Risky business: The market for unprotected commercial sex

Journal of Political Economy

Volumn 113, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 518-550

  Gertler, Paul ^a,b   Shah, Manisha ^a   Bertozzi, Stefano M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^c INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD PÚBLICA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONDOM USE; ECONOMICS;

MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 21044438765     PISSN: 00223808     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/429700     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ahlburg, D., and E. Jensen. 1998. "The Economics of the Commercial Sex Industry." In Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the Developing World, edited by Martha Ainsworth, Lieve Fransen, and Mead Over. Brussels: European Comm. (for World Bank).
2. Biddle, Jeff E., and Daniel S. Hamermesh. 1998. "Beauty, Productivity, and Discrimination: Lawyers' Looks and Lucre. " J. Labor Econ. 16 (January): 172-201.
3. Bronfman, Mario, Rene Leyva-Flores, and Mirka Negroni. 2002. "Mobile Populations and HIV/AIDS in Central America, Mexico, and the United States." In Poblaciones moviles y VIH/SIDA en Centroamerica, Mexico, y Estados Unidos, papers presented at the XIV International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona (July). Cuernavaca, Mex.: Inst. Nacional Salud Publica.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Global AIDS Program: Strategies. Washington, DC: Centers Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/gap/strategies/1_overview.htm.
5. CONASIDA (Comisión Nacional del SIDA). 2001. "El programa de acción para la prevención y control del VIH/SIDA e ITS 2001-2006." Higiene 3 (2): 7-9.
6. CONASIDA (Comisión Nacional del SIDA). 2002. "El uso del condón, factor esencial en las campanas para prevenir el Sida." Press release no. 183 (October 21), CONASIDA, Mexico City.
7. CONASIDA (Comisión Nacional del SIDA). 2003. Panorama epidemiológico del VIH/SIDA e ITS en México. Mexico City: CONASIDA, Secretaria Salud. http://www.salud.gob.mx/conasida/ comite/minutas/cua2003.pdf.
8. Conde, Carlos González, et al. 1993. "Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevalence Studies among Different Populations in Mexico City." Paper presented at the Ninth International Conference on AIDS, Berlin (June).
9. Cuadra, S. M., Rene Leyva, D. Hernandez-Rosete, and Mario Bronfman. 2002. "The Regulation of STI/HIV/AIDS Control among Sex Workers in Two Cities along the Southern Border of Mexico." In Poblaciones moviles y VIH/SIDA en Centroamerica, Mexico, y Estados Unidos, papers presented at the XIV International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona (July). Cuernavaca, Mex.: Inst. Nacional Salud Publica.
10. Garen, John E. 1988. "Compensating Wage Differentials and the Endogeneity of Job Riskiness." Rev. Econ. and Statis. 70 (February): 9-16.
11. Garnett, Geoffrey P., and Francis J. Bowden. 2000. "Epidemiology and Control of Curable Sexually Transmitted Diseases: The Opportunities and Problems." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 27 (November): 588-99.
12. Garnett, Geoffrey P., G. Dubin, M. Slaoui, and T. Darcis. 2004. "The Potential Epidemiological Impact of a Genital Herpes Vaccine for Women." Sexually Transmitted Infections 80 (February): 24-29.
13. Hamermesh, Daniel S., Xin Meng, and Junsen Zhang. 2002. "Dress for Success - Does Primping Pay?" Labour Econ. 9 (July): 361-73.
14. Holmes, King K., and Caroline A. Ryan. 1999. "STD Care Management." In Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 3rd ed., edited by King K. Holmes et al. NewYork: McGraw-Hill.
15. Hwang, Hae-shin, W. Robert Reed, and Carlton Hubbard. 1992. "Compensating Wage Differentials and Unobserved Productivity." J.P.E. 100 (August): 835-58.
16. Karim, Quarraisha Abdool, Salim S. Abdool Karim, Kate Soldan, and Martin Zondi. 1995. "Reducing the Risk of HIV Infection among South African Sex Workers: Socioeconomic and Gender Barriers." American J. Public Health 85 (November): 1521-25.
17. Lau, J. T. F., H. Y. Tsui, P. C. Siah, and K. L. Zhang. 2002. "A Study on Female Sex Workers in Southern China (Shenzhen): HIV Related Knowledge, Condom Use and STD History." AIDS Care 14 (April): 219-33.
18. Mellors, John W., et al. 1996. "Prognosis in HIV-1 Infection Predicted by the Quantity of Virus in Plasma." Science 272 (May 24): 1167-70.
19. Miller, Ted R. 2000. "Variations between Countries in Values of Statistical Life." J. Transport Econ. and Policy 34 (May): 169-88.
20. Murray, C. J. L. 1994. "Quantifying the Burden of Disease: The Technical Basis for Disability-Adjusted Life Years." Bull. World Health Org. 72 (3): 429-45.
21. Negroni, Mirka, et al. 2002. "Reaching Mobile Populations for AIDS Prevention in Southern Mexico Border Towns." In Poblaciones moviles y VIH/SIDA en Centroamerica, Mexico, y Estados Unidos, papers presented at the XIV International Conference on AIDS, Barcelona (July). Cuernavaca, Mex.: Inst. Nacional Salud Publica.
22. Rao, Vijayendra, Indrani Gupta, Michael Lokshin, and Smarajit Jana. 2003. "Sex Workers and the Cost of Safe Sex: The Compensating Differential for Condom Use among Calcutta Prostitutes." J. Development Econ. 71 (August): 585-603.
23. Rosen, Sherwin. 1986. "The Theory of Equalizing Differences." In Handbook of Labor Economics, vol. 1, edited by Orley Ashenfelter and Richard Lavard. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
24. Rottingen, John-Arne, and Geoffrey P. Garnett. 2002. "The Epidemiological and Control Implications of HIV Transmission Probabilities within Partnerships." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29 (December): 818-27.
25. Schwartänder, B., et al. 2001. "Resource Needs for HIV/ AIDS." Science 292 (June 29): 2434-36.
26. Shanmugam, K. R. 2000. "Valuations of Life and Injury Risks: Empirical Evidence from India." Environmental and Resource Econ. 16 (August): 379-89.
27. Siebert, W. S., and Xiangdong Wei. 1998. "Wage Compensation for Job Risks: The Case of Hong Kong." Asian Econ. J. 12 (June): 171-81.
28. Tao, Guoyo, Thomas L. Gift, Cathleen M. Walsh, Kathleen L. Irwin, and William J. Kassler. 2002. "Optimal Resource Allocation for Curing Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection among Asymptomatic Women at Clinics Operating on a Fixed Budget." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29 (November): 703-9.
29. UNAIDS (Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS). 2002. Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.
30. UNAIDS (Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS). 2004. Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS. http://www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/ GAR2004_pdf/GAR2004_Execsumm_en.pdf.
31. Uribe-Salas, Felipe, et al. 1997. "Low Prevalences of HIV Infection and Sexually Transmitted Disease among Female Commercial Sex Workers in Mexico City." American J. Public Health 87 (June): 1012-15.
32. Valin, J., and L. Egremy. 2002. "Investigation-Action Project for STI/HIV/AIDS Prevention in the South Frontier of Chiapas, Mexico." Working paper, Inst. Nacional Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Mex.
33. van Valkengoed, Iven G. M., et al. 2004. "Overestimation of Complication Rates in Evaluations of Chlamydia Trachomatis Screening Programmes-Implications for Cost-Effectiveness Analyses." Internat. J. Epidemiology 33 (April): 416-25.
34. Viscusi, W. Kip. 1992. "Evidence on the Value of Life: Case Studies from the Labor Market." In Fatal Tradeoffs: Public and Private Responsibilities for Risk. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
35. Viscusi, W. Kip. 1993. "The Value of Risks to Life and Health." J. Econ. Literature 31 (December): 1912-46.
36. Viscusi, W. Kip, John M. Vernon, and Joseph E. Harrington Jr. 2000. "Product Safety." In Economics of Regulation and Antitrust. 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
37. Wald, Anna, Judith Zeh, Stacy Selke, Rhoda L. Ashley, and Lawrence Corey. 1995. "Virologic Characteristics of Subclinical and Asymptomatic Genital Herpes Infections." New England J. Medicine 333 (September 21): 770-75.
38. World Bank. 1999. Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic. Rev. ed. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
39. World Health Organization. 2004. The World Health Report 2004-Changing History. Geneva: World Health Org.