Lichenological evidence for the recognition of inland rain forests in western North America

Journal of Biogeography

Volumn 32, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 1209-1219

  Goward, Trevor ^a,c   Spribille, Toby ^b,d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

^c Enlichened Consulting Ltd   (Canada)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

British Columbia; Climate; Epiphytes; Lichens; Summer moisture deficit; Temperate rain forests

Indexed keywords

BIOINDICATOR; LICHEN; RAINFOREST; TEMPERATE FOREST; VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION;

NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 21244437988     PISSN: 03050270     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01282.x     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Ahti, T. (1977) Lichens of the boreal coniferous zone. Lichen ecology (ed. by M.R.D. Seaward), pp. 145-181. Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco.
2. Alaback, P.B. (1991) Comparative ecology of temperate rainforests of the Americas along analogous climatic gradients. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 64, 399-412.
3. Alaback, P.B., Krebs, M. & Rosen, P. (2000) Ecological characteristics and natural disturbances in interior rainforests of northern Idaho. Ecosystem management of forest landscapes (ed. by R.G. D'Eon, J. Johnson and E.A. Ferguson), pp. 27-37. UBC Press, Vancouver.
4. Arsenault, A. & Goward, T. (2000) Ecological characteristics of inland rain forests. At risk: proceedings of a conference on the biology and management of species and habitats at risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 February, 1999, Vol. 1 (ed. by L.M. Darling), pp. 437-439. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC and University College of the Cariboo, Kamloops, BC.
5. Bell, M.A.M. (1964) Phytocoenoses in the dry subzone of the interior western hemlock zone of British Columbia. PhD Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
6. Conrad, V. (1946) Using formulas of continentality and their limits of validity. Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 27, 663-664.
7. Cooper, S.V., Neiman, K.E. & Roberts, D.W. (1991) Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT-236, Ogden, UT.
8. Daubenmire, R. (1952) Forest vegetation of northern Idaho and adjacent Washington and its bearing on concepts of vegetation classification. Ecological Monographs, 22, 301-330.
9. Daubenmire, R. (1969) Ecological plant geography of the Pacific Northwest. Madroño, 20, 111-128.
10. Degelius, G. (1935) Das ozeanische Element der Strauch- und Laubflechtenflora von Skandinavien. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 7, 1-411.
11. Delong, C. (1998) Natural disturbance rate and patch size distribution of forests in northern British Columbia: implications for forest management. Northwest Science, 72, 35-48.
12. Demarchi, D.A., Marsh, R.D., Harcombe, A.P. & Lea, E.C. (1990) The environment. The birds of British Columbia, Vol. 1. (ed. by R.W. Campbell, N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser and M.C.E. McNall), pp. 55-144. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria.
13. Ecotrust, Pacific GIS & Conservation International (1995) The rain forests of home: an atlas of people and place. Part 1: Natural forests and native languages of the coastal temperate rainforest. Ecotrust, Pacific GIS & Conservation International, Portland, OR.
14. Esslinger, T.L. (1997) A cumulative checklist for the lichenforming, lichenicolous and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/ esslinge/chcklst/chcklst7 (First Posted 1 December 1997, Most Recent Update 2 March 2004).
15. Franklin, J.F. & Halpern, C.B. (2000) Pacific Northwest forests. North American terrestrial vegetation (ed. by M.G. Barbour and W.D. Billings), pp. 123-160. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Gauslaa, Y. (1985) The ecology of Lobarion pulmonariae and Parmelion caperatae in Quercus dominated forests in southwest Norway. Lichenologist, 17, 117-140.
17. Gauslaa, Y. & Solhaug, K.A. (1998) The significance of thallus size for the water economy of the cyanobacterial old-forest lichen Degelia plumbea. Oecologia, 116, 76-84.
18. Goward, T. (1994) Notes on oldgrowth-dependent epiphytic macrolichens in the humid oldgrowth forests in inland British Columbia, Canada. Acta Botanica Fennica, 150, 31-38.
19. Goward, T. (1999) The lichens of British Columbia. Part 2. Fruticose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Program, Victoria, BC.
20. Goward, T. & Ahti, T. (1997) Notes on the distributional ecology of the Cladoniaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) in temperate and boreal western North America. Journal of the Hattori Botanical Society, 82, 143-155.
21. Goward, T. & Arsenault, A. (2000a) Inland old-growth rainforests: safe havens for rare lichens? Proceedings of a conference on biology and management of species at risk, Kamloops, B.C., 15-19 February 1999, Vol. 2 (ed. by L.M. Darling), pp. 759-766. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC.
22. Goward, T. & Arsenault, A. (2000b) Cyanolichens and conifers: implications for global conservation. Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 75, 303-318.
23. Goward, T. & Pojar, J. (1998) Antique forests and epiphytic macrolichens in the Kispiox Valley. B.C. Forest Sciences, Prince Rupert Forest Region, Extension Note 33, Prince Rupert, BC.
24. Goward, T., McCune, B. & Meidinger, D. (1994) The lichens of British Columbia. Part 1. Foliose and squamulose species. B.C. Ministry of Forests Research Program, Victoria, BC.
25. Hebda, R.J. (1995) British Columbia vegetation and climate history with focus on 6 KA BP. Géographie physique et quaternaire, 49, 55-79.
26. Jørgensen, J. (1977) Foliose and fruticose lichens from Tristan da Cunha. Skrifter det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi (Ny Serie), 36, 1-40.
27. Johnson, F.D. & Steele, R. (1978) New plant records for Idaho from Pacific coastal refugia. Northwest Science, 52, 205-211.
28. Kershaw, K. (1985) Physiological ecology of lichens. Cambridge University Press, New York.
29. Lahey, J.F. (1979) Climate. Atlas of the Pacific Northwest (ed. by R.M. Highsmith and A.J. Kimerling), pp. 43-54. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR.
30. Lange, O.L., Kilian, E. & Ziegler, H. (1986) Water vapor uptake and photosynthesis of lichens: performance differences in species with green and blue-green algae as phycobionts. Oecologia, 71, 104-110.
31. Lorain, C.C. (1988) Floristic history and distribution of coastal disjunct plants of the northern Rocky Mountains. MSc Thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID.
32. McCune, B. (1984) Lichens with oceanic affinities in the Bitter-root Mountains of Montana and Idaho. Bryologist, 87, 44-50.
33. McCune, B., Amsberry, K.A., Camacho, F.J., Clery, S., Cole, C., Emerson, C., Felder, G., French, P., Greene, D., Harris, R., Hutten, M., Larson, B., Lesko, M., Majors, S., Markwell, T., Parker, G.G., Pendergrass, K., Peterson, E.B., Peterson, E.T., Platt, J., Proctor, J., Rambo, T., Rosso, A., Shaw, D., Turner, R. & Widmer, M. (1997) Vertical profile of epiphytes in a Pacific Northwest old-growth forest. Northwest Science, 71, 145-152.
34. Meidinger, D. & Pojar, J. (1991) Ecosystems of British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Special Report Series 6, Research Branch, Ministry of Forests, Victoria, BC.
35. NOAA (1982a) Monthly normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days 1951-80. Idaho. National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC.
36. NOAA (1982b) Monthly normals of temperature, precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days 1951-80. Montana. National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC.
37. Norse, E.A. (1990) Ancients forests of the Pacific Northwest. Island Press, Washington, DC.
38. Palmqvist, K. (2000) Carbon economy in lichens. New Phytologist, 148, 11-36.
39. Pfister, R.D., Kovalchik, B.L., Arno, S.F. & Presby, R.C. (1977) Forest habitat types of Montana. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station General Technical Report INT-34, USDA Forest Service, Ogden, UT.
40. Pielou, E.C. (1991) After the ice age: the return of life to glaciated North America. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
41. Pike, L.H., Denison, W.C., Tracy, D.M., Sherwood, M.A. & Rhoades, F.M. (1975) Floristic survey of epiphytic lichens and bryophytes growing on old-growth conifers in western Oregon. Bryologist, 78, 389-402.
42. Preston, C.D. & Hill, M.O. (1999) The geographical relationships of the British and Irish flora: a comparison of pteridophytes, flowering plants, liverworts and mosses. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 629-642.
43. Printzen, C., Ekman, S. & Tønsberg, T. (2003) Phylogeography of Cavernularia hultenii: evidence of slow genetic drift in a widely disjunct lichen. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1473-1486.
44. Rhoades, F. (1995) Nonvascular epiphytes in forest canopies: worldwide distribution, abundance and ecological roles. Forest canopies (ed. by M.D. Lowman and N. Nadkarni), pp. 235-408. Academic Press, New York.
45. Rowe, J.S. (1959) Forest regions of Canada. Forestry Branch, Bulletin 123. Canadian Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources, Ottawa.
46. Schofield, W.B. (1976) Bryophytes of British Columbia. III. Habitat and distributional information for selected mosses. Syesis, 9, 317-354.
47. Schofield, W.B. (1992) Some common mosses of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum Handbook, Victoria, BC.
48. Schöller, H. (1991) Flechtenverbreitung und Klima. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, 42, 1-250.
49. Schoonmaker, P.K., von Hagen, B. & Wolf, E.C. (1997) The rain forests of home. Profile of a North American Bioregion. Island Press, Washington, DC.
50. Spribille, T. (2002) The mountain forests of British Columbia and the American Northwest: floristic relationships and syntaxonomy. Folia Geobotanica, 37, 475-508.
51. Tan, B.C. (1980) A moss flora of Selkirk and Purcell Mountain ranges, southeastern British Columbia. PhD Dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
52. Veblen, T.T. & Alaback, P.B. (1995) A comparative review of forest dynamics and disturbance in the temperate rainforests of North and South America. High-latitude rainforests and associated ecosystems of the west coast of the Americas: climate, hydrology, ecology and conservation (ed. by R. Lawford, P.B. Alaback and E.R. Fuentes), pp. 173-213. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, New York.
53. Walser, J.-C., Holderegger, R., Gugerli, F., Hoebee, S. & Scheidegger, C. (2005) Microsatellites reveal regional population differentiation and isolation in Lobaria pulmonaria, an epiphytic lichen. Molecular Ecology, 14(2): 457-467.
54. Walter, H. (1955) Die Klimagramme als Mittel zur Beurteilung der Klimaverhältnisse für ökologische, vegetationskundliche und landwirtschaftliche Zwecke. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft, 68, 331-344.
55. Walter, H. & Lieth, H. (1967) Klimadiagramm-Weltatlas. Fischer-Verlag, Jena.
56. Wirth, V. (1992) Zeigerwerte von Flechten. Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa, 2nd edn (ed. by H. Ellenberg, H.E. Weber, R. Dull, V. Wirth, W. Werner and D. Paulissen), pp. 215-237. Scripta geobotanica 18, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.