.ORG;cd/CNI/documents/tech.schol.human/papers .Binary . Get GREGORIAN.WP.
85. M. Lynn Markus, "Toward a 'Critical Mass' Theory of Interactive Media: Universal Access, Interdependence, and Diffusion," Communication Research 14 (Oct. 1987): 492;.
86. Starr Roxanne Hiltz, Online Communities (Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1984), 9.
87. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Anthony Leong, and Katherine Strehl, "Paradigm Development and Particularism: Journal Publication in Three Scientific Disciplines," Social Forces 55 (June 1977): 938-51.
88. Janice Beyers, "Editorial Policies and Practices among Leading Journals in Four Scientific Fields," Sociological Quarterly 19 (Winter 1978): 68-88;.
89. Von Bakanic, Clark McPhail, and Rita J. Simon, "The Manuscript Review and Decision-Making Process," American Sociological Review 52 (Oct. 1987): 631-42.
90. Lowell L. Hargens, "Scholarly Consensus and Journal Rejection Rates," American Sociological Review 53 (Feb. 1988):139-51.
91. Irving Louis Horowitz, Communicating Ideas: The Crisis of Publishing in a Post-Industrial Society (New York: Oxford Univ. Pr., 1986), 34.
92. Scott Shamp, "A Functional Analysis of the Review Process and Electronic Journals," Feedback 30 (Summer 1989): 6.
93. Sharon Rogers and Charlene Hurt, "How Scholarly Communications Should Work in the 21st Century," Chronicle of Higher Education 35 (Oct. 18, 1989): A56.
94. R. G. Kinkade and John A. Whittenburg, The Results of Operating an Experimental Publication System: An Interim Report (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Assoc., 1970).
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96. Roger L. Geiger, "Research Universities in a New Era: From the 1980s to the 1990s," in Higher Learning in America: 1980-2000, ed. Arthur Levine (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Pr., 1993), 67-85.
97. Clifford Lynch, "The Transformation of Scholarly Communication and the Role of the Library in the Age of Networked Information," Serials Librarian 23 (no. 3-4): 11.
98. Abridged from Dougherty, "Turning the Serials Crisis.".
99. David Braybrooke and Charles E. Lindblom, A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process (New York: Free Pr., 1963), 90.
100. Weick, "Educational Organizations," 7-8.
101. Donald R. Swanson, "Libraries and the Growth of Knowledge," Library Quarterly 49 (Jan. 1979): 3-25.
102. Harold Billings, "Governing Library Networks: The Quick and the Dead for the 1990s," Library Journal 114 (Nov. 1, 1989), 49-54.
103. Ann Okerson, "Back to Academia? The Case for American Universities to Publish Their Own Research," Logos 2 (1991): 110.
104. Adrian W. Alexander and Kathryn Hammell Carpenter, "Periodical Price Index for 1993," Library Journal 118 (May 1993): 438.
105. For an idealistic account of how structural reform would affect personal behavior, see "Ten Things You Can Do to Help in the Scholarly Communication Crisis," College & Research Library News 53 (Oct. 1992): 582.
106. On the irrationality of such behavior from a systems perspective, see Gary D. Bryd, "An Economic 'Commons' Tragedy for Research Libraries: Scholarly Journal Publishing and Pricing Trends," College & Research Libraries 51 (May 1990): 184-95.
107. Weick, "Educational Organizations," 7;.
108. Simon, "How Complex Are Complex Systems?" 513.
109. Compare, for example, the "Report of the APS Task Force on Electronic Information Systems," Bulletin of the American Physical Society, Series II, 36 (Apr. 1991): 1119-51.
110. to the position of the Modern Language Association in Phyllis Franklin, "Scholars, Librarians, and the Future of Primary Records," College & Research Libraries 54 (Sept. 1993): 397-406.