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3
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In a review paper Jaeger H M, Nagel S R and Behringer R P 1996 Rev. Mod. Phys. 68 1259 Jaeger et al emphasized that the granular state of matter, even if bearing similarities with solids, liquids, and gases, is intrinsically different and not reducible to those states
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Dufty J W 2001 Adv. Compl. Syst. 4 397 These papers may also be found under references cond-mat/0108444 and cond-mat/0109215
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Dufty, J.W.1
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8
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21044442148
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note
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The energy is most frequently supplied through a moving boundary such as a piston, but 'bulk' forcings have also been used, such as the electric field device of [8].
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12
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0033196376
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Losert W, Cooper D G W, Delour J, Kudrolli A and Gollub J P 1999 Chaos 9 682
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Gollub, J.P.5
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29
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0035242108
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van der Weele K, van der Meer D, Versluis M and Lohse D 2001 Europhys. Lett. 53 328 The second paper establishes the interesting result that the symmetry breakdown in question is analogous to a first-order phase transition when the confining box is made up of three compartments, and reminiscent of a second-order phase transition in the case of two compartments
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30
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0001080717
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For more details, see Eggers J 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 5322 together with the site http://www.aip.org/png/html/maxwell.html which contains an illustrative summary
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Eggers, J.1
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This body of work has been performed under numerous variants, e.g.with more than two compartments [24], or with mixtures of several sizes grains. For binary mixtures, combining the left/right instability alluded to previously with segregation effects may lead to spectacular results. A true 'granular clock' may be obtained, with grains oscillating from one compartment to the other. Large and small species, however, do not oscillate in phase, see, Lambiotte R et al 2005 Physica A submitted
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Physica A
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Lambiotte, R.1
Al, E.2
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37
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0037157909
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More generally, granular gases exhibit a host of instabilities, some of which are analogous to phase transitions, see e.g. Argentina M, Clerc M G and Soto R 2002 Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 044301
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Falcon E, Wunenburger R, Evesque P, Fauve S, Chabot C, Garrabos Y and Beysens D 1999 Phys. Rev. Lett. 83 440
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