The Role of Laparoscopy in the Management of Gynecologic Cancers

Gynecologic Cancer: Controversies in Management

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 691-716

  Ben Shachar, Inbar ^a,b   Fowler, Jeffrey M ^c  

^a HEBREW UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b HADASSAH HEBREW UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Israel)

^c THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 21044436805     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-07142-3.50056-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (286)

1. C Ottosen, G Lingman and L Ottosen (2000) Three methods for hysterectomy: A randomised, prospective study of short term outcome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 107 1380-1385.
2. D Dargent and P Mathevet (1992) Radical laparoscopic vaginal hysterectomy. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 21 709.
3. N Kadar and H Reich (1993) Laparoscopically assisted radical Schauta hysterectomy and bilateral laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of bulky stage IB carcinoma of the cervix. Gynaecol Endosc 2 135-142.
4. BS Bolger, A De Bassor Lopes, OD Lavie and JM Monaghan (1998) Comparison of laparoscopic-assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy and radical abdominal hysterectomy in the treatment of early stage cervical carcinoma [abstract]. Gynecol Oncol 68 95.
5. KK Chu, SD Chang, FP Chen and YK Soong (1997) Laparoscopic surgical staging in cervical cancer—preliminary experience among Chinese. Gynecol Oncol 64 49-53.
6. D Dargent, M Roy, N Keita, et al. (1993) The Schauta operation: Its place in the management of cervical cancer in 1993 [abstract]. Gynecol Oncol 49 109.
7. K Hatch, A Hallum, M Nour and M Saucedo (1997) Comparison of radical abdominal hysterectomy with laparoscopic assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy for treatment of early cervical cancer [abstract]. Gynecol Oncol 64 293.
8. N Kadar (1994) Laparoscopic-vaginal radical hysterectomy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1(Pt 2), S14-S15.
9. M Possover, N Krause and A Schneider (1998) Identification of the ureter and dissection of the bladder pillar in laparoscopic-assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol 91 139-143.
10. D Querleu (1993) Laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy. Gynecol Oncol 51 248-254.
11. M Roy, M Plante, MC Renaud and B Tetu (1996) Vaginal radical hysterectomy versus abdominal radical hysterectomy in the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 62 336-339.
12. S Malur, M Possover and A Schneider (2001) Laparoscopically assisted radical vaginal versus radical abdominal hysterectomy type II in patients with cervical cancer. Surg Endosc 15 289-292.
13. D Querleu and E Leblanc (1995) Gynecologic cancer. V Gomel, PJ Taylor (Eds) Diagnostic and Operative Gynecologic Laparoscopy Baltimore: Mosby 277-298.
14. DF Dargent (2001) Laparoscopic surgery in gynecologic oncology [review]. Surg Clin North Am 81 949-964.
15. KD Hatch, AV Hallum 3rd and M Nour (1996) New surgical approaches to treatment of cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 21 71-75.
16. A Schneider, M Possover, S Kamprath, et al. (1996) Laparoscopy-assisted radical vaginal hysterectomy modified according to Schauta-Stoeckel. Obstet Gynecol 88 1057-1060.
17. J Sardi, J Vidaurreta, A Bermudez and G di Paola (1999) Laparoscopically assisted Schauta operation: Learning experience at the Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Buenos Aires University Hospital. Gynecol Oncol 75 361-365.
18. MC Renaud, M Plante and M Roy (2000) Combined laparoscopic and vaginal radical surgery in cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 79 59-63.
19. MS Piver, F Rutledge and JP Smith (1974) Five classes of extended hysterectomy for women with cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol 44 265-272.
20. GN Than (1994) Wertheim-meigs oder Schauta-Amereich hysterectomy [letter]. Am J Obstet Gynecology 171 287.
21. M Canis, G Mage, JL Pouly, C Pomel, et al. (1995) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 9 675-689.
22. CR Nezhat, FR Nezhat, MO Burrell, et al. (1993) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy and laparoscopically assisted vaginal radical hysterectomy with pelvic and paraaortic node dissection. J Gynecol Surg 9 105-120.
23. NM Spirtos, JB Schlaerth, RE Kimball, et al. (1996) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (type III) with aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 1763-1767. discussion, 1767-1768.
24. CR Nezhat, MO Burrell, FR Nezhat, et al. (1992) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with paraaortic and pelvic node dissection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 166 864-865.
25. TV Sedlacek, M Campion, H Reich and T Sedlacek (1995) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy: A feasibility study [abstract 65]. Gynecol. Oncol 56 126.
26. C Pomel, M Canis, G Mage, et al. (1997) Laparoscopically extended hysterectomy for cervix cancer: Technique, indications and results. Apropos of a series of 41 cases in Clermont [in French]. Chirurgie 122 133-136. discussion, 136-137.
27. NM Spirtos, SM Eisenkop, JB Schlaerth and SC Ballon (2002) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (type III) with aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with stage I cervical cancer: Surgical morbidity and intermediate follow-up. Am J Obstet Gynecol 187 340-348.
28. YY Hsieh, WC Lin, CC Chang, et al. (1998) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with low paraaortic, subaortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy: Results of short-term follow-up. J Reprod Med 43 528-534.
29. DH Kim and JS Moon (1998) Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy for early, invasive cervical carcinoma. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 5 411-417.
30. A Covens, B Rosen, J Murphy, et al. (2001) Changes in the demographics and perioperative care of stage IA(2)/IB(1) cervical cancer over the past 16 years. Gynecol Oncol 81 133-137.
31. JW Orr Jr (2001) Radical hysterectomy: Lessons in risk reduction. Gynecol Oncol 81 129-132.
32. D Dargent, X Martin, A Sacchetoni and P Mathevet (2000) Laparoscopic vaginal radical trachelectomy: A treatment to preserve the fertility of cervical carcinoma patients. Cancer 88 1877-1882.
33. JH Shepherd, RA Crawford and DH Oram (1998) Radical trachelectomy: A way to preserve fertility in the treatment of early cervical cancer. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 105 912-916.
34. M Roy and M Plante (1998) Pregnancies after radical vaginal trachelectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179(Pt 1), 1491-1496.
35. A Covens, P Shaw, J Murphy, et al. (1999) Is radical trachelectomy a safe alternative to radical hysterectomy for patients with stage IA-B carcinoma of the cervix? Cancer 86 2273-2279.
36. M Rodriguez, O Guimares and PG Rose (2001) Radical abdominal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine conservation and subsequent pregnancy in the treatment of early invasive cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 185 370-374.
37. A Covens, B Rosen, A Gibbons, et al. (1993) Differences in the morbidity of radical hysterectomy between gynecological oncologists. Gynecol Oncol 51 39-45.
38. JH Shepherd, T Mould and DH Oram (2001) Radical trachelectomy in early stage carcinoma of the cervix: Outcome as judged by recurrence and fertility rates. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 108 882-885.
39. Ungar L, Del priore G, Boyle DC, et al: Abdominal radical trachelectomy (ART) follow-up on the first 20 cases. Paper presented on the 33rd annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists, 2002 [abstract 38].
40. D Querleu, E Leblanc and B Castelain (1991) Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in the staging of early carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164 579-581.
41. D Dargent and P Arnould (1993) Percutaneous pelvic lymphadenectomy under laparoscopic guidance. D Nichols (Eds) Gynecologic and Obstetrics Surgery St Louis: Mosby 583.
42. JM Fowler, JR Carter, JW Carlson, et al. (1993) Lymph node yield from laparoscopic lymphadenectomy in cervical cancer: A comparative study. Gynecol Oncol 51 187-192.
43. JM Childers, K Hatch and EA Surwit (1992) The role of laparoscopic lymphadenectomy in the management of cervical carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 47 38-43.
44. N Kadar (1992) Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy for the treatment of gynecological malignancies: Description of a technique. Gynecol Endosc 179-183.
45. M Possover, N Krause, K Plaul, et al. (1998) Laparoscopic para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy: Experience with 150 patients and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 71 19-28.
46. JB Schlaerth, NM Spirtos, LF Carson, et al. (2002) Laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy followed by immediate laparotomy in women with cervical cancer: A gynecologic oncology group study. Gynecol Oncol 85 81-88.
47. N Kadar (1995) Laparoscopic management of gynecological malignancies in women aged 65 years or more. Gynecol Endosc 4 173-176.
48. DR Scribner Jr, JL Walker, GA Johnson, et al. (2001) Surgical management of early-stage endometrial cancer in the elderly: Is laparoscopy feasible? Gynecol Oncol 83 563-568.
49. N Kadar (1995) Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in obese women with gynecologic malignancies. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2 163-167.
50. DR Scribner Jr, JL Walker, GA Johnson, et al. (2002) Laparoscopic pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection in the obese. Gynecol Oncol 84 426-430.
51. CP Morrow and JP Curtin (1998) Tumors of the cervix. Synopsis of Gynecologic Oncology New York: Churchill Livingston
52. GO Downey, RA Potish, LL Adcock, et al. (1989) Pretreatment surgical staging in cervical carcinoma: Therapeutic efficacy of pelvic lymph node resection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 160(Pt 1), 1055-1061.
53. G Michel, P Morice, D Castaigne, et al. (1998) Lymphatic spread in stage Ib and II cervical carcinoma: Anatomy and surgical implications. Obstet Gynecol 91 360-363.
54. JA Cosin, JM Fowler, MD Chen, et al. (1998) Pretreatment surgical staging of patients with cervical carcinoma: The case for lymph node debulking. Cancer 82 2241-2248.
55. BA Goff, HG Muntz, PJ Paley, et al. (1999) Impact of surgical staging in women with locally advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 74 436-442.
56. NM Spirtos, JB Schlaerth, TW Spirtos, et al. (1995) Laparoscopic bilateral pelvic and paraaortic lymph node sampling: An evolving technique. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173 105-111.
57. JH Nelson Jr, J Boyce, M Macasaet, et al. (1977) Incidence, significance, and follow-up of para-aortic lymph node metastases in late invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128 336-340.
58. RR Hughes, KC Brewington, P Hanjani, et al. (1980) Extended field irradiation for cervical cancer based on surgical staging. Gynecol Oncol 9 153-161.
59. HE Averette, DM Donato, JL Lovecchio and BU Sevin (1987) Surgical staging of gynecologic malignancies [review]. Cancer 60(Suppl), 2010-2020.
60. PB Heller, JH Maletano, BN Bundy, et al. (1990) Clinical-pathologic study of stage IIB, III, and IVA carcinoma of the cervix: Extended diagnostic evaluation for paraaortic node metastasis—a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 38 425-430.
61. ES Podczaski, C Palombo, A Manetta, et al. (1989) Assessment of pretreatment laparotomy in patients with cervical carcinoma before radiotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 33 71-75.
62. JT Wharton, HW Jones 3rd, TG Day Jr, et al. (1977) Preirradiation celiotomy and extended field irradiation for invasive carcinoma of the cervix. Obstet Gynecol 49 333-338.
63. N Kadar (1995) Laparoscopic pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy [review]. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 9 651-673.
64. D Querleu (1993) Laparoscopic paraaortic node sampling in gynecologic oncology: A preliminary experience. Gynecol Oncol 49 24-29.
65. M Possover, K Plaul, N Krause and A Schneider (1998) Left-sided laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy: Anatomy of the ventral tributaries of the infrarenal vena cava. Am J Obstet Gynecol 179 1295-1297.
66. JM Childers, KD Hatch, AN Tran and EA Surwit (1993) Laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy in gynecologic malignancies. Obstet Gynecol 82 741-747.
67. NM Spirtos, JB Schlaerth, GM Gross, et al. (1996) Cost and quality-of-life analyses of surgery for early endometrial cancer: Laparotomy versus laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 1795-1799. discussion 1799-800.
68. JM Childers, PR Brzechffa, KD Hatch and EA Surwit (1993) Laparoscopically assisted surgical staging (LASS) of endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 51 33-38.
69. TD Melendez, JM Childers, M Nour, et al. (1997) Laparoscopic staging of endometrial cancer: The learning experience. JSLS 1 45-49.
70. H Reich, F McGlynn and W Wilkie (1990) Laparoscopic management of stage I ovarian cancer: A case report. J Reprod Med 35 601-604. discussion 604-605.
71. JM Childers, J Lang, EA Surwit and KD Hatch (1995) Laparoscopic surgical staging of ovarian cancer [review]. Gynecol Oncol 59 25-33.
72. C Pomel, D Provencher, J Dauplat, et al. (1995) Laparoscopic staging of early ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 58 301-306.
73. FO Recio, MS Piver and RE Hempling (1996) Pretreatment transperitoneal laparoscopic staging pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy in large (> or = 5 cm) stage IB2 cervical carcinoma: Report of a pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 63 333-336.
74. TH Su, KG Wang, YC Yang, et al. (1995) Laparoscopic para-aortic lymph node sampling in the staging of invasive cervical carcinoma, including a comparative study of 21 laparotomy cases. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 49 311-318.
75. N Kadar (1993) Laparoscopic resection of fixed and enlarged lymph nodes in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Endosc 2 217-221.
76. PR Dottino, DH Tobias, A Beddoe, et al. (1999) Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy for gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 73 383-388.
77. ML Berman, LD Lagasse, WG Watring, et al. (1977) The operative evaluation of patients with cervical carcinoma by an extraperitoneal approach. Obstet Gynecol 50 658-664.
78. D Lanvin, A Elhage, B Henry, et al. (1997) Accuracy and safety of laparoscopic lymphadenectomy: An experimental prospective randomized study. Gynecol Oncol 67 83-87.
79. MD Chen, GA Teigen, HT Reynolds, et al. (1998) Laparoscopy versus laparotomy: An evaluation of adhesion formation after pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy in a porcine model. Am J Obstet Gynecol 178 499-503.
80. B Occelli, F Narducci, D Lanvin, et al. (2000) De novo adhesions with extraperitoneal endosurgical para-aortic lymphadenectomy versus transperitoneal laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy: A randomized experimental study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 183 529-533.
81. SA Vasilev and KF McGonigle (1996) Extraperitoneal laparoscopic paraaortic lymph node dissection. Gynecol Oncol 61 315-320.
82. D Dargent, Y Ansquer and P Mathevet (2000) Technical development and results of left extraperitoneal laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy for cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 77 87-92.
83. D Querleu, D Dargent, Y Ansquer, et al. (2000) Extraperitoneal endosurgical aortic and common iliac dissection in the staging of bulky or advanced cervical carcinomas. Cancer 88 1883-1891.
84. I Vergote, F Amant, P Berteloot and M Van Gramberen (2002) Laparoscopic lower para-aortic staging lymphadenectomy in stage IB2, II, and III cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 12 22-26.
85. HJ Buchsbaum (1979) Extrapelvic lymph node metastases in cervical carcinoma. Am J Obstet Gynecol 133 814-824.
86. MA Finan, S DeCesare, JV Fiorica, et al. (1996) Radical hysterectomy for stage IB1 vs IB2 carcinoma of the cervix: Does the new staging system predict morbidity and survival? Gynecol Oncol 62 139-147.
87. PB Panici, G Scambia, G Baiocchi, et al. (1991) Technique and feasibility of radical para-aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy for gynecologic malignancies. J Gynecol Cancer 1 133-140.
88. M Rotman, TF Pajak, K Choi, et al. (1995) Prophylactic extended-field irradiation of para-aortic lymph nodes in stages IIB and bulky IB and IIA cervical carcinomas: Ten-year treatment results of RTOG 79-20. JAMA 274 387-393.
89. C Haie, MH Pejovic, A Gerbaulet, et al. (1988) Is prophylactic paraaortic irradiation worthwhile in the treatment of advanced cervical carcinoma? Results of a controlled clinical trial of the EORTC radiotherapy group. Radiother Oncol 11 101-112.
90. NF Hacker, GV Wain and JL Nicklin (1995) Resection of bulky positive lymph nodes in patients with cervical carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 5 250-352.
91. JA Cosin, JM Fowler, MD Chen, et al. (1998) Pretreatment surgical staging of patients with cervical carcinoma: The case for lymph node debulking. Cancer 82 2241-2248.
92. WT Creasman, CP Morrow, BN Bundy, et al. (1987) Surgical pathologic spread patterns of endometrial cancer. A Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Cancer 60(Suppl), 2035-2041.
93. JM Fowler (1999) The role of laparoscopic staging in the management of patients with early endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 73 1-3.
94. JM Childers and EA Surwit (1992) Combined laparoscopic and vaginal surgery for the management of two cases of stage I endometrial cancer. Gynecol Oncol 45 46-51.
95. ML Gemignani, JP Curtin, J Zelmanovich, et al. (1999) Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy for endometrial cancer: Clinical outcomes and hospital charges. Gynecol Oncol 73 5-11.
96. Z Holub, A Jabor, P Bartos, et al. (2002) Laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of endometrial cancer: Results of a multicenter study. JSLS 6 125-131.
97. M Bidzinski, L Mettler and J Zielinski (1998) Endoscopic lymphadenectomy and LAVH in the treatment of endometrial cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 19 32-34.
98. G Boike, J Laurain and A Burke (1994) A comparison of laparoscopic management of endometrial cancer and traditional laparotomy [abstract]. Gynecol Oncol 52 105.
99. JF Magrina, NF Mutone, AL Weaver, et al. (1999) Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy and vaginal or laparoscopic hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for endometrial cancer: Morbidity and survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 376-381.
100. KM Fram (2002) Laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy versus abdominal hysterectomy in stage I endometrial cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 12 57-61.
101. GH Eltabbakh, MI Shamonki, JM Moody and LL Garafano (2001) Laparoscopy as the primary modality for the treatment of women with endometrial carcinoma. Cancer 91 378-387.
102. S Malur, M Possover, W Michels and A Schneider (2001) Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal versus abdominal surgery in patients with endometrial cancer—a prospective randomized trial. Gynecol Oncol 80 239-244.
103. JM Childers, NM Spirtos, P Brainard and EA Surwit (1994) Laparoscopic staging of the patient with incompletely staged early adeno-carcinoma of the endometrium. Obstet Gynecol 83 597-600.
104. NJ Finkler, B Benacerraf, PT Lavin, et al. (1988) Comparison of serum CA125, clinical impression, and ultrasound in the preoperative evaluation of ovarian masses. Obstet Gynecol 72 659-664.
105. LD Roman, LI Muderspach, SM Stein, et al. (1997) Pelvic examination, tumor marker level, and gray-scale and Doppler sonography in the prediction of pelvic cancer. Obstet Gynecol 89 493-500.
106. EM Schutter, P Kenemans, C Sohn, et al. (1994) Diagnostic value of pelvic examination, ultrasound, and serum CA 125 in post-menopausal women with a pelvic mass. An international multicenter study. Cancer 74 1398-1406.
107. M Kobayashi (1976) Use of diagnostic ultrasound in trophoblastic neoplasms and ovarian tumors. Cancer 38(Suppl), 441-452.
108. HB Meire, P Farrant and T Guha (1978) Distinction of benign from malignant ovarian cysts by ultrasound. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 85 893-899.
109. UJ Herrmann Jr, GW Locher and A Goldhirsch (1987) Sonographic patterns of ovarian tumors: Prediction of malignancy. Obstet Gynecol 69 777-781.
110. BR Benacerraf, NJ Finkler, C Wojciechowski and RC Knapp (1990) Sonographic accuracy in the diagnosis of ovarian masses. J Reprod Med 35 491-495.
111. S Granberg, A Norstrom and M Wikland (1990) Tumors in the lower pelvis as imaged by vaginal sonography. Gynecol Oncol 37 224-229.
112. AM Sassone, IE Timor-Tritsch, A Artner, et al. (1991) Transvaginal sonographic characterization of ovarian disease: Evaluation of a new scoring system to predict ovarian malignancy [review]. Obstet Gynecol 78 70-76.
113. I Jacobs, D Oram, J Fairbanks, et al. (1990) A risk of malignancy index incorporating CA 125, ultrasound and menopausal status for the accurate preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 97 922-929.
114. AP Davies, I Jacobs, R Woolas, et al. (1993) The adnexal mass: Benign or malignant? Evaluation of a risk of malignancy index. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 100 927-931.
115. T Bourne, S Campbell, C Steer, et al. (1989) Transvaginal colour flow imaging: A possible new screening technique for ovarian cancer. BMJ 299 1367-1370.
116. Z Weiner, I Thaler, D Beck, et al. (1992) Differentiating malignant from benign ovarian tumors with transvaginal color flow imaging. Obstet Gynecol 79 159-162.
117. M Kawai, T Kano, F Kikkawa, et al. (1992) Transvaginal Doppler ultrasound with color flow imaging in the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 79 163-167.
118. Y Yamashita, M Torashima, Y Hatanaka, et al. (1995) Adnexal masses: Accuracy of characterization with transvaginal US and precontrast and postcontrast MR imaging. Radiology 194 557-565.
119. TP Manolitsas and JM Fowler (2001) Role of laparoscopy in the management of the adnexal mass and staging of gynecologic cancers [review]. Clin Obstet Gynecol 44 495-521.
120. G Mage, M Canis, H Manhes, et al. (1990) Laparoscopic management of adnexal cystic masses. J Gynecol Surg 6 71-79.
121. WH Parker and JS Berek (1990) Management of selected cystic adnexal masses in postmenopausal women by operative laparoscopy: A pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163(Pt 1), 1574-1577.
122. H Mecke, E Lehmann-Willenbrock, M Ibrahim and K Semm (1992) Pelviscopic treatment of ovarian cysts in premenopausal women. Gynecol Obstet Invest 34 36-42.
123. F Nezhat, C Nezhat, CE Welander and B Benigno (1992) Four ovarian cancers diagnosed during laparoscopic management of 1011 women with adnexal masses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167 790-796.
124. JF Hulka, WH Parker, MW Surrey and JM Phillips (1992) Management of ovarian masses. AAGL 1990 survey. J Reprod Med 37 599-602.
125. R Wenzl, R Lehner, P Husslein and P Sevelda (1996) Laparoscopic surgery in cases of ovarian malignancies: An Austria-wide survey. Gynecol Oncol 63 57-61.
126. M Canis, G Mage, JL Pouly, et al. (1994) Laparoscopic diagnosis of adnexal cystic masses: A 12-year experience with long-term follow-up. Obstet Gynecol 83(Pt 1), 707-712.
127. PR Dottino, DA Levine, DL Ripley and CJ Cohen (1999) Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in premenopausal and post-menopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 93 223-228.
128. JM Childers, A Nasseri and EA Surwit (1996) Laparoscopic management of suspicious adnexal masses. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175 1451-1457. discussion 1457-1459.
129. M Canis, JL Pouly, A Wattiez, et al. (1997) Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses suspicious at ultrasound. Obstet Gynecol 89(Pt 1), 679-683.
130. DA Hidlebaugh, S Vulgaropulos and RK Orr (1997) Treating adnexal masses: Operative laparoscopy vs. laparotomy. J Reprod Med 42 551-558.
131. FC Twaalfhoven, AA Peters, JB Trimbos, et al. (1991) The accuracy of frozen section diagnosis of ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 41 189-192.
132. I Obiakor, M Maiman, K Mittal, et al. (1991) The accuracy of frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms. Gynecol Oncol 43 61-63.
133. V Mais, S Ajossa, B Piras, et al. (1995) Treatment of nonendometriotic benign adnexal cysts: A randomized comparison of laparoscopy and laparotomy. Obstet Gynecol 86 770-774.
134. Z Dobronte, T Wittmann and G Karacsony (1978) Rapid development of malignant metastases in the abdominal wall after laparoscopy. Endoscopy 10 127-130.
135. PA Van Dam, J DeCloedt, WA Tjalma, et al. (1999) Trocar implantation metastasis after laparoscopy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: Can the risk be reduced? Am J Obstet Gynecol 181 536-541.
136. A Leminen and P Lehtovirta (1999) Spread of ovarian cancer after laparoscopic surgery: Report of eight cases. Gynecol Oncol 75 387-390.
137. PH Wang, CC Yuan, KC Chao, et al. (1997) Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix after laparoscopic surgery: A case report. J Reprod Med 42 801-804.
138. DE Cohn, HK Tamimi and BA Goff (1997) Intraperitoneal spread of cervical carcinoma after laparoscopic lymphadenectomy. Obstet Gynecol 89(Pt 2), 864.
139. CA Jacobi, R Sabat, B Bohm, et al. (1997) Pneumoperitoneum with carbon dioxide stimulates growth of malignant colonic cells. Surgery 121 72-78.
140. J Volz, S Koster and F Melchert (1996) The effects of pneumoperitoneum on intraperitoneal tumor implantation in nude mice. Gynaecol Endosc 5 193-196.
141. J Volz, S Koster, Z Spacek and N Paweletz (1999) The influence of pneumoperitoneum used in laparoscopic surgery on an intra-abdominal tumor growth. Cancer 86 770-774.
142. M Canis, R Botchorishvili, A Wattiez, et al. (2000) Cancer and laparoscopy, experimental studies: A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 91 1-9.
143. N Kadar (1997) Laparoscopic management of gynecological malignancies [review]. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 9 247-255.
144. M Canis, R Botchorishvili, H Manhes, et al. (2000) Management of adnexal masses: Role and risk of laparoscopy. Semin Surg Oncol 19 28-35.
145. JS Berek (1995) Ovarian cancer spread: Is laparoscopy to blame? Lancet 346 200.
146. JB Trimbos and NF Hacker (1993) The case against aspirating ovarian cysts. Cancer 72 828-831.
147. M Maiman, V Seltzer and J Boyce (1991) Laparoscopic excision of ovarian neoplasms subsequently found to be malignant. Obstet Gynecol 77 563-565.
148. G Kindermann, V Maassen and W Kuhn (1995) Laparoscopic preliminary surgery of ovarian malignancies. Experiences from 127 German gynecologic clinics [in German]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 55 687-694.
149. R Lehner, R Wenzl, H Heinzl, et al. (1998) Influence of delayed staging laparotomy after laparoscopic removal of ovarian masses later found malignant. Obstet Gynecol 92 967-971.
150. I Vergote, J De Brabanter, A Fyles, et al. (2001) Prognostic importance of degree of differentiation and cyst rupture in stage I invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Lancet 357 176-182.
151. AJ Dembo, M Davy, AE Stenwig, et al. (1990) Prognostic factors in patients with stage I epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 75 263-273.
152. P Sevelda, C Dittrich and H Salzer (1989) Prognostic value of the rupture of the capsule in stage I epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 35 321-322.
153. K Sjovall, B Nilsson and N Einhorn (1994) Different types of rupture of the tumor capsule and the impact on survival in early ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer 4 333-336.
154. MJ Webb, DG Decker, E Mussey and TJ Williams (1973) Factor influencing survival in stage I ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 116 222-228.
155. C Mayer, DM Miller and TG Ehlen (2002) Peritoneal implantation of squamous cell carcinoma following rupture of a dermoid cyst during laparoscopic removal. Gynecol Oncol 84 180-183.
156. AJ McCartney and N Johnson (1995) Using a vaginal tube to exteriorize lymph nodes during a laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy. Gynecol Oncol 57 304-306.
157. GM Boike and JE Graham (1997) Ovarian cancer surgery by operative laparoscopy. Oper Tech Gynecol Surg 2 171-179.
158. FIGO Cancer Committee (1986) Staging announcement. Gynecol Oncol 25 383.
159. D Querleu and E LeBlanc (1994) Laparoscopic infrarenal paraaortic lymph node dissection for restaging of carcinoma of the ovary or fallopian tube. Cancer 73 1467-1471.
160. DR Scribner Jr, JL Walker, GA Johnson, et al. (2001) Laparoscopic pelvic and paraaortic lymph node dissection: Analysis of the first 100 cases. Gynecol Oncol 82 498-503.
161. DS Miller, NM Spirtos, SC Ballon, et al. (1992) Critical reassessment of second-look exploratory laparotomy for epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Minimal diagnostic and therapeutic value in patients with persistent cancer. Cancer 69 502-510.
162. MO Nicoletto, S Tumolo, R Talamini, et al. (1997) Surgical second look in ovarian cancer: A randomized study in patients with laparoscopic complete remission—a Northeastern Oncology Cooperative Group-Ovarian Cancer Cooperative Group Study. J Clin Oncol 15 994-999.
163. RF Ozols, SC Rubin, G Thomas, S Robboy (1997) Epithelial ovarian cancer. WZ Hoskins, CA Perez, et al., (Eds) Principles and Practice of Gynecologic Oncology 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven 919-986.
164. JM Cain, PE Saigo, VK Pierce, et al. (1986) A review of second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 23 14-25.
165. WT Creasman (1994) Second-look laparotomy in ovarian cancer [review]. Gynecol Oncol 55(Pt 2), S122-S127.
166. SC Rubin, WJ Hoskins, TB Hakes, et al. (1988) Recurrence after negative second-look laparotomy for ovarian cancer: Analysis of risk factors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 159 1094-1098.
167. SC Rubin, WJ Hoskins, PE Saigo, et al. (1991) Prognostic factors for recurrence following negative second-look laparotomy in ovarian cancer patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Gynecol Oncol 42 137-141.
168. SC Rubin, TC Randall, KA Armstrong, et al. (1999) Ten-year follow-up of ovarian cancer patients after second-look laparotomy with negative findings. Obstet Gynecol 93 21-22.
169. RF Ozols, RI Fisher, T Anderson, et al. (1981) Peritoneoscopy in the management of ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 140 611-619.
170. MA Quinn, GJ Bishop, JJ Campbell, et al. (1980) Laparoscopic follow-up of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 87 1132-1139.
171. JS Berek, CT Griffiths and JM Leventhal (1981) Laparoscopy for second-look evaluation in ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 58 192-198.
172. A Gadducci, E Sartori, T Maggino, et al. (1998) Analysis of failures after negative second-look in patients with advanced ovarian cancer: An Italian multicenter study. Gynecol Oncol 68 150-155.
173. NR Abu-Rustum, RR Barakat, PL Siegel, et al. (1996) Second-look operation for epithelial ovarian cancer: Laparoscopy or laparotomy? Obstet Gynecol 88(Pt 1), 549-553.
174. AC Casey, R Farias-Eisner, AL Pisani, et al. (1996) What is the role of reassessment laparoscopy in the management of gynecologic cancers in 1995? Gynecol Oncol 60 454-461.
175. A Husain, DS Chi, M Prasad, N Abu-Rustum, et al. (2001) The role of laparoscopy in second-look evaluations for ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 80 44-47.
176. KB Clough, JM Ladonne, C Nos, et al. (1999) Second look for ovarian cancer: Laparoscopy or laparotomy? A prospective comparative study. Gynecol Oncol 72 411-417.
177. JM Fowler and LB Twiggs (1997) Applications of laparoscopy in gynecologic oncology. Oper Tech Gynecol Surg 2 132-137.
178. F Janicke, M Holscher, W Kuhn, et al. (1992) Radical surgical procedure improves survival time in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer 70 2129-2136.
179. C Scarabelli, A Gallo, S Franceschi, et al. (2000) Primary cytoreductive surgery with rectosigmoid colon resection for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 88 389-397.
180. WP McGuire, WJ Hoskins, MF Brady, et al. (1996) Cyclophosphamide and cisplatin compared with paclitaxel and cisplatin in patients with stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer. N Engl J Med 334 1-6.
181. NF Hacker, JS Berek, LD Lagasse, et al. (1983) Primary cytoreductive surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 61 413-420.
182. MS Piver, SB Lele, DL Marchetti, et al. (1988) The impact of aggressive debulking surgery and cisplatin-based chemotherapy on progression-free survival in stage in and IV ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 6 983-989.
183. ME Potter, EE Partridge, KD Hatch, et al. (1991) Primary surgical therapy of ovarian cancer: How much and when. Gynecol Oncol 40 195-200.
184. SM Eisenkop, NM Spirtos, TW Montag, et al. (1992) The impact of subspecialty training on the management of advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 47 203-209.
185. PE Schwartz, TJ Rutherford, JT Chambers, et al. (1999) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer: Long-term survival. Gynecol Oncol 72 93-99.
186. IB Vergote, I De Wever, J Decloedt, et al. (2000) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus primary debulking surgery in advanced ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 27(Suppl 7), 31-36.
187. I Vergote, I de Wever, W Tjalma, et al. (2000) Interval debulking surgery: An alternative for primary surgical debulking [review]. Semin Surg Oncol 19 49-53.
188. BE Nelson, AT Rosenfield and PE Schwartz (1993) Preoperative abdominopelvic computed tomographic prediction of optimal cytoreduction in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 11 166-172.
189. W Kuhn, S Rutke, K Spathe, et al. (2001) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by tumor debulking prolongs survival for patients with poor prognosis in International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IIIC ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 92 2585-2591.
190. RE Bristow, LR Duska, NC Lambrou, et al. (2000) A model for predicting surgical outcome in patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma using computed tomography. Cancer 89 1532-1540.
191. DS Chi, ES Venkatraman, V Masson and WJ Hoskins (2000) The ability of preoperative serum CA-125 to predict optimal primary tumor cytoreduction in stage III epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 77 227-231.
192. I Vergote, I De Wever, W Tjalma, et al. (1998) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy or primary debulking surgery in advanced ovarian carcinoma: A retrospective analysis of 285 patients. Gynecol Oncol 71 431-436.
193. ES Hughes, FT McDermott, AL Polglase and WR Johnson (1983) Tumor recurrence in the abdominal wall scar tissue after large-bowel cancer surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 26 571-572.
194. WT Reilly, H Nelson, G Schroeder, et al. (1996) Wound recurrence following conventional treatment of colorectal cancer. A rare but perhaps underestimated problem. Dis Colon Rectum 39 200-207.
195. AD Stockdale and TJ Pocock (1985) Abdominal wall metastasis following laparoscopy: A case report. Eur J Surg Oncol 11 373-375.
196. JG Hsiu, FT Given Jr and GM Kemp (1986) Tumor implantation after diagnostic laparoscopic biopsy of serous ovarian tumors of low malignant potential. Obstet Gynecol 68(Suppl), 90S-93S.
197. RM Miralles, J Petit, L Gine and L Balaguero (1989) Metastatic cancer spread at the laparoscopic puncture site: Report of a case in a patient with carcinoma of the ovary. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 10 442-444.
198. NC Gleeson, SV Nicosia, JE Mark, et al. (1993) Abdominal wall metastases from ovarian cancer after laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 522-523.
199. JH Shepherd, PG Carter and DG Lowe (1994) Wound recurrence by implantation of a borderline ovarian tumour following laparoscopic removal. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 101 265-266.
200. JM Childers, KA Aqua, EA Surwit, et al. (1994) Abdominal-wall tumor implantation after laparoscopy for malignant conditions. Obstet Gynecol 84 765-769.
201. M Gungor, B Cengiz, YH Turan and F Ortac (1996) Implantation metastasis of ovarian cancer after third-look laparoscopy. J Pak Med Assoc 46 111-112.
202. HS Chu, NW Jung, JH Kim, et al. (1996) Tumor implantation along abdominal trocar site after pelviscopic removal of malignant ovarian tumor—a case report. J Korean Med Sci 11 440-443.
203. RF Kruitwagen, BM Swinkels, KG Keyser, et al. (1996) Incidence and effect on survival of abdominal wall metastases at trocar or puncture sites following laparoscopy or paracentesis in women with ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 60 233-237.
204. MP Hopkins, V von Gruenigen and S Gaich (2000) Laparoscopic port site implantation with ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 735-736.
205. P Morice, J Viala, P Pautier, et al. (2000) Port-site metastasis after laparoscopic surgery for gynecologic cancer: A report of six cases. J Reprod Med 45 837-840.
206. RV Haughney, RJ Slade and AN Brain (2001) An isolated abdominal wall metastasis of ovarian carcinoma ten years after primary surgery. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 22 102-103.
207. NL Carlson, TC Krivak, WE Winter 3rd and CI Macri (2002) Port site metastasis of ovarian carcinoma remote from laparoscopic surgery for benign disease. Gynecol Oncol 85 529-531.
208. N O'Rourke, PM Price, S Kelly and K Sikora (1993) Tumour inoculation during laparoscopy. Lancet 342 368.
209. MA Fusco and MW Paluzzi (1993) Abdominal wall recurrence after laparoscopic-assisted colectomy for adenocarcinoma of the colon: Report of a case. Dis Colon Rectum 36 858-861.
210. JM Ramos, S Gupta, GJ Anthone, et al. (1994) Laparoscopy and colon cancer. Is the port site at risk? A preliminary report. Arch Surg 129 897-899.
211. WC Cirocco, A Schwartzman and RW Golub (1994) Abdominal wall recurrence after laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer. Surgery 116 842-846.
212. P Ziprin, PF Ridgway, DH Peck and AW Darzi (2002) The theories and realities of port-site metastases: A critical appraisal. J Am Coll Surg 195 395-408.
213. PH Wang, CC Yuan, G Lin, et al. (1999) Risk factors contributing to early occurrence of port site metastases of laparoscopic surgery for malignancy. Gynecol Oncol 72 38-44.
214. G Kindermann, V Masson and W Kuhn (1996) Laparoscopic management of ovarian tumors subsequently diagnosed as malignant. J Pelvic Surg 2 245-251.
215. B Schaeff, V Paolucci and J Thomopoulos (1998) Port site recurrences after laparoscopic surgery. A review. Dig Surg 15 124-134.
216. PH Wang, MS Yen, CC Yuan, et al. (1997) Port site metastasis after laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy for endometrial cancer: Possible mechanisms and prevention. Gynecol Oncol 66 151-155.
217. HG Muntz, BA Goff, BL Madsen and JL Yon (1999) Port-site recurrence after laparoscopic surgery for endometrial carcinoma. Obstet Gynecol 93(Pt 2), 807-809.
218. N Kadar (1997) Port-site recurrences following laparoscopic operations for gynaecological malignancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104 1308-1313.
219. H Gregor, CE Sam, A Reinthaller and EA Joura (2001) Port site metastases after laparoscopic lymph node staging of cervical carcinoma. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8 591-593.
220. B Patsner and M Damien (1992) Umbilical metastases from a stage IB cervical cancer after laparoscopy: A case report. Fertil Steril 58 1248-1249.
221. RW Naumann and S Spencer (1997) An umbilical metastasis after laparoscopy for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 64 507-509.
222. G Lane and J Tay (1999) Port-site metastasis following laparoscopic lymphadenectomy for adenosquamous carcinoma of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 74 130-133.
223. JP Carvalho, J Souen and JA Pinotti (1999) Trochar site metastasis after laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy for cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 67 111-112.
224. PD Kohlberger, L Edwards, C Collins, et al. (2000) Laparoscopic portsite recurrence following surgery for a stage IB squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with negative lymph nodes. Gynecol Oncol 79 324-326.
225. O Lavie, PA Cross, U Beller, et al. (1999) Laparoscopic port-site metastasis of an early stage adenocarcinoma of the cervix with negative lymph nodes. Gynecol Oncol 75 155-157.
226. CG Thomas (1961) Tumor cell contamination of the surgical wound: Experimental and clinical observations. Ann Surg 153 697-705.
227. F Drouard, J Delamarre and JP Capron (1991) Cutaneous seeding of gallbladder cancer after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. N Engl J Med 325 1316.
228. EG Russi, S Pergolizzi, M Mesiti, et al. (1992) Unusual relapse of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 70 1483-1487.
229. V Paolucci, B Schaeff, M Schneider and C Gutt (1999) Tumor seeding following laparoscopy: International survey. World J Surg 23 989-995. discussion 996-997.
230. ND Bouvy, RL Marquet, H Jeekel and HJ Bonjer (1996) Impact of gas(less) laparoscopy and laparotomy on peritoneal tumor growth and abdominal wall metastases. Ann Surg 224 694-700. discussion 700-7001.
231. M Doudle, G King, WM Thomas and P Hewett (1996) The movement of mucosal cells of the gallbladder within the peritoneal cavity during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 10 1092-1094.
232. R Allardyce, P Morreau and P Bagshaw (1996) Tumor cell distribution following laparoscopic colectomy in a porcine model. Dis Colon Rectum 39(Suppl), S47-S52.
233. WM Thomas, MC Eaton and PJ Hewett (1996) A proposed model for the movement of cells within the abdominal cavity during CO 2 insufflation and laparoscopy. Aust N Z J Surg 66 105-106.
234. RA Allardyce, P Morreau and PF Bagshaw (1997) Operative factors affecting tumor cell distribution following laparoscopic colectomy in a porcine model. Dis Colon Rectum 40 939-945.
235. WR Jewell and MM Romsdahl (1965) Recurrent malignant disease in operative wounds not due to surgical implantation from the resected tumor. Surgery 58 806-809.
236. P Gertsch, HU Baer, R Kraft, et al. (1992) Malignant cells are collected on circular staplers. Dis Colon Rectum 35 238-241.
237. N Rieger and N McIntosh (1998) Port site metastasis from synchronous primaries of the colon and ovary following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur J Surg Oncol 24 144-145.
238. TM Lane and AJ Cook (1999) Port-site metastasis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for benign disease. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 9 283-284.
239. F Ugarte (1995) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy port seeding from a colon carcinoma. Am Surg 61 820-821.
240. G Hubens, M Pauwels, A Hubens, et al. (1996) The influence of a pneumoperitoneum on the peritoneal implantation of free intraperitoneal colon cancer cells. Surg Endosc 10 809-812.
241. RL Whelan, GJ Sellers, JD Allendorf, et al. (1996) Trocar site recurrence is unlikely to result from aerosolization of tumor cells. Dis Colon Rectum 39(Suppl), S7-S13.
242. GJ Sellers, RL Whelan, JD Allendorf, et al. (1998) An in vitro model fails to demonstrate aerosolization of tumor cells. Surg Endosc 12 436-439.
243. P Wittich, RL Marquet, G Kazemier and HJ Bonjer (2000) Port-site metastases after CO(2) laparoscopy. Is aerosolization of tumor cells a pivotal factor? Surg Endosc 14 189-192.
244. E Hansen, N Wolff, R Knuechel, et al. (1995) Tumor cells in blood shed from the surgical field. Arch Surg 130 387-393.
245. K Hase, H Ueno, N Kuranaga, et al. (1998) Intraperitoneal exfoliated cancer cells in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 41 1134-1140.
246. SW Lee, J Southall, J Allendorf, et al. (1998) Traumatic handling of the tumor independent of pneumoperitoneum increases port site implantation rate of colon cancer in a murine model. Surg Endosc 12 828-834.
247. SW Lee, NR Gleason, M Bessler and RL Whelan (2000) Port site tumor recurrence rates in a murine model of laparoscopic splenectomy decreased with increased experience. Surg Endosc 14 805-811.
248. CA Jacobi, FA Wenger, J Ordemann, et al. (1998) Experimental study of the effect of intra-abdominal pressure during laparoscopy on tumour growth and port site metastasis. Br J Surg 85 1419-1422.
249. CN Gutt, ZG Kim, D Hollander, et al. (2001) CO 2 environment influences the growth of cultured human cancer cells dependent on insufflation pressure. Surg Endosc 15 314-318.
250. P Wittich, EW Steyerberg, SH Simons, et al. (2000) Retroperitoneal tumor growth is influenced by pressure of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Surg Endosc 14 817-819.
251. H Ishida, N Murata, M Yokoyama, et al. (2000) The influence of different insufflation pressures during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum on the development of pulmonary metastasis in a mouse model. Surg Endosc 14 578-581.
252. PF Ridgway, A Smith, P Ziprin, et al. (2002) Pneumoperitoneum augmented tumor invasiveness is abolished by matrix metalloproteinase blockade. Surg Endosc 16 533-536.
253. HR Dorrance, K Oien and PJ O'Dwyer (1999) Effects of laparoscopy on intraperitoneal tumor growth and distant metastases in an animal model. Surgery 126 35-40.
254. K Yamaguchi, Y Hirabayashi, A Shiromizu, et al. (2001) Enhancement of port site metastasis by hyaluronic acid under CO 2 pneumoperitoneum in a murine model. Surg Endosc 15 504-507.
255. T Jones, P Paraskeva, DH Peck and A Darzi (2001) Exposure to pneumoperitoneum induces tumor invasiveness via an up-regulation of the urokinase plasminogen activator system [abstract]. Br J Surg 88 735.
256. W Schwenk, C Jacobi, U Mansmann, et al. (2000) Inflammatory response after laparoscopic and conventional colorectal resections—results of a prospective randomized trial. Langenbecks Arch Surg 385 2-9.
257. MA West, DJ Hackam, J Baker, et al. (1997) Mechanism of decreased in vitro murine macrophage cytokine release after exposure to carbon dioxide: Relevance to laparoscopic surgery. Ann Surg 226 179-190.
258. SJ Neuhaus, DI Watson, T Ellis, et al. (2000) Influence of gases on intraperitoneal immunity during laparoscopy in tumor-bearing rats. World J Surg 24 1227-1231.
259. HC Umpleby, B Fermor, MO Symes and RC Williamson (1984) Viability of exfoliated colorectal carcinoma cells. Br J Surg 71 659-663.
260. ME Franklin Jr, D Rosenthal, D Abrego-Medina, et al. (1996) Prospective comparison of open vs. laparoscopic colon surgery for carcinoma: Five-year results. Dis Colon Rectum 39(Suppl), S35-S46.
261. CA Jacobi, FJ Peter, FA Wenger, et al. (1999) New therapeutic strategies to avoid intra- and extraperitoneal metastases during laparoscopy: Results of a tumor model in the rat. Dig Surg 16 393-399.
262. SJ Neuhaus, T Ellis, GG Jamieson and DI Watson (1999) Experimental study of the effect of intraperitoneal heparin on tumour implantation following laparoscopy. Br J Surg 86 400-404.
263. CA Jacobi, J Ordemann, B Bohm, et al. (1997) Inhibition of peritoneal tumor cell growth and implantation in laparoscopic surgery in a rat model. Am J Surg 174 359-363.
264. W Hoffstetter, A Ortega, M Chiang, et al. (2001) Effects of topical tumoricidal agents on port-site recurrence of colon cancer: An experimental study in rats. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 11 9-12.
265. N Eshraghi, LL Swanstrom, T Bax, et al. (1999) Topical treatments of laparoscopic port sites can decrease the incidence of incision metastasis. Surg Endosc 13 1121-1124.
266. PH Sugarbaker, WJ Cunliffe, J Belliveau, et al. (1989) Rationale for integrating early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy into the surgical treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. Semin Oncol 16(Suppl 6), 83-97.
267. SJ Neuhaus, DI Watson, T Ellis, et al. (1998) Wound metastasis after laparoscopy with different insufflation gases. Surgery 123 579-583.
268. DI Watson, G Mathew, T Ellis, et al. (1997) Gasless laparoscopy may reduce the risk of port-site metastases following laparoscopic tumor surgery. Arch Surg 132 166-168. discussion 169.
269. H Noguchi, I Shiozawa, Y Sakai, et al. (1987) Pelvic lymph node metastasis of uterine cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 27 150-158.
270. RM Cabanas (1992) Anatomy and biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes. Urol Clin North Am 19 267-276.
271. U Veronesi, G Paganelli, V Galimberti, et al. (1997) Sentinel-node biopsy to avoid axillary dissection in breast cancer with clinically negative lymph nodes. Lancet 349 1864-1867.
272. D Krag, D Weaver, T Ashikaga, et al. (1998) The sentinel node in breast cancer—a multicenter validation study. N Engl J Med 339 941-946.
273. S Malur, N Krause, C Kohler and A Schneider (2001) Sentinel lymph node detection in patients with cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 80 254-257.
274. C Levenback, RL Coleman, TW Burke, et al. (2002) Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node identification in patients with cervix cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. J Clin Oncol 20 688-693.
275. D Dargent, X Martin and P Mathevet (2000) Laparoscopic assessment of the sentinel lymph node in early stage cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 79 411-415.
276. T Lantzsch, M Wolters, J Grimm, et al. (2001) Sentinel node procedure in Ib cervical cancer: A preliminary series. Br J Cancer 85 791-794.
277. RH Verheijen, R Pijpers, PJ van Diest, et al. (2000) Sentinel node detection in cervical cancer. Obstet Gynecol 96 135-138.
278. S Kamprath, M Possover and A Schneider (2000) Laparoscopic sentinel lymph node detection in patients with cervical cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 1648.
279. JD O'Boyle, RL Coleman, SG Bernstein, et al. (2000) Intraoperative lymphatic mapping in cervix cancer patients undergoing radical hysterectomy: A pilot study. Gynecol Oncol 79 238-243.
280. PO Van Trappen, VG Gyselman, DG Lowe, et al. (2001) Molecular quantification and mapping of lymph-node micrometastases in cervical cancer. Lancet 357 15-20.
281. KB Stitzenberg, BF Calvo, MV Iacocca, et al. (2002) Cytokeratin immunohistochemical validation of the sentinel node hypothesis in patients with breast cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 117 729-737.
282. K Dowlatshahi, M Fan, HC Snider and FA Habib (1997) Lymph node micrometastases from breast carcinoma: Reviewing the dilemma. Cancer 80 1188-1197.
283. S Pendas, E Dauway, CE Cox, et al. (1999) Sentinel node biopsy and cytokeratin staining for the accurate staging of 478 breast cancer patients. Am Surg 65 500-505. discussion 505-506.
284. RR Turner, DW Ollila, S Stern and AE Giuliano (1999) Optimal histopathologic examination of the sentinel lymph node for breast carcinoma staging. Am J Surg Pathol 23 263-267.
285. SA McIntosh, JJ Going, M Soukop, et al. (1999) Therapeutic implications of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer. Lancet 354 570.
286. B Taback, K Hashimoto, CT Kuo, et al. (2002) Molecular lymphatic mapping of the sentinel lymph node. Am J Pathol 161 1153-1161.