Self-Organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates

Advances in the Study of Behavior

Volumn 32, Issue , 2003, Pages 1-75

  Couzin, Iain D ^a   Krause, Jens ^b  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21144444297     PISSN: 00653454     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-3454(03)01001-5     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. J.R Allan T.J Pitcher Species segregation during predator evasion in cyprinid fish shoals Freshwater Ecol. 16 1986 653 659
2. W Alt Biased random walk models for chemotaxis and related diffusion approximations J. Math. Biol. 9 1980 147 177
3. I Aoki A simulation study on the schooling mechanism in fish Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48 1982 1081 1088
4. I Barber F.A Huntingford Parasite infection alters schooling behaviour: Deviant positioning of helminth-infected minnows in conspecific groups Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 263 1996 1095 1102
5. I Barber D.J Hoare J Krause The effects of parasites on fish behavior: A review and evolutionary perspective Rev. Fish Biol. Fish. 10 2000 131 165
6. P.R Barchas S.D Mendoza Emergent hierarchical relationships in rhesus macaques: An application of Chase's model P.R Barchas “Social Hierarchies: Essays toward a Sociophysiological Perspective” 1984 Greenwood Press Westport, CT 81 95
7. E.P Barton S.L Donaldson M.A Ross J.L Albright Social rank and social index as related to age, body weight and milk production in dairy cows Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 83 1974 473 477
8. W.H Bayliff Integrity of schools of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis , in the eastern Pacific Ocean, as determined from tagging data Fish. Bull. 86 1988 631 643
9. J.P Beaugrand R.C Zayan An experimental model of aggressive dominance in Xiphophorus helleri (Pisces: Poeciliidae) Behav. Processes 10 1984 1 53
10. E Ben-Jacob A Shochet I Tenenbaum A Cohen A Czirok T Vicsek Generic modelling of cooperative growth in bacterial colonies Nature 368 1994 46 49
11. S Boi I.D Couzin N Del Buono N.R Franks N.F Britton Coupled oscillators and activity waves in ant colonies Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 266 1999 371 378
12. E Bonabeau L Dagorn Possible universality in the size distribution of fish schools Phys. Rev. E 51 1995 R5220 R5223
13. E Bonabeau L Dagorn P Freon Space dimension and scaling in fish school-size distributions J. Phys. A 31 1998 L731 L736
14. E Bonabeau L Dagorn P Freon Scaling in animal group-size distributions Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 1999 4472 4477
15. E Bonabeau G Theraulaz J.-L Deneubourg Mathematical models of self-organizing hierarchies in animal societies Bull. Math. Biol. 58 1996 661 719
16. E Bonabeau G Theraulaz J.-L Deneubourg S Aron S Camazine Self-organization in social insects Trends Ecol. Evol. 12 1997 188 192
17. E Bonabeau G Theraulaz J.-L Deneubourg Dominance orders in animal societies: The self-organization hypothesis revisited Bull. Math. Biol. 61 1999 724 757
18. A.F.G Bourke Dominance orders, worker reproduction, and queen-worker conflict in the slave-making ant Harpagoxenus sublaevis Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 23 1988 323 333
19. R.E Brown D.W MacDonald “Social Odours in Mammals.” 1985 Clarendon Press Oxford
20. D Bumann J Krause Front individuals lead in shoals of three-spined sticklebacks ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) and juvenile roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) Behaviour 125 1993 189 198
21. D Bumann J Krause D.I Rubenstein Mortality risk of spatial positions in animal groups: The danger of being in the front Behaviour 134 1997 1063 1076
22. S Camazine J.-L Deneubourg N.R Franks J Sneyd G Theraulaz E Bonabeau “Self-Organization in Biological Systems.” 2001 Princeton University Princeton, NJ
23. I.D Chase Social process and hierarchy formation in small groups: A comparative perspective Am. Sociol. Rev. 45 1980 905 924
24. I.D Chase Dynamics of hierarchy formation: The sequential development of dominance relationships Behaviour 80 1982 218 240
25. I.D Chase Behavioral sequences during hierarchy formation in chickens Science 216 1982 439 440
26. I.D Chase The sequential analysis of aggressive acts during hierarchy formation: An application of the “jigsaw” puzzle approach Anim. Behav. 33 1985 86 100
27. M Collett E Despland S.J Simpson D.C Krakauer The spatial scales of desert locust gregarisation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 13052 13055
28. I.D Couzin “Collective Animal Behaviour.” 1999 Ph.D. thesis. University of Bath Bath, UK
29. I.D Couzin J Krause R James G.D Ruxton N.R Franks Collective memory and spatial sorting in animal groups J. Theor. Biol. 218 2002 1 11
30. D.P Croft B.J Arrowsmith J Bielby K Skinner E White I.D Couzin A.E Magurran I Ramnarine J Krause Mechanisms underlying shoal composition in the Trinidadian guppy ( Poecilia reticulata ) Oikos 2003 (in press)
31. H.D Crofton Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland pasture. VI. Sheep behaviour and nematode infections Parasitology 48 1958 251 260
32. J.M Cullen E Shaw H.A Baldwin Methods for measuring the three-dimensional structure of fish schools Anim. Behav. 13 1965 534 543
33. A Czirók H.E Stanley T Vicsek Spontaneously ordered motion of self-propelled particles J. Phys. A 30 1997 1375 1385
34. A Czirók T Vicsek Collective motion T Vicsek “Fluctuations and Scaling in Biology” 2001 Oxford University Press Oxford 177 242
35. A Czirók M Vicsek T Vicsek Collective motion of organisms in three dimensions J. Phys. A 264 1999 299 304
36. S.B Datta G Beauchamp Effects of group demography on dominance relationships among female primates. 1. Mother–daughter and sister–sister relations Am. Nat. 138 1991 201 226
37. J.M Davis The coordinated aerobatics of dunlin flocks Anim. Behav. 28 1980 668 673
38. E.M DeBlois G.A Rose Cross-shoal variability in the feeding habits of migrating Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua ) Oecologia 108 1996 192 196
39. J.L Deneubourg S Goss N.R Franks J.M Pasteels The blind leading the blind: Modelling chemically mediated army ant raid patterns J. Insect Behav. 2 1989 719 725
40. L.M Dill C.S Holling L.H Palmer Predicting the three-dimensional structure of animal aggregations from functional considerations: The role of information J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 207 219
41. A.E Dizon E.D Stevens W.H Neill J.J Magnusson Sensitivity of restrained skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) to abrupt increases in temperature Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 49A 1974 199 291
42. D Elliot D Smith Football stadia disasters in the United Kingdom: Learning from tragedy? Ind. Environ. Crisis Q. 7 1993 205 229
43. G Flierl D Grünbaum S Levin D Olson From individuals to aggregations: The interplay between behavior and physics J. Theor. Biol. 196 1999 397 454
44. R.C Francis Experimental effects on agonstic behavior in the paradise fish, Macropodus opercularis Behaviour 85 1983 292 313
45. N.R Franks N Gomez S Goss J.-L Deneubourg The blind leading the blind in army ant raid patterns: Testing a model of self-organization (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) J. Insect Behav. 4 1991 583 607
46. N.R Franks E Scovell Dominance and reproductive success among slave-making worker ants Nature 304 1983 724 725
47. B.G., Jr Galef L.L Buckley Use of foraging trails by Norway rats Anim. Behav. 52 1996 765 771
48. J Gerhard M Kirshner “Cells, Embryos, and Evolution” 1997 Blackwell Science Oxford
49. B Ginsberg W.C Allee Some effects of conditioning on social dominance and subordination in inbred strains of mice M.W Schein “Social Hierarchy and Dominance” 1975 Dowden, Hutchinson, & Ross Stroudsburg, PA
50. J.A Glazier F Graner Simulation of the differential adhesion driven rearrangement of biological cells Phys. Rev. E 47 1993 2128 2154
51. L.M Gosling S.C Roberts Scent marking by male mammals: Cheat-proof signals to competitors and mates Adv. Study Behav. 30 2001 169 217
52. S.J Gray J.L Hurst Behavioral mechanisms underlying the spatial dispersion of commensal Mus domesticus and grassland Mus spretus Anim. Behav. 53 1997 511 524
53. D Grünbaum Schooling as a strategy for taxis in a noisy environment J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 257 281
54. D Grünbaum Schooling as a strategy for taxis in a noisy environment Evol. Ecol. 12 1998 503 522
55. S Gueron S.A Levin Self-organization of front patterns in large wildebeest herds J. Theor. Biol. 165 1993 541 552
56. S Gueron S.A Levin The dynamics of group formation Math. Biosci. 128 1995 243 264
57. S Gueron S.A Levin D.I Rubenstein The dynamics of herds: From individuals to aggregations J. Theor. Biol. 182 1996 85 98
58. W.D Hamilton Geometry of the selfish herd J. Theor. Biol. 31 1971 295 311
59. J Heinze Dominance behavior among ant females Naturwissenschaften 77 1990 41 43
60. D Helbing A fluid-dynamic model for the movement of pedestrians Complex Syst. 6 1992 391 415
61. D Helbing P Molnár Social force model for pedestrian dynamics Phys. Rev. E 51 1995 4282 4286
62. D Helbing I Farkas T Vicsek Simulating dynamical features of escape panic Nature 407 2000 487 490
63. D Helbing I Farkas T Vicsek Freezing by heating in a driven mesoscopic system Phys. Rev. Lett. 84 2000 1240 1243
64. D Helbing J Keltsch P Molnár Modelling the evolution of human trail systems Nature 388 1997 47 50
65. D Helbing F Schweitzer J Keltsch P Molnár Active walker model for the formation of human and animal trail systems Phys. Rev. E 56 1997 2527 2539
66. G.S Helfman School fidelity in fishes: The yellow perch pattern Anim. Behav. 32 1984 663 672
67. C.K Hemelrijk Spatial centrality of dominants without positional preference C Adam R Belew H Kitano C Taylor “Artificial Life,” Vol. 6 1998 MIT Press Cambridge, MA 307 315
68. C.K Hemelrijk An individual-orientated model of the emergence of despotic and egalitarian societies Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 266 1999 361 369
69. C.K Hemelrijk Towards the integration of social dominance and spatial structure Anim. Behav. 59 2000 1035 1048
70. L.F Henderson The statistics of crowd fluids Nature 229 1971 381 383
71. E.M.A Hensor D.J Hoare J.-G.J Godin J Krause Effects of nutritional state on the shoaling tendency of banded killifish ( Fundulus diaphanus ) in the field Anim. Behav. 2003 (in press)
72. F.H Heppner Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of bird flocks J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 68 87
73. F.H Heppner J Haffner Communication in bird flocks: An electro-magnetic model J.G Llaurado A Sances J.H Batto-Cletti “Biological and Clinical Effects of Low Intensity Magnetic Fields” 1974 Charles C Thomas Springfield, IL
74. J Herskin J.F Steffensen Energy savings in sea bass swimming in a school: Measurements of tail beat frequency and oxygen consumption at different swimming speeds J. Fish Biol. 53 1998 366 376
75. R Hilborn Modelling the stability of fish schools: Exchange of individual fish between schools of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 1991 1081 1091
76. D.J Hoare I.D Couzin J.-G.J Godin J Krause Context-dependent group-size choice in fish Anim. Behav. 2003 (in press)
77. D.J Hoare J Krause G.D Ruxton J.-G.J Godin The social organization of free-ranging fish shoals Oikos 89 2000 546 554
78. P Hogeweg B Hesper The ontogeny of the interaction structure in bumblebee colonies: A mirror model Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 12 1983 271 283
79. P Hogeweg B Hesper Socioinformation processes: MIRROR modelling methodology J. Theor. Biol. 113 1985 311 330
80. B Hölldobler E.O Wilson “The Ants.” 1990 Springer-Verlag Berlin
81. Y Hsu L.L Wolf The winner and loser effect: Integrating multiple experiences Anim. Behav. 57 1999 903 910
82. A Huth C Wissel The simulation of the movement of fish shoals J. Theor. Biol. 156 1992 365 385
83. T Ikawa H Okabe Three-dimensional measurements of swarming mosquitoes: A probabilistic model, measuring system, and example results J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 90 104
84. Y Inada K Kawachi Order and flexibility in the motion of fish schools J. Theor. Biol. 214 2002 371 387
85. T Judd P Sherman Naked mole rats recruit colony mates to food source Anim. Behav. 52 1996 957 969
86. C Karavanich J Atima Individual recognition and memory in lobster dominance Anim. Behav. 56 1998 1553 1560
87. E.F Keller L.A Segel Model for chemotaxis J. Theor. Biol. 30 1971 225 234
88. H.H Kelley J.C., Jr Condry A.E Dahlke A.H Hill Collective behavior in a simulated panic situation J. Exp. Social Psychol. 1 1965 20 54
89. R.J Keynes C.D Stern Mechanisms of vertebrate segmentation Development 103 1988 413 429
90. U Kils Verhaltensphysiologische Untersuchungen an pelagischen Schwärmen, Schwarmbildung als Strategie zur Orientierung in Umweltgradienten, Bedeutung der Schwarmbildung in der Aquakultur Ber. Inst. Meeresk. Kiel. 163 1986 1 168
91. ; as cited in T.J Pitcher J.K Parrish Functions of shoaling behavior in teleosts T.J Pitcher “Behaviour of Teleost Fishes” 1993 Chapman & Hall London 416 418
92. A.P Klimley C.F Holloway School fidelity and homing synchronicity of yellowfin tuna Marine Biol. 133 1999 307 317
93. J Krause The relationship between foraging and shoal position in a mixed shoal of roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) and chub ( Leuciscus leuciscus ): A field study Oecologia 93 1993 356 359
94. J Krause The effect of ‘Schreckstoff’ on the shoaling behaviour of the minnow: A test of Hamilton's selfish herd theory Anim. Behav. 45 1993 1019 1024
95. J Krause Differential fitness returns in relation to spatial positions in groups Biol. Rev. 69 1994 187 206
96. J Krause J.-G.J Godin The influence of parasitism on the shoaling behavior of the killifish ( Fundulus diaphanus ) Can. J. Zool. 72 1994 1775 1779
97. J Krause G.D Ruxton “Living in Groups.” 2002 Oxford University Press Oxford
98. J Krause R.K Butlin N Peuhkuri V.L Pritchard The social organization of fish shoals: A test of the predictive power of laboratory experiments for the field Biol. Rev. 75 2000 477 501
99. J Krause J.-G.J Godin D Brown Phenotypic variability within and between fish shoals Ecology 77 1996 1586 1591
100. J Krause D.J Hoare S Krause C.K Hemelrijk D.I Rubenstein Leadership in fish shoals Fish Fish. 1 2000 82 89
101. J Krause D.J Hoare D Croft J Lawrence A.J.W Ward R James G.D Ruxton J.-G.J Godin Fish shoal composition: Mechanisms and constraints Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 267 2000 2011 2017
102. H Kummer “Social Organization of Hamadrayas Baboons.” 1968 University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL
103. L Landeau J Terborgh Oddity and the confusion effect in predation Anim. Behav. 34 1986 1372 1380
104. S.A Levin “Fragile Dominion: Complexity and the Commons.” 1999 Perseus Books Cambridge, MA
105. D MacDonald “The New Encyclopedia of Mammals.” 2001 Oxford University Press Oxford
106. A.E Magurran B.H Seghers P.W Shaw G.R Carvalho The behavioral diversity and evolution of guppy, Poecilia reticulata , populations in Trinidad Adv. Study Behav. 24 1995 155 202
107. P.K Maini H.G Othmer “Mathematical Models for Biological Pattern Formation.” 2000 Springer-Verlag New York
108. P.F Major L.M Dill The three-dimensional structure of airborne bird flocks Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 4 1978 111 122
109. W McFarland A Okubo Metabolic models of fish school behaviour: The need for quantitative observations J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 301 312
110. S.D Mendoza P.R Barchas Behavioral processes leading to linear status hierarchies following group formation in rhesus macaques J. Hum. Evol. 12 1983 185 192
111. S Milgram H Toch Collective behavior: Crowds and social movements G Lindzey E Aronson “The Handbook of Social Psychology” 1969 Addison-Wesley Reading, MA
112. M Milinski Experiments on the selection by predators against spatial oddity of their prey Z. Tierpsychol. 43 1977 311 325
113. P Moorcroft M Lewis R Crabtree Analysis of coyote home ranges using a mechanistic home range model Ecology 80 1999 1656 1665
114. J.D Murray A prepattern formation mechanism for animal coat markings J. Theor. Biol. 88 1981 161 199
115. W.H Neill R.K.C Chang A.E Dizon Magnitude and ecological implications of thermal inertia in skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus) Environ. Biol. Fish. 1 1976 61 80
116. G Nicolis I Prigogine “Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems.” 1977 John Wiley & Sons New York
117. H.S Niwa Self-organizing dynamic model of fish schooling J. Theor. Biol. 171 1994 123 136
118. H.S Niwa Newtonian dynamical approach to fish schooling J. Theor. Biol. 181 1996 47 63
119. H.-S Niwa Migration dynamics of fish schools in heterothermal environments J. Theor. Biol. 193 1998 215 231
120. H.-S Niwa School size statistics of fish J. Theor. Biol. 195 1998 351 361
121. A Okubo Vol. 10: “Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Mathematical Models.” 1980 Springer-Verlag New York “Lecture Notes in Biomechanics.”
122. A Okubo Dynamic aspects of animal grouping: Swarms, schools, flocks, and herds Adv. Biophys. 22 1986 1 94
123. A Okubo H.C Chiang An analysis of the kinematics of swarming behavior of Anarete pritchardi Kim (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Res. Popul. Ecol. 16 1974 1 42
124. P.S Oliveira B Hölldobler Dominance orders in the ponerine ant Pachycondyla apicalis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 27 1990 385 393
125. J Osborn Analytical and digital photogrammetry J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 194 206
126. J.K Parrish Layering with depth in a heterospecific fish aggregation Environ. Biol. Fishes. 26 1989 79 85
127. J.K Parrish L Edelstein-Keshet Complexity, pattern, and evolutionary trade-offs in animal aggregation Science 284 1999 99 101
128. J.K Parrish P Turchin Individual decisions, traffic rules, and emergent pattern in schooling fish J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 194 206
129. B.L Partridge The effect of school size on the structure and dynamics of minnow schools Anim. Behav. 28 1980 68 77
130. B.L Partridge Structure and function of fish schools Sci. Am. 245 1982 114 123
131. B.L Partridge T.J Pitcher The sensory basis of fish schools: Relative roles of lateral line and vision J. Comp. Physiol. 135 1980 315 325
132. B.L Partridge J Johansson J Kalisk Structure of schools of giant bluefin tuna in Cape Cod Bay Environ. Biol. Fishes. 9 1983 253 262
133. B.L Partridge T.J Pitcher J.M Cullen J Wilson The 3-dimensional structure of fish schools Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6 1980 277 288
134. T.J Pitcher J.K Parrish Functions of shoaling behaviour in teleosts T.J Pitcher “Behaviour of Teleost Fishes” 1993 Chapman & Hall London 363 439
135. T.J Pitcher A.E Magurran J.I Edwards Schooling mackerel and herring choose neighbors of similar size Mar. Biol. 86 1985 319 322
136. T.J Pitcher A.E Magurran J.R Allan Size-segregative behavior in minnow shoals J. Fish Biol. 29 1986 83 95
137. H Pomeroy F Heppner Structure of turning in airborne rock dove ( Columba livia ) flocks Auk. 109 1992 256 261
138. W.K Potts The chorus line hypothesis of manoeuvre coordination in avian flocks Nature 309 1984 344 345
139. A.S Presman “Electromagnetic Fields and Life.” 1970 Plenum New York
140. H.R Pulliam T Caraco Living in groups: Is there an optimal group size? J.R Krebs N.B Davies “Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach” 1984 Blackwell Scientific Oxford 122 147
141. D Radakov “Schooling and Ecology of Fish.” 1973 John Wiley & Sons New York
142. E Ranta N Peuhkuri A Laurila A theoretical exploration of antipredatory and foraging factors promoting phenotype-assorted fish schools Ecoscience 1 1994 99 106
143. C.W Reynolds Flocks, herds, and schools: A distributed behavioral model Comput. Graphics 21 1987 25 33
144. D.A Ritz Costs and benefits as a function of group size: Experiments on a swarming mysid Paramesopodopsis rufa Fenton J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 194 206
145. E Roditakis I.D Couzin K Baldrow N.R Franks A.K Charnley Improving secondary pick up of insect fungal pathogen conidia by manipulating host behavior Ann. Appl. Biol. 137 2000 329 335
146. T Schjelderupp-Ebbe Hönsenses stemme: Bidrag til hönsenses psykologi Naturen 37 1913 262 276
147. T Schjelderupp-Ebbe Beiträge zur Sozialpsychologie des Haushuhns Z. Psychol. 88 1922 225 252
148. T.D Seeley “The Wisdom of the Hive.” 1995 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA
149. B.H Seghers Facultative schooling behavior in the spottail shiner ( Notropis hudsonius ): Possible costs and benefits Environ. Biol. Fishes. 6 1981 21 24
150. E Selous “Thought-Transference (or What?) in Birds.” 1931 Constable London
151. R.M Sibly Optimal group size is unstable Anim. Behav. 31 1983 947 948
152. A.R.E Sinclair “The African Buffalo: A Study of Resource Limitation of Populations.” 1977 University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL
153. M Sjöberg B Albrectsen J Hjältén Truncated power laws: A tool for understanding aggregation patterns in animals? Ecol. Lett. 3 2000 90 94
154. P.J.B Slater Individual differences and dominance hierarchies Anim. Behav. 34 1986 1264 1265
155. H Takayasu Steady-state distribution of generalized aggregation systems with injection Phys. Rev. Lett. 63 1989 2563 2565
156. C.W Theodorakis Size segregation and the effects of oddity on predation risk in minnow shoals Anim. Behav. 38 1989 496 502
157. G Theraulaz E Bonabeau Coordination in distributed building Science 269 1995 686 688
158. G Theraulaz E Bonabeau J.L Deneubourg Self-organization of hierarchies in animal societies: The case of the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes dominulus (C.) J. Theor. Biol. 174 1995 313 323
159. G Theraulaz J Gervet B Thon M Pratte S Semenoff-Tian-Chansky The dynamics of colony organization in the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes dominulus (C.) Ethology 91 1992 177 202
160. G Theraulaz M Pratte J Gervet Effects of removal of α-individuals from a Polistes dominulus (C.) wasp society: Changes in behavioural patterns resulting from hierarchical changes Actes Colloq. Insectes Sociaux 5 1989 169 179
161. B Thierry Patterns of agonistic interactions in three species of macaques ( Macaca mulatta, M. fascicularis, M. tonkeana ) Aggressive Behav. 11 1985 223 233
162. E.A Tibbetts Visual signals of individual identity in the wasp Polistes fuscatus Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 269 2002 1423 1428
163. R.T Tranquillo Models of Chemical Gradient Sensing by Cells W Alt G Hoffman “Lecture Notes in Biomathematics”: Vol. 89: “Biological Motion.” 1990 Springer-Verlag New York 415 441
164. S.J Tyler The behaviour and social organization of the new forest ponies Anim. Behav. Monogr. 48 1972 223 233
165. N Van Havre G.J FitzGerald Shoaling and kin recognition in the threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) Biol. Behav. 13 1988 190 201
166. T Vicsek A Czirók E Ben-Jacob I Cohen O Shochet Novel type of phase transition in a system of self-driven particles Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 1995 1226 1229
167. J Viitala E Korpimäki P Palokangas M Koivula Attraction of kestrels to vole scent marks visible in ultraviolet light Nature. 373 1995 425 427
168. D.G Wallace B Gorny I.Q Whishaw Rats can track odors, other rats, and themselves: Implications for the study of spatial behavior Behav. Brain Res. 131 2002 185 192
169. A.J.W Ward D.J Hoare I.D Couzin M Broom J Krause The effects of parasitism and body length on the positioning within wild fish shoals J. Anim. Ecol. 71 2002 10 14
170. E.O Wilson “Sociobiology.” 1975 Harvard University Press Boston
171. N Wolf Odd fish abandon mixed-species groups when threatened Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 17 1985 47 52
172. F.H Heppner J.L Convissar D.E., Jr Moonan J.G.T Anderson Visual angle and formation flight in Canada geese ( Branta canadesis ) Auk. 102 1985 195 198
173. J.K Parrish Re-examining the selfish herd: Are central fish safer? Anim. Behav. 38 1989 1048 1053
174. J.K Parrish W.M Hamner “Animal Groups in Three Dimensions.” 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
175. B.L Partridge T.J Pitcher Evidence against a hydrodynamic function for fish schools Nature 279 1979 418 419
176. W Wieser H Forstner N Medgyesy S Hinterleitner To switch or not to switch: Partitioning of energy between growth and activity in larval cyprinids (Cyprinidae: Teleostei) Funct. Ecol. 2 1988 499 507