Adaptation of the hindlimbs for climbing in bears

Annals of Anatomy

Volumn 187, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 153-160

  Sasaki, Motoki ^a,b   Endo, Hideki ^c   Wiig, Øystein ^d   Derocher, Andrew E ^e,f   Tsubota, Toshio ^b   Taru, Hajime ^g   Yamamoto, Masako ^h   Arishima, Kazuyoshi ^h   Hayashi, Yoshihiro ⁱ   Kitamura, Nobuo ^a,b   Yamada, Junzo ^a,b  

^a OBIHIRO UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND VETERINARY MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b GIFU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY   (Japan)

^d UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^e NORWEGIAN POLAR INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^f UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^g KANAGAWA PREFECTURAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY   (Japan)

^h AZABU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

Author keywords

Brown bear; Giant panda; Hindlimb; Malayan sun bear; Polar bear

Indexed keywords

ANATOMICAL VARIATION; ARTICLE; BEAR; CLIMBING; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HINDLIMB; LEG MUSCLE; MALE; MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION; MORPHOMETRICS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOMETRY; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; HISTOLOGY; MOTOR ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGY; TIBIA;

AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA; HELARCTOS MALAYANUS; URSUS ARCTOS; URSUS MARITIMUS;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; HINDLIMB; MOTOR ACTIVITY; TIBIA; URSIDAE;

EID: 21244464615     PISSN: 09409602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2004.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Aoi, T., 1985. Seasonal change in food habits of Ezo brown bear (Ursus arctos yesoensis Lydekker) in northern Hokkaido. Res. Bull. Coll. Exp. Forests, Hokkaido Univ. 42, 721-732.
2. Boertji, R.D., Gasaway, W.C., Grangaard, D.V., Kelleyhouse, D.G., 1988. Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 66, 2492-2499.
3. Brown, B., 1993. The Great Bear Almanac. Lyons & Burford publishers, New York, pp. 5-171.
4. Bunnell, F., 1984. Small bears. In: Macdonald, D. (Ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Mammals, vol. 1. George Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 96-97.
5. Clark, W.K., 1959. Seasonal food habits of the Kodiak bear. Trans. Nor. Am. Wildlife Conf. 22, 145-151.
6. Craighead Jr., F.C., Craighead, J.J., 1972. Grizzly bear prehibernation and denning activities as determined by radiotracking. Wildlife Monogr. 32, 1-35.
7. Crouch, J.E., 1969. Text-Atlas of Cat Anatomy. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
8. Davis, D.D., 1964. The Giant Panda. A Morphological Study of Evolutionary Mechanisms. Field Zool. Mem., vol. 3. Chicago Natural History Museum, pp. 28-198.
9. Dellmann, H.D., 1993. Textbook of Veterinary Histology, Fourth ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 37-38.
10. Driesch, A., 1976. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 86-87.
11. Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O., Wensing, C.J.G., 1987. Textbook of Anatomy. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, p. 21.
12. Endo, H., Sasaki, N., Yamagiwa, D., Uetake, Y., Kurohmaru, M., Hayashi, Y., 1996. Functional anatomy of the radial sesamoid bone in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J. Anat. 189, 587-592.
13. Endo, H., Yamagiwa, D., Hayashi, Y., Koie, H., Yamaya, Y., Kimura, J., 1999a. Role of the giant panda's 'pseudo-thumb'. Nature (Lond.) 397, 309-310.
14. Endo, H., Hayashi, Y., Yamagiwa, D., Kurohmaru, M., Koie, H., Yamaya, Y., Kimura, J., 1999b. CT examination of the manipulation system in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J. Anat. 195, 295-300.
15. Endo, H., Makita, T., Sasaki, M., Arishima, K., Yamamoto, M., Hayashi, Y., 1999c. Comparative anatomy of the radial sesamoid bone in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), the brown bear (Ursus arctos) and the giant panda (Ailuropoda metanoleuca). J. Vet. Med. Sci. 61, 903-907.
16. Endo, H., Sasaki, M., Hayashi, Y., Koie, H., Yamaya, Y., Kimura, J., 2001. Carpat bone movements in gripping action of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). J. Anat. 198, 243-246.
17. Endo, H., Sasaki, M., Narushima, E., Komiya, T., Hayashida, A., Hayashi, Y., Stafford, B.J., 2003. Macroscopic study of the functional significance of the forearm muscles in the giant panda. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65, 839-843.
18. Evans, H.E., 1993. Miller's Anatomy of the Dog, third ed. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.
19. Gasaway, W.C., Boertji, R.D., Grangaard, D.V., Kelleyhouse, D.G., Stephenson, R.O., Larsen, D.G., 1992. The rote of predation in living moose at low densities in Alaska and Yukon and implications for conservation. Wildlufe Monogr. 8, 329-334.
20. Getty, R., 1975., Sixth ed. Sisson and Grossman's The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, vol. 2. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp. 1528-1537.
21. Herrero, S., 1978. A comparison of some features of the evolution ecology and behavior of black and grizzly/brown bears. Carnivore 1, 7-17.
22. cie, Paris, pp. 224-437.
23. Lentfer, J.W., 1984. Polar bear. In: Macdonald, D. (Ed.), The Encyclopaedia of Mammals, vol. 1. George Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 92-93.
24. Mealey, S.P., 1980. The natural food habits of grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, 1973-74. Int. Conf. Bear Res. Manage. 4, 281-292.
25. Nowak, R.W., 1999. Bears, Giant panda. In: Walker's Mammals of the World, vol. 1, sixth ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, London, pp. 678-694.
26. Ohdachi, S., Aoi, T., 1987. Food habits of brown bears in Hokkaido, Japan. Int. Conf. Bear Res. Manage. 7, 215-220.
27. Øritsland, N.A., Lentfer, J.W., Ronald, K., 1974. Radiative surface temperature of the polar bear. J. Mammal. 55, 459-461.
28. Sasaki, M., Endo, H., Yamagiwa, D., Takagi, H., Arishima, K., Makita, T., Hayashi, Y., 2000. Adaptation of the muscles of mastication to the flat skull feature in the polar bear (Ursus maritimus). J. Vet. Med. Sci. 62, 7-14.
29. Stirling, I., 1988. Polar Bears. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, pp. 113-136.
30. Talbot, S.L., Shields, G.F., 1996. A phylogeny of the bears (Ursidae) inferred from complete sequences of three mitochondrial genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 5, 567-575.