Effect of confounding in the association between circumcision status and urinary tract infection

Journal of Infection

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 59-68

  Van Howe, R S ^a,b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Asymptomatic bacteriuria; Circumcision; Urinary tract infection

Indexed keywords

ANALYTICAL ERROR; ARTICLE; BACTERIURIA; CIRCUMCISION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFANT; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MALE; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PREMATURITY; STATISTICAL MODEL; THEORETICAL MODEL; URINALYSIS; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; URINE CULTURE;

CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CIRCUMCISION, MALE; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MODELS, STATISTICAL; MONTE CARLO METHOD; ODDS RATIO; RISK; URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS;

EID: 21044453331     PISSN: 01634453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2004.07.003     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. T.E. Wiswell F.R. Smith J.W. Bass Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants Pediatrics 75 1985 901-903
2. T.E. Wiswell H.L. Tencer C.A. Welch J.L. Chamberlain Circumcision in children beyond the neonatal period Pediatrics 92 1993 791-793
3. A. Eliakim T. Dolfin Z. Korzets B. Wolach A. Pomeranz Urinary tract infection in premature infants: The role of imaging studies and prophylactic therapy J Perinatol 17 1997 305-308
4. C.K. Mitchell S.M. Franco R.L. Vogel Incidence of urinary tract infection in an inner-city outpatient population J Perinatol 15 1995 131-134
5. T.A. Schlager J.O. Hendley S.M. Dudley G.F. Hayden J.A. Lohr Explanation for false positive urine cultures obtained by bag technique Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149 1995 170-173
6. L.W. Herzog S.R. Alvarez The frequency of foreskin problems in uncircumcised children Am J Dis Child 140 1986 254-256
7. T.B. Newman J.A. Bernzweig J.I. Takayama S.A. Finch R.C. Wasserman R.H. Pantell Urine testing and urinary tract infections in febrile infants seen in office settings: The Pediatric Research in Office Settings Febrile Infant Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156 2002 44-54
8. J.D. Nelson P.C. Peters Suprapubic aspiration of urine in premature and term infants Pediatrics 36 1965 132-134
9. K.N. Shaw M. Gorelick K.L. McGowan N.M. Yakscoe J.S. Schwartz Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department Pediatrics 102 2 1998 e16
10. B. Wettergren U. Jodal G. Jonasson Epidemiology of bacteriuria during the first year of life Acta Paediatr Scand 74 1985 925-933
11. A.I. Airede Urinary-tract infections in African neonates J Infect 25 1992 55-62
12. M. Maherzi J.P. Guignard A. Torrado Urinary tract infection in high-risk newborn infants Pediatrics 62 1978 521-523
13. J.M. Littlewood 66 infants with urinary tract infection in first month of life Arch Dis Child 47 1972 218-226
14. A. Pisacane L. Graziano G. Mazzarella B. Scarpellino G. Zona Breast-feeding and urinary tract infection J Pediatr 120 1992 87-89
15. S. Mårild U. Jodal L. Mangelus Medical histories of children with acute pyelonephritis compared with controls Pediatr Infect Dis J 8 1989 511-515
16. D.C. Savage M.I. Wilson M. McHardy D.A. Dewar W.M. Fee Covert bacteriuria of childhood. A clinical and epidemiological study Arch Dis Child 48 1973 8-20
17. P. Malleson Prepuce care Pediatrics 77 1986 265
18. M.J. Patrick Influence of maternal renal infection on the foetus and infant Arch Dis Child 42 1967 208-213
19. J. Winberg I. Bollgren L. Gothefors M. Herthelius K. Tullus The prepuce: a mistake of nature? Lancet 1 1989 598-599
20. R.S. Thompson D.C. Thompson Circumcision Pediatrics 80 1987 303-305
21. T.E. Wiswell J.D. Roscelli Corroborative evidence for the decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants Pediatrics 78 1986 96-99
22. T.R. O'Brien E.E. Calle W.K. Poole Incidence of neonatal circumcision in Atlanta, 1985-1986 South Med J 88 1995 411-415
23. T.E. Wiswell K. John Lattimer lecture. Prepuce presence portends prevalence of potentially perilous periurethral pathogens J Urol 148 1992 739-742
24. C.M. Kunin I. Southall A.J. Paquin Epidemiology of urinary tract infections. A pilot study of 3057 school children N Engl J Med 263 1960 817-823
25. T.A. Schlager M.L. Dunn S.M. Dudley J.A. Lohr Bacterial contamination rate of urine collected in a urine bag from healthy non-toilet-trained male infants J Pediatr 116 1990 738-739
26. X. Saez-Llorens M.A. Umana C.M. Odio J.A. Lohr Bacterial contamination rates for non-clean-catch and clean-catch midstream urine collections in uncircumcised boys J Pediatr 114 1989 93-95
27. C.M. Edelmann Jr J.E. Ogwo B.P. Fine A.B. Martinez The prevalence of bacteriuria in full-term and premature newborn infants J Pediatr 82 1973 125-132
28. J.M. McCarthy C.V. Pryles Clean voided and catheter neonatal urine specimens. Bacteriology in the male and female neonate Am J Dis Child 106 1963 473-478
29. J.J. Boehm J.L. Haynes Bacteriology of 'midstream catch' urines: studies in newborn infants Am J Dis Child 111 1966 366-369
30. G.D. Abbott Neonatal bacteriuria - the value of bladder puncture in resolving problems of interpretation arising from voided urine specimens Aust Paediatr J 14 1978 83-86
31. K. Lincoln J. Winberg Studies of urinary tract infections in infancy and childhood. II. Quantitative estimation of bacteriuria in unselected neonates with specific references to occurrences of asymptomatic infections Acta Paediatr 53 1964 307-316
32. H.A. Cohen B. Woloch N. Linder A. Vardi A. Barzilai Urine samples from disposable diapers: An accurate method for urine cultures J Fam Pract 44 1997 290-292
33. O.T. Monzon et al. A comparison of bacterial counts of the urine obtained by needle aspiration of the bladder, catheterization and midstream-voided methods N Engl J Med 259 1958 764-767
34. I.J. Ramage J.P. Chapman A.S. Hollman M. Elabassi J.H. McColl T.J. Beattie Accuracy of clean-catch urine collection in infancy J Pediatr 135 1999 765-767
35. P.E. Gower P. Husband J.C. Coleman G.J. Snodgrass Urinary infection in two selected neonatal populations Arch Dis Child 45 1970 259-263
36. L. Saccharow C.V. Pryles Further experience with the use of percutaneous suprapubic aspiration of the urinary bladder. Bacteriologic studies in 654 infants and children Pediatrics 43 1969 1018-1024
37. C.M. Kunin I. Southall A.J. Paquin Jr Epidemiology of urinary tract infections. A pilot study of 3057 school children N Engl J Med 263 1960 817-823
38. C.M. Kunin E. Zacha A.J. Paquin Jr Urinary tract infection in school children. I. Prevalence of bacteriuria and associated urologic findings N Engl J Med 266 1962 1287-1296
39. C.M. Edelmann Jr J.E. Ogwo B.P. Fine A.B. Martinez The prevalence of bacteriuria in full-term and premature newborn infants J Pediatr 82 1973 125-132
40. G.D. Abbott Neonatal bacteriuria - the value of bladder puncture in resolving problems of interpretation arising from voided urine specimens Aust Paediatr J 14 1978 83-86
41. K. Lincoln J. Winberg Studies of urinary tract infections in infancy and childhood. II. Quantitative estimation of bacteriuria in unselected neonates with specific references to occurrences of asymptomatic infections Acta Paediatr 53 1964 307-316
42. J.H. Drew C.M. Acton Radiological findings in newborn infants with urinary infection Arch Dis Child 51 1976 628-630
43. J.M. Littlewood P. Kite B.A. Kite Incidence of neonatal urinary tract infection Arch Dis Child 44 1969 617-620
44. J.M. Littlewood P. Kite B.A. Kite Incidence of neonatal urinary tract infection Arch Dis Child 44 1969 617-620
45. B. Wettergren M. Hellström E. Stokland U. Jodal Six year follow up of infants with bacteriuria on screening Br Med J 301 1990 845-848
46. S. Mårild U. Jodal Incidence rate of first-time symptomatic urinary tract infection in children under 6 years of age Acta Paediatr 87 1998 549-552
47. M.F. Randolph K.E. Morris E.B. Gould The first urinary tract infection in the female infant. Prevalence, recurrence, and prognosis: A 10-year study in private practice J Pediatr 86 1975 342-348
48. J. Davies G. Gibson J. Littlewood S. Meadow Prevalence of bacteriuria in infants and children Lancet 2 1974 7-10
49. L. Saccharow C.V. Pryles Further experience with the use of percutaneous suprapubic aspiration of the urinary bladder. Bacteriologic studies in 654 infants and children Pediatrics 43 1969 1018-1024
50. M. Maherzi J.P. Guignard A. Torrado Urinary tract infection in high-risk newborn infants Pediatrics 62 1978 521-523
51. M.F. Randolph K.E. Morris E.B. Gould The first urinary tract infection in the female infant. Prevalence, recurrence, and prognosis: A 10-year study in private practice J Pediatr 86 1975 342-348
52. S.R. Siegel B. Siegel B. Sokoloff M.H. Kanter Urinary infection in infants and preschool children. Five year follow-up Am J Dis Child 134 1980 369-372
53. S. Hansson I. Bollgren E. Esbjorner B. Jakobsson S. Marild Urinary tract infections in children below two years of age: A quality assurance project in Sweden. The Swedish Pediatric Nephrology Association Acta Paediatr 88 1999 270-274
54. A.S. Dogunro A comparative study of pyuria and asymptomatic bacteriuria in school children Trop Doct 21 1991 26-28
55. C.A. Fargason J.M. Bronstein V.A. Johnson Patterns of care received by medicaid recipients with urinary tract infections Pediatrics 96 1995 638-642
56. B. Wettergren U. Jodal G. Jonasson Epidemiology of bacteriuria during the first year of life Acta Paediatr Scand 74 1985 925-933
57. S.R. Saxena A. Collis B.M. Laurance The prevalence of asymptomatic urinary-tract infection in pre-school children Practitioner 214 1975 257-260
58. S.R. Saxena A. Collis B.M. Laurance Bacteriuria in preschool children Lancet 2 1974 517-518
59. G.H. Brundtland B. Hovig Screening for bacteriuria in school-girls. An evaluation of a dip-slide culture method and the urinary glucose method Am J Epidemiol 97 1973 246-254
60. M.F. Randolph M. Greenfield The incidence of asymptomatic bacteriuria and pyuria in infancy: A study of 400 infants in private practice J Pediatr 65 1964 57-66
61. A.I. Airede Urinary-tract infections in African neonates J Infect 1992 25 1997 55-62
62. A. Eliakim T. Dolfin Z. Korzets B. Wolach A. Pomeranz Urinary tract infection in premature infants: The role of imaging studies and prophylactic therapy J Perinatol 17 1997 305-308
63. D. Macauley R.N.P. Sutton The prognosis of urinary infections in childhood Lancet 2 1957 1318-1319
64. B. Jakobsson E. Esbjörner S. Hansson Minimum incidence and diagnostic rate of first urinary tract infection Pediatrics 104 1999 222-226
65. L. Pead R. Maskell Study of urinary tract infection in children in one health disctrict Br Med J 309 1994 631-634
66. A. Eliakim T. Dolfin Z. Korzets B. Wolach A. Pomeranz Urinary tract infection in premature infants: The role of imaging studies and prophylactic therapy J Perinatol 17 1997 305-308
67. M.S. Krober J.W. Bass J.M. Powell F.R. Smith D.S.Y. Seto Bacterial and viral pathogens casing fever in infants less than 3 months old Am J Dis Child 139 1985 889-892
68. W.A. Bonadio Urine culturing technique in febrile children Pediatr Emerg Care 3 1987 75-78
69. K.B. Roberts E. Charney R.J. Sweren V.I. Ahonkhai D.A. Bergman M.P. Coulter G.M. Fendrick B.S. Lachman M.R. Lawless R.H. Pantell et al. Urinary tract infection in infants with unexplained fever: A collaborative study J Pediatr 103 1983 864-867
70. H. Bauchner B. Philipp B. Dashefsky J. Klein Prevalence of bacteriuria in febrile children Pediatr Infect Dis J 6 1987 239-242
71. H. Buys L. Pead R. Hallett R. Maskell Suprapubic aspiration under ultrasound guidance in children with fever of undiagnosed cause Br Med J 308 1994 690-692
72. A. Hoberman H.P. Chao D.M. Keller R. Hickey H.W. Davis D. Ellis Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile children J Pediatr 123 1993 17-23
73. A.F. North Bacteriuria in children with acute febrile illness J Pediatr 63 1963 408-411
74. H.A. Kadish B. Loveridge J. Tobey R.G. Bolte H.M. Corneli Applying outpatient protocols in febrile infants 1-28 days of age: Can the threshold be lowered? Clin Pediatr (Phila) 39 2000 81-88
75. A. Hoberman E.R. Wald Urinary tract infections in young febrile children Pediatr Infect Dis J 16 1997 11-17
76. K.N. Shaw M. Gorelick K.L. McGowan N.M. Yakscoe J.S. Schwartz Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department Pediatrics 102 2 1998 e16
77. E.F. Crain J.C. Gershel Urinary tract infections in febrile infants younger than 8 weeks of age Pediatrics 86 1990 363-367