Politics, economy, or culture? The rise and development of Basque nationalism in the light of social movement theory

Theory and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 311-331

  Mees, Ludger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20844439392     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:RYSO.0000038602.33658.92     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. D. MacAdam, S. Tarrow and Charles Tilly, "To Map Contentious Politics," Mobilization I/1 (1996): 17-34, quotation 21.
2. A good overview of these competing paradigms can be found in J. G. Kellas, The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 2nd edition (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998); and A. D. Smith, Nationalism. Theory, Ideology, History (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).
3. A good overview of these competing paradigms can be found in J. G. Kellas, The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity, 2nd edition (Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998); and A. D. Smith, Nationalism. Theory, Ideology, History (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).
4. R. Garner and J. Tenuto, Social Movement Theory and Research. An Annotated Bibliographical Guide (Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 1997), 39.
5. D. McAdam, S. Tarrow and C. Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
6. Dynamics, 16.
7. Dynamics, 312.
8. At least one of the three (McAdam) apparently prefers looking upon the new proposal more in terms of a reincarnation in a better life than of a hara-kiri, adding that "neither Chuck nor Sid may share my view that DOC (their book Dynamics of Contention, L.M.) represents a logical extension of the classical model." See D. McAdam, "'Eehh, What's Up (with) DOC?' Clarifying the Program," Mobilization (2003): 126-134, quotation 129.
9. For a critical discussion of the new proposal see the contributions of M. Diani, D. Rucht, R. Koopmans, P. E. Oliver and V. Taylor, as well as McAdam's and Tarrow's responses in the monographic section dedicated to DOC in the issue of Mobilization quoted above.
10. "(. . .) the classic approach to social movements concentrates on mobilization and demobilization; it provides relatively weak guides to explanation of action, actors, identities, trajectories, or outcomes. Even within the zone of mobilization, it works best when one or a few previously constituted political actors move into public contention. To understand broader and less structured processes of contention, we must develop an expanded research agenda." Dynamics, 37.
11. A. D. Smith, Nationalism, 6.
12. Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1978), 7.
13. Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action, and Mass Politics in the Modern State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 81.
14. D. Rucht, Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt a.M.: Campus, 1994), 303-323.
15. L. Mees, "Der 'Spanische Sonderweg'. Staat und Nation(en) im Spanien des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts," Archiv für Sozialgeschichte 40 (2000): 29-66.
16. Charles Tilly, "Western State-Making and Theories of Political Transformation," in Charles Tilly, editor, The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 601-638.
17. J. Alvarez Junco, "La nación en duda," in J. Pan Montojo, editor, Más se perdió en Cuba. España. 1898 y la crisis de fin de siglo (Madrid: Alianza, 1998), 405-475. See from the same author also Mater Dolorosa. La idea de España en el siglo XIX (Madrid: Taurus, 2001); and S. Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire (1898-1923) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
18. J. Alvarez Junco, "La nación en duda," in J. Pan Montojo, editor, Más se perdió en Cuba. España. 1898 y la crisis de fin de siglo (Madrid: Alianza, 1998), 405-475. See from the same author also Mater Dolorosa. La idea de España en el siglo XIX (Madrid: Taurus, 2001); and S. Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire (1898-1923) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
19. J. Alvarez Junco, "La nación en duda," in J. Pan Montojo, editor, Más se perdió en Cuba. España. 1898 y la crisis de fin de siglo (Madrid: Alianza, 1998), 405-475. See from the same author also Mater Dolorosa. La idea de España en el siglo XIX (Madrid: Taurus, 2001); and S. Balfour, The End of the Spanish Empire (1898-1923) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996).
20. On the rise of Basque nationalism, see J. -C. Larronde, El nacionalismo vasco: su origen y su ideología en la obra de Sabino Arana (San Sebastián: Txertoa, 1977); S. Payne, Basque Nationalism (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1975); J. Corcuera, La patria de los vascos. Orígenes, ideología y organización del nacionalismo vasco, 1876-1903 (Madrid: Taurus, 2001).
21. On the rise of Basque nationalism, see J. -C. Larronde, El nacionalismo vasco: su origen y su ideología en la obra de Sabino Arana (San Sebastián: Txertoa, 1977); S. Payne, Basque Nationalism (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1975); J. Corcuera, La patria de los vascos. Orígenes, ideología y organización del nacionalismo vasco, 1876-1903 (Madrid: Taurus, 2001).
22. On the rise of Basque nationalism, see J. -C. Larronde, El nacionalismo vasco: su origen y su ideología en la obra de Sabino Arana (San Sebastián: Txertoa, 1977); S. Payne, Basque Nationalism (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1975); J. Corcuera, La patria de los vascos. Orígenes, ideología y organización del nacionalismo vasco, 1876-1903 (Madrid: Taurus, 2001).
23. Until 1841, the tariff border was in the interior and not at the coast. Consequently, foreign products could enter the Basque provinces duty-free, whereas Basque export to Spanish places depended on the payment of a tariff.
24. An analysis of the contents of this kind of folk culture can be found in L. Mees, "De la Marcha de Cádiz al Arbol de Gernika. El País Vasco ante la Guerra y la crisis del 98," Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea, 15 (1997): 239-264.
25. J. Extramiana, Historia de las Guerras Carlista, 2 vols. (San Sebastián: Luis Aramburu, 1979); V Garmendia, La ideología carlista (1868-1876). En los orígenes del nationalisme vasco (San Sebastián: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, 1984); J. Fernández Sebastián, La génesis delfuerismo. Prensa e ideas políticas en la crisis del Antiguo Régimen (País Vasco, 1750-1840) (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1991).
26. J. Extramiana, Historia de las Guerras Carlista, 2 vols. (San Sebastián: Luis Aramburu, 1979); V Garmendia, La ideología carlista (1868-1876). En los orígenes del nationalisme vasco (San Sebastián: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, 1984); J. Fernández Sebastián, La génesis delfuerismo. Prensa e ideas políticas en la crisis del Antiguo Régimen (País Vasco, 1750-1840) (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1991).
27. J. Extramiana, Historia de las Guerras Carlista, 2 vols. (San Sebastián: Luis Aramburu, 1979); V Garmendia, La ideología carlista (1868-1876). En los orígenes del nationalisme vasco (San Sebastián: Diputación Foral de Guipúzcoa, 1984); J. Fernández Sebastián, La génesis delfuerismo. Prensa e ideas políticas en la crisis del Antiguo Régimen (País Vasco, 1750-1840) (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1991).
28. G. L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses. Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977).
29. A. D. Smith, Nationalism.
30. M. González Portilla, La formación de la sociedad capitalista en el País Vasco, 2 vols. (San Sebastian: Luis Aramburu, 1981).
31. L. Mees, Nacionalismo vasco, movimiento obrem y cuestión social (1903-1923), (Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1992).
32. L. Mees, "Social Solidarity and National Identity in the Basque Country: The Case of the Nationalist Trade Union ELA/STV," in P. Pasture and J. Verberckmoes, editors, Working-Class Internationalism and the Appeal of National Identity: Historical Debates and Current Perspectives (Oxford/New York: Berg, 1998), 43-81.
33. J. L. de la Granja, Nacionalismo y Segunda República en el País Vasco (Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas/Siglo XXI, 1986).
34. S. de Pablo, L. Mees and J. A. Rodríguez Ranz, El péndulo patriótico. Historia del Partido Nacionalista Vasco, 2 vols. (Barcelona: Crítica, 1999 and 2001).
35. Charles Tilly, "When Do (and Don't) Social Movements Promote Democratization?" in P. Ibarra, editor, Social Movements and Democracy (Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2003), 21-45, quotation 24.
36. Dynamics, 44.
37. M. Ugalde, Mujeres y nacionalismo vasco. Génesis y desarrollo de Emakume Abertzale Batza, 1906-1936 (Bilbao: Universidad del Pais Vasco-Emakunde, 1993); I. Camino and L. de Guezala, Juventud y nacionalismo vasco. Bilbao (1901-1937) (Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1991); I. Camino, Batzokis de Bizkaia. Bilbao (Bilbao: Alderdi, 1988); J. L. de la Granja, "Los mendigoizales nacionalistas: de propagandistas sabinianos a gudaris en la Guerra Civil," in F. Rodríguez de Cora, editor, Los ejércitos (Vitoria-Gasteiz: Fundación Sancho el Sabio, 1994), 295-314.
38. M. Ugalde, Mujeres y nacionalismo vasco. Génesis y desarrollo de Emakume Abertzale Batza, 1906-1936 (Bilbao: Universidad del Pais Vasco-Emakunde, 1993); I. Camino and L. de Guezala, Juventud y nacionalismo vasco. Bilbao (1901-1937) (Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1991); I. Camino, Batzokis de Bizkaia. Bilbao (Bilbao: Alderdi, 1988); J. L. de la Granja, "Los mendigoizales nacionalistas: de propagandistas sabinianos a gudaris en la Guerra Civil," in F. Rodríguez de Cora, editor, Los ejércitos (Vitoria-Gasteiz: Fundación Sancho el Sabio, 1994), 295-314.
39. M. Ugalde, Mujeres y nacionalismo vasco. Génesis y desarrollo de Emakume Abertzale Batza, 1906-1936 (Bilbao: Universidad del Pais Vasco-Emakunde, 1993); I. Camino and L. de Guezala, Juventud y nacionalismo vasco. Bilbao (1901-1937) (Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1991); I. Camino, Batzokis de Bizkaia. Bilbao (Bilbao: Alderdi, 1988); J. L. de la Granja, "Los mendigoizales nacionalistas: de propagandistas sabinianos a gudaris en la Guerra Civil," in F. Rodríguez de Cora, editor, Los ejércitos (Vitoria-Gasteiz: Fundación Sancho el Sabio, 1994), 295-314.
40. M. Ugalde, Mujeres y nacionalismo vasco. Génesis y desarrollo de Emakume Abertzale Batza, 1906-1936 (Bilbao: Universidad del Pais Vasco-Emakunde, 1993); I. Camino and L. de Guezala, Juventud y nacionalismo vasco. Bilbao (1901-1937) (Bilbao: Fundación Sabino Arana, 1991); I. Camino, Batzokis de Bizkaia. Bilbao (Bilbao: Alderdi, 1988); J. L. de la Granja, "Los mendigoizales nacionalistas: de propagandistas sabinianos a gudaris en la Guerra Civil," in F. Rodríguez de Cora, editor, Los ejércitos (Vitoria-Gasteiz: Fundación Sancho el Sabio, 1994), 295-314.
41. J. L. de la Granja, Nacionalismo.
42. A. Pérez-Agote, La reproducción del nacionalismo. El caso vasco (Madrid: CIS/Siglo XXI, 1984); A. Gurruchaga, El código nacionalista vasco durante el franquismo (Barcelona: Anthropos, 1985).
43. A. Pérez-Agote, La reproducción del nacionalismo. El caso vasco (Madrid: CIS/Siglo XXI, 1984); A. Gurruchaga, El código nacionalista vasco durante el franquismo (Barcelona: Anthropos, 1985).
44. For a definition and discussion of this concept, as well as for an empirical analysis of the transformation of these repertoires along with the rise of modern society, see Charles Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain 1758-1834 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), especially 41-48.
45. "Recall other changes that accompanied the installation of cosmopolitan, autonomous, modular forms of claim-making. The frequency of physical violence in contention greatly declined." Popular Contention, 352.
46. T. Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970).
47. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
48. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
49. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
50. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
51. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
52. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
53. Here only a few examples: E. Zimmermann, Political Violence, Crises, and Revolutions: Theories and Research (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall, 1983); A. P. Schmid, Political Terrorism: a Research Guide to Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literature (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1983); D. L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); T. R. Gurr, Minorities at Risk. A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts (Washington: United States Institute of Peace, 1993); R. Munck and P. L. De Silva, Postmodern Insurgencies: Political Violence, Identity Formation, and Peacemaking in Comparative Perspective (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999); M. E. Brown, et al., editors, Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict, rev. edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001). Unfortunately, this article was finished before the publication of Charles Tilly's The Politics of Collective Violence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
54. A more detailed exposition of the arguments with plenty of references to the specialized literature can be found in L. Mees, "Between Votes and Bullets. Conflicting ethnic identities in the Basque Country," Ethnic and Racial Studies XXIV/5 (2001): 798-827; L. Mees, Nationalism, Violence, and Democracy. The Basque Clash of Identities (Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2003).
55. A more detailed exposition of the arguments with plenty of references to the specialized literature can be found in L. Mees, "Between Votes and Bullets. Conflicting ethnic identities in the Basque Country," Ethnic and Racial Studies XXIV/5 (2001): 798-827; L. Mees, Nationalism, Violence, and Democracy. The Basque Clash of Identities (Houndmills: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2003).
56. J. Corcuera, Político y derecho. La construcción de la autonomía vasca (Madrid: Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, 1991).
57. For the history of the ceasefire as a consequence of a shift in the contextual structure of Basque society during the 1990s, see L. Mees, "The Basque Peace Process, Nationalism and Political Violence," in J. Darby and R. MacGinty, editors, The Management of Peace Processes (Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000), 154-194.
58. J. M. Mata, El nacionalismo vasco radical. Discurso, organización y expresiones (Bilbao: Universidad del País Vasco, 1993).
59. M. Crenshaw, "The Causes of Terrorism," in E. Moxon-Browne, editor, European Terrorism (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1993), 379-399.
60. J. P. Sironneau, Sécularisation et religions politiques (Le Haye: Mouton, 1986).
61. A. D. Smith, Nationalism, 82, 145, 146.