From comparative historical analysis to "local theory": The Italian city-state route to the modern state

Theory and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 443-471

  Tarrow, Sidney ^a  

^a Department of Obstetrics Gynecology   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 20844458967     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:RYSO.0000038604.66762.5c     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Richard Lachmann, "Elite Self-Interest and Economic Decline in Early Modern Europe," American Sociological Review 68 (2003): 346.
2. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and the European State: AD 990-1992 (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992).
3. John Larner, "Order and Disorder in Romagna, 1450-1500," in Lauro Martines, editor, Violence and Civil Dis orders in Italian Cities, 1200-1500 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 38-71.
4. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990-1992, 30.
5. Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1986); and Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
6. Charles Tilly, The Contentious French (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1986); and Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758-1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995).
7. The larger collection was published in Italian in Giorgio Chittolini, Anthony Molho and Pierangelo Schiera, editors, Origini dello Stato: Processi di formazione statale in Italian fra medioevo ed età moderno (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1994), which includes useful commentaries on the papers; a shorter version, lacking the commentaries, is found in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995). Except where noted, all citations are to the English-language edition.
8. The larger collection was published in Italian in Giorgio Chittolini, Anthony Molho and Pierangelo Schiera, editors, Origini dello Stato: Processi di formazione statale in Italian fra medioevo ed età moderno (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1994), which includes useful commentaries on the papers; a shorter version, lacking the commentaries, is found in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995). Except where noted, all citations are to the English-language edition.
9. Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 2-3.
10. Ibid., especially the chapters by Chittolini, Fasano Guarini and A. Mohlo.
11. Compare Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 98-99.
12. Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of System Change (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994).
13. Roger D. Masters, Fortune is a River: Leonardo da Vinci and Niccolò Machiavelli's Magnificent Dream to Change the Course of Florentine History (New York: The Free Press, 1998).
14. According to Masters, neither Leonardo nor Machiavelli left a record of their roles in the failed project, let alone admitting to working with the other. Masters, Fortune is a River, 213. But Masters uses this incrocio in their careers to weave a rich Renaissance tapestry out of the diverse threads of science and technology, war and statecraft, diplomacy, skullduggery, and political theory.
15. Rogers D. Masters, Fortune is a River, iv.
16. Ibid., 133.
17. The literature on the Florentine fiscal system is immense, technical, and well-documented. For a brief introduction to the subject, see Marvin B. Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 109-139; and Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). The definitive source in Italian is Elio Conti, L'Imposta diretta a Firenze nel quattrocento 1427-1494 (Roma: Nella Sede Dell'Instituto, 1984). The source most relevant to this essay is Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
18. The literature on the Florentine fiscal system is immense, technical, and well-documented. For a brief introduction to the subject, see Marvin B. Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 109-139; and Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). The definitive source in Italian is Elio Conti, L'Imposta diretta a Firenze nel quattrocento 1427-1494 (Roma: Nella Sede Dell'Instituto, 1984). The source most relevant to this essay is Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
19. The literature on the Florentine fiscal system is immense, technical, and well-documented. For a brief introduction to the subject, see Marvin B. Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 109-139; and Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). The definitive source in Italian is Elio Conti, L'Imposta diretta a Firenze nel quattrocento 1427-1494 (Roma: Nella Sede Dell'Instituto, 1984). The source most relevant to this essay is Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
20. The literature on the Florentine fiscal system is immense, technical, and well-documented. For a brief introduction to the subject, see Marvin B. Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 109-139; and Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). The definitive source in Italian is Elio Conti, L'Imposta diretta a Firenze nel quattrocento 1427-1494 (Roma: Nella Sede Dell'Instituto, 1984). The source most relevant to this essay is Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
21. Marvin B. Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 109-139, 129.
22. Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433, 3.
23. Thomas A. Brady, Jr., "The Rise of Merchant Empires, 1400-1700: A European Counterpoint," in James D. Tracy, editor, The Political Economy of Merchant Empires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 117-160.
24. Niels Steensgaard, "The Dutch East Indian Company as an Institutional Innovation," in Maurice Aymard, editor, Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
25. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
26. John Larner, "Order and Disorder in Romagna, 1450-1500," in Lauro Martines, editor, Violence and Civil Disorders in Italian Cities, 1200-1500 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 38-71, 45-ff.
27. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990-1992, 30.
28. Ibid., 30.
29. Charles Tilly, editor, The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).
30. For the development of his mechanism-and-process approach to the study of political development, both alone and with his collaborators, see Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); and Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
31. For the development of his mechanism-and-process approach to the study of political development, both alone and with his collaborators, see Charles Tilly, Durable Inequality (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); and Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
32. Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970), edited and translated by D. S. Ault and S. H. Steinberg and Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of System Change, Chapter 5.
33. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
34. Moreover, many recent Italian renaissance specialists have ignored the city-states' internal conflict structures, too, so we can hardly blame Tilly, the generalist, for failing to build on a historiography that is lacking. As John Najemy ironically writes of the study of class conflict in the Renaissance, "In this post-Marxist age, to speak of social classes and their conflicts in any historical context is to run the risk of seeming to be trapped in some Jurassic Park of historiographic relics." John Najemy, "Politics: Class and Patronage in Twentieth-Century Italian Renaissance Historiography," in Allen J. Gerieco, Michael Rocke and Fiorella Gioffredi Superbi, editors, The Italian Renaissance in the Twentieth Century: Acts of an International Conference, Florence, Villa I Tatti, June 9-11, 1999 (Florence: L.S. Olschki, 1999). We will have to read Tilly's Contention and Democracy in Europe, 1650-2000 for his definitive view to the links among statebuilding, contention, and reconciliation in the more modern era.
35. Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and its Competitors: An Analysis of System Change.
36. Marvin B Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence (London: Faber and Faber, 1968), 109-139.
37. Mario Diani, Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1995); and John Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association; and John Padgett, "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets (New York: Russell Sage, 2001), 211-257.
38. Mario Diani, Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1995); and John Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association; and John Padgett, "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets (New York: Russell Sage, 2001), 211-257.
39. Mario Diani, Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1995); and John Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association; and John Padgett, "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets (New York: Russell Sage, 2001), 211-257.
40. This essay does not offer sufficient space to deal with the complex relations between center and periphery in the Italian city-states. I largely follow the composite models put forward by Wayne te Brake for early modern Europe as a whole and of Elena Fasano Guarini, for Italy, who writes that, "whether we consider the largely feudal duchy of the Visconti and the Sforza . . . or the small principalities in Emilia, or a city-state like Florence, the fourteenth- and the fifteenth-century public organization was always based on a pact." Elana Fasano Guarini, "Center and Periphery," in Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 83-84; and Wayne te Brake, Shaping History. Ordinary People in European Politics, 1500-1700 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). Of course, these were pacts among actors with unequal power, but they did not constitute modern states, and were certainly not absolute states.
41. This essay does not offer sufficient space to deal with the complex relations between center and periphery in the Italian city-states. I largely follow the composite models put forward by Wayne te Brake for early modern Europe as a whole and of Elena Fasano Guarini, for Italy, who writes that, "whether we consider the largely feudal duchy of the Visconti and the Sforza . . . or the small principalities in Emilia, or a city-state like Florence, the fourteenth- and the fifteenth-century public organization was always based on a pact." Elana Fasano Guarini, "Center and Periphery," in Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 83-84; and Wayne te Brake, Shaping History. Ordinary People in European Politics, 1500-1700 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997). Of course, these were pacts among actors with unequal power, but they did not constitute modern states, and were certainly not absolute states.
42. This section is particularly indebted to the teaching of my colleague, John Najemy. See, in particular, his Corporatism and Consensus in Florentine Electoral Politics, 1288-1400 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), "Stato, Comune e 'Universitas'," in Giorgio Chittolini, Anthony Molho and Pierangelo Schiera, editors, Origini dello Stato: Processi di formazione statale in Italia fra medioevo ed età moderna (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, 1993), and "Politics: Class and Patronage in Twentieth-Century Italian Renaissance Historiography," in Allen J. Gerieco, Michael Rocke and Fiorella Gioffredi Superbi, editors, The Italian Renaissance in the Twentieth Century: Acts of an International Conference, Florence, Villa I Tatti, June 9-11, 1999 (Florence: L.S. Olschki, 1999).
43. This section is particularly indebted to the teaching of my colleague, John Najemy. See, in particular, his Corporatism and Consensus in Florentine Electoral Politics, 1288-1400 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), "Stato, Comune e 'Universitas'," in Giorgio Chittolini, Anthony Molho and Pierangelo Schiera, editors, Origini dello Stato: Processi di formazione statale in Italia fra medioevo ed età moderna (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, 1993), and "Politics: Class and Patronage in Twentieth-Century Italian Renaissance Historiography," in Allen J. Gerieco, Michael Rocke and Fiorella Gioffredi Superbi, editors, The Italian Renaissance in the Twentieth Century: Acts of an International Conference, Florence, Villa I Tatti, June 9-11, 1999 (Florence: L.S. Olschki, 1999).
44. This section is particularly indebted to the teaching of my colleague, John Najemy. See, in particular, his Corporatism and Consensus in Florentine Electoral Politics, 1288-1400 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), "Stato, Comune e 'Universitas'," in Giorgio Chittolini, Anthony Molho and Pierangelo Schiera, editors, Origini dello Stato: Processi di formazione statale in Italia fra medioevo ed età moderna (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, 1993), and "Politics: Class and Patronage in Twentieth-Century Italian Renaissance Historiography," in Allen J. Gerieco, Michael Rocke and Fiorella Gioffredi Superbi, editors, The Italian Renaissance in the Twentieth Century: Acts of an International Conference, Florence, Villa I Tatti, June 9-11, 1999 (Florence: L.S. Olschki, 1999).
45. This section is particularly indebted to the teaching of my colleague, John Najemy. See, in particular, his Corporatism and Consensus in Florentine Electoral Politics, 1288-1400 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), "Stato, Comune e 'Universitas'," in Giorgio Chittolini, Anthony Molho and Pierangelo Schiera, editors, Origini dello Stato: Processi di formazione statale in Italia fra medioevo ed età moderna (Bologna: Società editrice il Mulino, 1993), and "Politics: Class and Patronage in Twentieth-Century Italian Renaissance Historiography," in Allen J. Gerieco, Michael Rocke and Fiorella Gioffredi Superbi, editors, The Italian Renaissance in the Twentieth Century: Acts of an International Conference, Florence, Villa I Tatti, June 9-11, 1999 (Florence: L.S. Olschki, 1999).
46. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
47. John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991).
48. Gene A. Brucker, Florentine Politics and Society, 1343-1378 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962).
49. In addition to the work of historians studying family and neighborhood patronage networks, the social network-based work of John Padgett and his students is notable for opening this chapter in Florentine historiography and sociology. See Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," and "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets, John Padgett and Christopher Ansell, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434," American Journal of Sociology 98/6 (1993): 1259-1319; and Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence," unpublished paper (Rutgers University Department of Sociology, 2003). For a vigorous, yet respectful critique of the limitations of this line of work, see John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991).
50. In addition to the work of historians studying family and neighborhood patronage networks, the social network-based work of John Padgett and his students is notable for opening this chapter in Florentine historiography and sociology. See Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," and "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets, John Padgett and Christopher Ansell, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434," American Journal of Sociology 98/6 (1993): 1259-1319; and Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence," unpublished paper (Rutgers University Department of Sociology, 2003). For a vigorous, yet respectful critique of the limitations of this line of work, see John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991).
51. In addition to the work of historians studying family and neighborhood patronage networks, the social network-based work of John Padgett and his students is notable for opening this chapter in Florentine historiography and sociology. See Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," and "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets, John Padgett and Christopher Ansell, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434," American Journal of Sociology 98/6 (1993): 1259-1319; and Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence," unpublished paper (Rutgers University Department of Sociology, 2003). For a vigorous, yet respectful critique of the limitations of this line of work, see John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991).
52. In addition to the work of historians studying family and neighborhood patronage networks, the social network-based work of John Padgett and his students is notable for opening this chapter in Florentine historiography and sociology. See Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," and "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets, John Padgett and Christopher Ansell, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434," American Journal of Sociology 98/6 (1993): 1259-1319; and Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence," unpublished paper (Rutgers University Department of Sociology, 2003). For a vigorous, yet respectful critique of the limitations of this line of work, see John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991).
53. In addition to the work of historians studying family and neighborhood patronage networks, the social network-based work of John Padgett and his students is notable for opening this chapter in Florentine historiography and sociology. See Padgett, "Marriage and Elite Structure in Renaissance Florence, 1282-1500," and "Organizational Genesis, Identity and Control: The Transformation of Banking in Renaissance Florence," in James E. Rauch and Alessandra Casella, editors, Networks and Markets, John Padgett and Christopher Ansell, "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400-1434," American Journal of Sociology 98/6 (1993): 1259-1319; and Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence," unpublished paper (Rutgers University Department of Sociology, 2003). For a vigorous, yet respectful critique of the limitations of this line of work, see John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991).
54. Quoted in John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), 273.
55. As Najemy concludes in his historiographic review of these studies, "what I ... doubt is the usefulness or accuracy of thinking of elites and their networks of patronage as the sum and substance or as the 'governing' structures, or underlying 'realities' of Florentine politics." From John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy (Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1991), 274.
56. John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," 273.
57. Ibid., 274.
58. Ibid., 275.
59. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed; How They Fail (New York: Vintage, 1977); and Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements in Contentious Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), Chapter 10.
60. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed; How They Fail (New York: Vintage, 1977); and Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements in Contentious Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), Chapter 10.
61. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600.
62. John Najemy, "The Dialogue of Power in Florentine Politics," 277.
63. Quoted in Riccardo Fubini, "From Social to Political Representation in Renaissance Florence," in Anthony Mohlo, Kurt Raaflaub and Julia Emlen, editors, City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy, 223.
64. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 104.
65. Ibid., 105.
66. Ibid., 106 ff.
67. Iris Origo, The Merchant of Prato. Daily Life in a Medieval Italian City (London: Penguin, 1963), 140 ff.
68. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance," 107.
69. Marvin B. Becker, "The Florentine Territorial State and Civic Humanism in the Early Renaissance," in Nicolai Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence, 109-139, 135.
70. Gene A. Brucker, Florentine Politics and Society, 1343-1378, 336.
71. Ibid., 310-311.
72. Ibid., 320-321.
73. Gene A. Brucker, "The Ciompi Revolution," in Rubenstein, editor, Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence, 314-356, 315.
74. Ibid., 293.
75. Ibid., 330.
76. Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433, 164.
77. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance," in Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 119.
78. Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433, 163 ff.
79. Ibid., 164.
80. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 113-114.
81. Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence."
82. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 116 ff.
83. Ibid., 118.
84. Ibid., 104.
85. I am grateful to Paul D. McLean for allowing me to quote from his unpublished manuscript, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence."
86. Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence."
87. Anthony Mohlo, "The State and Public Finance: A Hypothesis Based on the History of Late Medieval Florence," in Julius Kirschner, editor, The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300-1600, 119.
88. Paul D. McLean, "Fiscal Innovation and Traditional Motivations in the Renaissance State: The Case of Early Quattrocento Florence."
89. Anthony Mohlo, Florentine Public Finances in the Early Renaissance, 1400-1433, 15-18.
90. Gene A. Brucker, Renaissance Florence: Society, Culture and Religion, 79.
91. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work.