The higher classification of butterflies (Lepidoptera): Problems and prospects

Entomologica Scandinavica

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 65-101

  De Jong, R ^a   Vane Wright, R I ^b   Ackery, P R ^b  

^a NATURALIS BIODIVERSITY CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21344451043     PISSN: 00138711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Ackery, P. R. 1988. Hostplants and classification: a review of nymphalid butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 33: 95-203.
2. - 1991. Hostplant utilization by African and Australian butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Ibid. 44: 335-351.
3. Ackery, P. R., de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. In press. The butterflies. In Kristensen (Ed.): The Lepidoptera. Handb. Zool. Berlin.
4. Bates, H. W. 1862. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 23: 495-566, 2pls.
5. - 1864. Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera - Nymphalinae. J. Ent. 2: 175-213.
6. Boisduval, J. A. 1840. Genera et index methodicus Europaeorum Lepidopterorum. 238 pp. Paris.
7. Börner, C. 1939. Die Grundlagen meines Lepidopterensystems. Proc. Int. Congr. Ent. (7) 2: 1372-1424.
8. Brock, J. P. 1971. A contribution towards an understanding of the morphology and phylogeny of the Ditrysian Lepidoptera. J. nat. Hist. 5: 29-102.
9. - 1990. Origins and phylogeny of butterflies. Pp. 209-233 in Kudrna (Ed.): Butterflies of Europe. 557 pp. Wiesbaden.
10. Brooks, D. R. & McLennan, D. A. 1991. Phylogeny, ecology, and behavior: a research program in comparative biology. xii + 434 pp. Chicago/London.
11. Brower, L. P. 1984. Chemical defence in butterflies. Symp. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (11): 109-134, 1 pl.
12. Brown, K. S. 1991. Conservation of neotropical environments: insects as indicators. Pp. 349-404 in Collins & Thomas (Eds): The conservation of insects and their habitats. xviii + 450 pp. London.
13. Common, I. F. B. 1975. Evolution and classification of the Lepidoptera. A. Rev. Ent. 20: 183-203.
14. Croizat, L., Nelson, G. & Rosen, D. E. 1974. Centers of origin and related concepts. Syst. Zool. 23: 265-287.
15. de Jong, R. & Congdon, T. C. E. 1993. The montane butterflies of the eastern Afrotropics. Pp. 133-172 in Lovett & Wasser (Eds): Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. via + 341 pp. Cambridge.
16. Ehnbom, K. 1948. Studies on the central and sympathetic nervous system and some sense organs in the head of neuropteroid insects. Opusc. ent. Suppl. 8, 162 pp.
17. Ehrlich, P. R. 1958a. The integumental anatomy of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus L. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 38: 1315-1349.
18. - 1958b. The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classification of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. Ibid. 39: 305-370.
19. - 1960. The integumental anatomy of the silver-spotted skipper, Epargyreus clarus Cramer (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Microentomology 24: 1-23.
20. Ehrlich, P. R. & Ehrlich, A. H. 1963. The thoracic and basal abdominal musculature of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Microentomology Ibid. 25: 91-126.
21. Ehrlich, P. R. & Raven, P. H. 1965. Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution. Evolution 18: 586-608.
22. Fabricius, J. C. 1793. Entomologica systematica 3(1): [iv] + 487 pp. Hafniae.
23. Faith, D. P. 1994. Phylogenetic pattern and the quantification of organismal biodiversity. Phil. Trans R. Soc. Lond. (B) 345: 45-58.
24. Farris, J. S. 1969. A successive approximations approach to character weighting. Syst. Zool. 18: 374-385.
25. - 1988. Hennig86. Version 1.5. Distributed by the author, Port Jefferson Station, N.Y.
26. Fiedler, K. 1991. Systematic, evolutionary, and ecological implications of myrmecophily within Lycaenidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Bonner Zool. Monogr. 31: 1-210.
27. Forbes, W. T. M. 1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states, 1 (primitive forms, microlepidoptera, pyraloids, bombyces). Mem. Cornell Univ. agric. Exp. Stn 68, 729 pp.
28. Ford, E. B. 1945. Butterflies, xiv + 368 pp., 72 pls. London. [Consulted in 1967-reprint of third edn.]
29. Forey, P. L., Humphries, C. J. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (Eds). 1994. Systematics and conservation evaluation, xxvi + 438 pp., 1 pl. Oxford.
30. Gilbert, L. E. 1983. Coevolution and mimicry. Pp. 263-281 in Futuyma & Slatkin (Eds): Coevolution. x + 555 pp. Sunderland, Mass.
31. Goloboff, P. A. 1991. Homoplasy and the choice among cladograms. Cladistics 7: 215-232.
32. - 1993. Estimating character weights during tree search. Cladistics Ibid. 9: 83-91.
33. - 1994. PeeWee, version 2.1; Nona version 1.1. Distributed by the author, Tucuman.
34. Harvey, P. H. & Pagel, M. D. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. viii + 239 pp. Oxford.
35. Headlee, T. J. 1907. A study in butterfly wing-venation, with special regard to the radial vein of the front wing. Smithson. misc. Colins 48: 284-296, 5 pls.
36. Hennig, W. 1950. Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. iv + 370 pp. Berlin.
37. Hessel, J. H. 1966. A preliminary comparative anatomical study of the mesothoracic aorta of the Lepidoptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 59: 1217-1227.
38. - 1969. The comparative morphology of the dorsal vessel and accessory structures of the Lepidoptera and its phylogenetic implications. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. Ibid. 62: 353-370.
39. Hinton, H. E. 1981. The biology of insect eggs 1: i-ix, 1-474 [incl. 153 pls];
40. Hinton, H. E. The biology of insect eggs 2: i-xviii, 475-778;
41. Hinton, H. E. The biology of insect eggs 3: i-xvii, 779-1125. Oxford.
42. Humphries, C. J., Williams, P. H. & Vane-Wright, R. I. 1995. Measuring biodiversity value for conservation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 26: 93-111.
43. Jordan, K. 1896. On mechanical selection and other problems. Novit. zool. 3: 426-525, 4 pls.
44. - 1898. Contributions to the morphology of Lepidoptera. Novit. zool. Ibid. 5: 374-415, 2 pls.
45. Kirby, W. F. 1871. A synonymic catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera. viii + 690 pp. London.
46. Kitching, I. J. 1992. Tree building techniques. Pp. 44-71 in Forey, Humphries, Kitching, Scotland, Siebert, Williams (Eds): Cladistics: a practical course in systematics. x+ 191 pp. Oxford.
47. Kremen, C. 1992. Assessing the indicator properties of species assemblages for natural areas monitoring. Ecol. Appl. 2: 203-217.
48. Kristensen, N. P. 1976. Remarks on the family-level phylogeny of butterflies (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Z. Zool. Syst. EvolForsch. 14: 25-33.
49. Kusnezov, N. J. 1915. Insectes Lépidoptères (Insecta Lepidoptera). 1. Fauna Rossii. 336 pp. Petrograd. [In Russian.]
50. Latreille, P. A. 1805. Histoire naturelle des Crustacés et Insectes. 14. 432 pp. Paris.
51. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Ed. 10, Vol. 1. 824 pp. Holmiae.
52. Maddison, D. R. 1991. The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees. Syst. Zool. 40: 315-328.
53. Maddison, W. P. & Maddison, D. R. 1992. MacClade: Analysis of phylogeny and character evolution. Version 3.0. xi + 398 pp. Sunderland, Mass.
54. Martin, J. A. & Pashley, D. P. 1992. Molecular systematic analysis of butterfly family and some subfamily relationships (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 85: 127-135.
55. Meyrick, E. 1895. A handbook of British Lepidoptera. 843 pp. London.
56. Miller, J. Y. 1971. The head capsule of selected Hesperioidea. J. Res. Lepid. 9: 193-214.
57. Minet, J. 1986. Ebauche d'une classification moderne de l'ordre des Lépidoptères. Alexanor 15: 291-313.
58. - 1988. The major ditrysian lineages and their interrelationships (Lepidoptera). Proc. Int. Congr. Ent. (18) (Abstracts and Author Index): 79.
59. - 1991. Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Ent. scand. 22: 69-95.
60. Niculescu, E. V. 1970. Le plan de structure - un nouveau principe dans la classification des Lépidoptères. Linn. belg. 4: 81-84.
61. Nielsen, E. S. & Common, I. F. B. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In CSIRO: The insects of Australia. Second edition. 2: 817-915. Carlton, Victoria.
62. Patterson, C., Williams, D. M. & Humphries, C. J. 1993. Congruence between molecular and morphological phylogenies. A. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 153-188.
63. Reuter, E. 1896. Über die Palpen der Rhopaloceren. Acta Soc. Scient. fenn. 22 (1): xvi + 578 pp.
64. Rieppel, O. C. 1988. Fundamentals of comparative biology. 202 pp. Basel.
65. Robbins, R. K. 1982. How many butterfly species? News Lepid. Soc. 1982: 40-41.
66. Sanderson, M. J. & Donoghue, M. J. 1989. Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy. Evolution 43: 1781-1795.
67. Scoble, M. J. 1986. The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) 53: 251-286.
68. - 1992. The Lepidoptera: form, function and diversity. 404 pp., 4 pls. Oxford.
69. Scoble, M. J. & Aiello, A. 1990. Moth-like butterflies (Hedylidae: Lepidoptera): a summary, with comments on the egg. J. nat. Hist. 24: 159-164.
70. Scott, J. A. 1985. The phylogeny of butterflies (Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea). J. Res. Lepid. 23: 241-281.
71. - 1986. The butterflies of North America; a natural history and field guide. xvi + 583 pp., 64 pls. Stanford, Cal.
72. Scott, J. A. & Wright, D. M. 1990. Butterfly phylogeny and fossils. Pp. 152-208 in Kudrna (Ed.): Butterflies of Europe. 2. 557 pp. Wiesbaden.
73. Sharplin, J. 1963. Wing base structure in Lepidoptera I. Fore wing base. Can. Ent. 95: 1024-1050.
74. Shepard, H. H. 1930. The pleural and sternal sclerites of the lepidopterous thorax. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 23: 237-260.
75. Siebert, D. J. 1992. Tree statistics; trees and 'confidence'; consensus trees; alternatives to parsimony; character weighting; character conflict and its resolution. Pp. 72-88 in: Forey, Humphries, Kitching, Scotland, Siebert, Williams (Eds): Cladistics, a practical course in systematics. x + 191 pp. Oxford.
76. Sillén-Tullberg, B. 1988. Evolution of gregariousness in aposematic butterfly larvae: a phylogenetic analysis. Evolution 42: 293-305.
77. Spuler, A. 1892. Zur Phylogenie und Ontogenie des Flügelgeäders der Schmetterlinge. Z. wiss. Zool. 53: 597-646, 2 pls.
78. Swofford, D. L. 1993. PAUP: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 3.1. Computer program distributed by the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
79. Tillyard, R. J. 1919. The panorpoid complex. Part 3: the wing-venation. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 44: 533-718, 5 pls.
80. Tindale, N. B. 1963. Origin of the Rhopalocera stem of the Lepidoptera. Proc. Int. Congr. Tool. (16) 1: 304.
81. - 1981. Origin of the Lepidoptera, with description of a new Mid-Triassic species and notes on the origin of the butterfly stem. J. Lepid. Soc. 34: 263-285.
82. Turner, A. J. 1947. A review of the phylogeny and classification of the Lepidoptera. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 71: 303-338.
83. Turner, J. R. G. 1983. 'The hypothesis that explains mimetic resemblance explains evolution'; the gradualist-saltationist schism. Pp. 129-169 in Grene (Ed.): Dimensions of Darwinism. Cambridge & Paris.
84. Vane-Wright, R. I. 1992. Systematics and diversity; species concepts. Pp. 7-16 in Groombridge (Ed.): Global biodiversity: status of the Earth's living resources. xviii + 585 pp. London.
85. Vane-Wright, R. I., Humphries C. J. & Williams, P. H. 1991. What to protect? - systematics and the agony of choice. Biol. Conserv. 55: 235-254.
86. Vane-Wright, R. I., Schulz, S. & Boppré, M. 1992. The cladistics of Amauris butterflies: congruence, consensus and total evidence. Cladistics 8: 125-138.
87. Vavilov, N. I. 1922. The law of homologous series in variation. J. Genet. 12: 47-89.
88. Weintraub, J. D. & Miller, J. S. 1987. [Review.] The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: a new concept of the butterflies. Cladistics 3: 299-304.
89. Westwood, J. O. 1876. A monograph of the lepidopterous genus Castnia and some allied groups. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. (2) 1: 155-207, 6 pls.
90. Williams, P. H., Vane-Wright, R. I. & Humphries, C. J. 1993. Measuring biodiversity for choosing conservation areas. Pp. 309-328 in LaSalle & Gauld (Ed.): Hymenoptera and biodiversity. xi + 348 pp. Wallingford.
91. Wootton, R. J. 1979. Function, homology and terminology in insect wings. Syst. Ent. 4: 81-93.