Surgery for malignant gliomas: Mechanistic reasoning and slippery statistics

Lancet Neurology

Volumn 4, Issue 7, 2005, Pages 413-422

  Mitchell, Patrick ^a   Ellison, David W ^a   Mendelow, A David ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARMUSTINE; GANCICLOVIR;

ACCURACY; BIOPSY; BRACHYTHERAPY; BRAIN SURGERY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHEMOTHERAPY; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; ETHICS; GENE THERAPY; GLIOMA; HUMAN; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; RADIOSURGERY; REVIEW; STATISTICS; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; SYMPTOM;

BIOPSY; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CLINICAL TRIALS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; GLIOMA; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 20644454157     PISSN: 14744422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(05)70118-6     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. LH Pobereskin, JB Chadduck Incidence of brain tumours in two English counties: a population based study J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 69 2000 464 471
2. JG Smirniotopoulos The new WHO classification of brain tumors Neuroimaging Clin N Am 9 1999 595 613
3. HC Christensen, M Kosteljanetz, C Johansen Incidences of gliomas and meningiomas in Denmark, 1943 to 1997 Neurosurgery 52 2003 1327 1333
4. R Virchow Die Kranklhaften Geschwulste 1863 Verlag von August Hirschwald Berlin
5. JH Globus, I Strauss Spongioblastoma multiforme: a primary malignant form of brain neoplasm - its clinical and anatomic features Acta Neurol Psychiatry 14 1925 139 151
6. FB Mallory Principles of pathologic histology 1925 WB Saunders Philadelphia
7. P Bailey, H Cushing A classification of the tumors of the glioma group on a histogenetic basis with a correlated study of prognosis 1926 JB Lippincott Philadelphia
8. T Diller A brain tumor involving the superior parietal convolution: two operations for its removal, partial success with some relief of symptoms, death two years later, autopsy Am J Med Sci CXXVII 1904 494 504
9. WG Spiller A report of five cases of tumor of the brain, with operation Am J Med Sci CXXVII 1904 293 316
10. J Stewart A case of subcortical glioma of the lower part of the left ascending frontal convolution successfully removed: a contribution to the nature of the speech disturbance arising from lesions in this situation Montreal Med J XXXI 1902 1 15
11. AC Brush A study of seventy cases of brain tumor Med Rec 70 1906 215 218
12. CK Mills, CH Frazier A brain tumor localized and completely removed, with some discussion of the symptomatology of lesions variously distributed in the parietal lobe J Nerv Ment Dis 35 1908 481 499
13. GJ Heuer, WE Dandy A report of seventy cases of brain tumor Bull John Hopkins Hosp 27 1916 224 237
14. H Cushing Notes on a series of intracranial tumors and conditions simulating them: tumor suspects, tumors unverified, tumors verified Arch Neurol Psychiatry 10 1923 605 668
15. WE Dandy Removal of right cerebral hemisphere for certain tumors with hemiplegia JAMA 90 1928 823 825
16. WE Gardner Removal of the right cerebral hemisphere for infiltrating glioma Arch Neurol Psychiatry 67 1932 787 789
17. WF Hillier Total left cerebral hemispherectomy for malignant glioma Neurology 4 1954 718 721
18. CW Burklund, A Smith Language and the cerebral hemispheres: observations of verbal and nonverbal responses during 18 months following left ("dominant") hemisphrerectomy Neurology 27 1977 627 633
19. SN Rowe Mental changes following the removal of the right cerebral hemisphere for brain tumor Am J Psychiatry 94 1937 605 614
20. JH Galicich, LA French, JC Melby Use of dexamethasone in treatment of cerebral edema associated with brain tumors Lancet 81 1961 46 53
21. G Hounsfield CT J Comput Assist Tomogr 4 1980 668 674
22. PJ Miller, RS Hassanein, PG Giri, BF Kimler, P O'Boynick, RG Evans Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis of high-grade gliomas: the relationship of radiation dose and other prognostic factors Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 19 1990 275 280
23. Medical Research Council Prognostic factors for high-grade malignant glioma: development of a prognostic index J Neurooncol 9 1990 47 55
24. GE Keles, KR Lamborn, SM Chang, MD Prados, MS Berger Volume of residual disease as a predictor of outcome in adult patients with recurrent supratentorial glioblastomas multiforme who are undergoing chemotherapy J Neurosurg 100 2004 41 46
25. M Ammirati, N Vick, YL Liao, I Ciric, M Mikhael Effect of the extent of surgical resection on survival and quality of life in patients with supratentorial glioblastomas and anaplastic astrocytomas Neurosurgery 21 1987 201 206
26. M Matsutani, O Nakamura, T Nagashima, K Ueki, M Nakamura Surgical treatment on survival and quality of life in patients with supratentorial glioblastoma Gan No Rinsho 35 1989 1227 1232
27. MJ Winger, DR Macdonald, JG Cairncross Supratentorial anaplastic gliomas in adults: the prognostic importance of extent of resection and prior low-grade glioma J Neurosurg 71 1989 487 493
28. J Boyages, KW Tiver Cerebral hemisphere astrocytoma: treatment results Radiother Oncol 8 1987 209 216
29. ZM Sun, S Genka, N Shitara, A Akanuma, K Takakura Factors possibly influencing the prognosis of oligodendroglioma Neurosurgery 22 1988 886 891
30. KE Wallner, JH Galicich, G Krol, E Arbit, MG Malkin Patterns of failure following treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic astrocytoma Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 16 1989 1405 1409
31. CB Agbi, M Bernstein, N Laperriere, P Leung, M Lumley Patterns of recurrence of malignant astrocytoma following stereotactic interstitial brachytherapy with iodine-125 implants Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23 1992 321 326
32. CF Hess, JC Schaaf, RD Kortmann, M Schabet, M Bamberg Malignant glioma: patterns of failure following individually tailored limited volume irradiation Radiother Oncol 30 1994 146 149
33. PK Sneed, PH Gutin, DA Larson Patterns of recurrence of glioblastoma multiforme after external irradiation followed by implant boost Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 29 1994 719 727
34. SW Lee, BA Fraass, LH Marsh Patterns of failure following high-dose 3-D conformal radiotherapy for high-grade astrocytomas: a quantitative dosimetric study Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43 1999 79 88
35. U Oppitz, D Maessen, H Zunterer, S Richter, M Flentje 3D recurrence-patterns of glioblastomas after CT-planned postoperative irradiation Radiother Oncol 53 1999 53 57
36. H Aydin, I Sillenberg, H von Lieven Patterns of failure following CT-based 3-D irradiation for malignant glioma Strahlenther Onkol 177 2001 424 431
37. KR Swanson, C Bridge, JD Murray, EC Alvord Jr Virtual and real brain tumors: using mathematical modeling to quantify glioma growth and invasion J Neurol Sci 216 2003 1 10
38. A Muacevic, FW Kreth Quality-adjusted survival after tumor resection and/or radiation therapy for elderly patients with glioblastoma multiforme J Neurol 250 2003 561 568
39. GE Keles, B Anderson, MS Berger The effect of extent of resection on time to tumor progression and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme of the cerebral hemisphere Surg Neurol 52 1999 371 379
40. B Jeremic, D Grujicic, V Antunovic, L Djuric, M Stojanovic, Y Shibamoto Influence of extent of surgery and tumor location on treatment outcome of patients with glioblastoma multiforme treated with combined modality approach J Neurooncol 21 1994 177 185
41. MC Hulshof, RW Koot, EC Schimmel, F Dekker, DA Bosch, D Gonzalez Gonzalez Prognostic factors in glioblastoma multiforme: 10 years experience of a single institution Strahlenther Onkol 177 2001 283 290
42. DM Lai, SM Lin, YK Tu, MC Kao, CC Hung Therapy for supratentorial malignant astrocytomas: survival and possible prognostic factors J Formos Med Assoc 92 1993 220 226
43. M Forsting, FK Albert, S Kunze, HP Adams, D Zenner, K Sartor Extirpation of glioblastomas: MR and CT follow-up of residual tumor and regrowth patterns AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14 1993 77 87
44. R Soffietti, A Chio, MT Giordana, E Vasario, D Schiffer Prognostic factors in well-differentiated cerebral astrocytomas in the adult Neurosurgery 24 1989 686 692
45. M Fujimura, T Kumabe, T Tominaga, H Jokura, R Shirane, T Yoshimoto Routine clinical adoption of magnetic resonance imaging was associated with better outcome after surgery in elderly patients with a malignant astrocytic tumour: a retrospective review Acta Neurochir (Wien) 146 2004 251 255
46. C Trantakis, D Winkler, D Lindner Clinical results in MR-guided therapy for malignant gliomas Acta Neurochir 85 suppl 2003 65 71
47. ER Laws, IF Parney, W Huang Survival following surgery and prognostic factors for recently diagnosed malignant glioma: data from the Glioma Outcomes Project J Neurosurg 99 2003 467 473
48. M Lacroix, D Abi-Said, DR Fourney A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival J Neurosurg 95 2001 190 198
49. M Daneyemez, F Gezen, Z Canakci, S Kahraman Radical surgery and reoperation in supratentorial malignant glial tumors Minim Invasive Neurosurg 41 1998 209 213
50. MR Quigley, N Flores, JC Maroon, B Sargent, S Lang, A Elrifai Value of surgical intervention in the treatment of glioma Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 65 1995 171 175
51. JR Simpson, J Horton, C Scott Influence of location and extent of surgical resection on survival of patients with glioblastoma multiforme: results of three consecutive Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) clinical trials Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 1993 239 244
52. T Nitta, K Sato Prognostic implications of the extent of surgical resection in patients with intracranial malignant gliomas Cancer 75 1995 2727 2731
53. H Hirano, T Asakura, S Yokoyama The prognostic factors in astrocytic tumors: analysis by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Weibull log-linear model No Shinkei Geka 24 1996 809 815
54. R Durmaz, S Erken, A Arslantas, MA Atasoy, C Bal, E Tel Management of glioblastoma multiforme: with special reference to recurrence Clin Neurol Neurosurg 99 1997 117 123
55. ER Laws, ME Shaffrey, A Morris, FA Anderson Jr Surgical management of intracranial gliomas - does radical resection improve outcome? Acta Neurochir Suppl 85 2003 47 53
56. JM Nazzaro, EA Neuwelt The role of surgery in the management of supratentorial intermediate and high-grade astrocytomas in adults J Neurosurg 73 1990 331 344
57. DW Ellison, PV Steart, AC Bateman, RM Pickering, JD Palmer, RO Weller Prognostic indicators in a range of astrocytic tumours: an immunohistochemical study with Ki-67 and p53 antibodies J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 59 1995 413 419
58. CI Franklin Does the extent of surgery make a difference in high grade malignant astrocytoma? Australas Radiol 36 1992 44 47
59. WJ Curran Jr, CB Scott, J Horton Does extent of surgery influence outcome for astrocytoma with atypical or anaplastic foci (AAF)? A report from three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials J Neurooncol 12 1992 219 227
60. ES Gamburg, WF Regine, RA Patchell, JM Strottmann, M Mohiuddin, AB Young The prognostic significance of midline shift at presentation on survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 2000 1359 1362
61. FW Kreth, A Berlis, V Spiropoulou The role of tumor resection in the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme in adults Cancer 86 1999 2117 2123
62. BC Devaux, JR O'Fallon, PJ Kelly Resection, biopsy, and survival in malignant glial neoplasms: a retrospective study of clinical parameters, therapy, and outcome J Neurosurg 78 1993 767 775
63. A Kowalczuk, RL Macdonald, C Amidei Quantitative imaging study of extent of surgical resection and prognosis of malignant astrocytomas Neurosurgery 41 1997 1028 1036
64. CJ Vecht, CJ Avezaat, WL van Putten, WM Eijkenboom, SZ Stefanko The influence of the extent of surgery on the neurological function and survival in malignant glioma: a retrospective analysis in 243 patients J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 1990 466 471
65. JC Kiwit, FW Floeth, WJ Bock Survival in malignant glioma: analysis of prognostic factors with special regard to cytoreductive surgery Zentralbl Neurochir 57 1996 76 88
66. CR Wirtz, FK Albert, M Schwaderer The benefit of neuronavigation for neurosurgery analyzed by its impact on glioblastoma surgery Neurol Res 22 2000 354 360
67. MR Quigley, JC Maroon The relationship between survival and the extent of the resection in patients with supratentorial malignant gliomas Neurosurgery 29 1991 385 388
68. KR Hess Extent of resection as a prognostic variable in the treatment of gliomas J Neurooncol 42 1999 227 231
69. KP Vives, JM Piepmeier Complications and expected outcome of glioma surgery J Neurooncol 42 1999 289 302
70. C Koprowski Confounding factors in clinical studies of gliomas Am J Clin Oncol 10 1987 293 295
71. R Grant, SE Metcalfe Biopsy versus resection for malignant glioma Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 2005 CD002034
72. V Vuorinen, S Hinkka, M Farkkila, J Jaaskelainen Debulking or biopsy of malignant glioma in elderly people - a randomised study Acta Neurochir (Wien) 145 2003 5 10
73. HJ Reulen, W Stummer, G Sass Fluorescence-guided resection of malignant gliomas http://www.nch2005.org/pdf/sat_symp_medac.pdf (accessed June 1, 2005)
74. Newswise Resectioning method impacts prognosis, survival rates of malignant gliomas patients http://www.newswise.com/articles/view/510853 (accessed June 1, 2005)
75. FK Albert, M Forsting, K Sartor, HP Adams, S Kunze Early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging after resection of malignant glioma: objective evaluation of residual tumor and its influence on regrowth and prognosis Neurosurgery 34 1994 45 60 discussion 60-1
76. SJ Hentschel, FF Lang Current surgical management of glioblastoma Cancer J 9 2003 113 125
77. SJ Price, NG Burnet, T Donovan Diffusion tensor imaging of brain tumours at 3T: a potential tool for assessing white matter tract invasion? Clin Radiol 58 2003 455 462
78. L Cervoni, P Celli, M Salvati Long-term survival in a patient with supratentorial glioblastoma: clinical considerations Ital J Neurol Sci 19 1998 221 224
79. S Phuphanich, S Ferrall, H Greenberg Long-term survival in malignant glioma: prognostic factors J Fla Med Assoc 80 1993 181 184
80. T Yoshida, N Kawano, H Oka, K Fujii, Y Nakazato Clinical cure of glioblastoma - two case reports Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 40 2000 224 229
81. J Fandino, AM Siegel, RH Laeng, MG Yasargil De novo cerebellar medulloblastoma in a 26 year recurrence free case of temporal glioblastoma multiforme Neurosurg Focus 14 2003 e5
82. RE McLendon, EC Halperin Is the long-term survival of patients with intracranial glioblastoma multiforme overstated? Cancer 98 2003 1745 1748
83. SW Schneider, T Ludwig, L Tatenhorst Glioblastoma cells release factors that disrupt blood-brain barrier features Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 107 2004 272 276
84. IR Whittle, AM Pringle, R Taylor Effects of resective surgery for left-sided intracranial tumours on language function: a prospective study Lancet 351 1998 1014 1018
85. S Kopczynski, E Kurzaj, D Lipinska Clinical evaluation of the action of dexamethasone Anaesth Resusc Intensive Ther 3 1975 157 163
86. W Wick, W Kuker Brain edema in neurooncology: radiological assessment and management Onkologie 27 2004 261 266
87. M Muhlbauer, E Gebhart, W Pfisterer, E Knosp Microsurgery for glioblastoma preserves short-term quality of life both in functionally impaired and independent patients Wien Klin Wochenschr 114 2002 866 873
88. M Ammirati, JH Galicich, E Arbit, Y Liao Reoperation in the treatment of recurrent intracranial malignant gliomas Neurosurgery 21 1987 607 614
89. MG Castro, R Cowen, IK Williamson Current and future strategies for the treatment of malignant brain tumors Pharmacol Ther 98 2003 71 108
90. C Nimsky, O Ganslandt, P Hastreiter Preoperative and intraoperative diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tracking in glioma surgery Neurosurgery 56 2005 130 137 discussion 138
91. JI Berman, MS Berger, P Mukherjee, RG Henry Diffusion-tensor imaging-guided tracking of fibers of the pyramidal tract combined with intraoperative cortical stimulation mapping in patients with gliomas J Neurosurg 101 2004 66 72
92. C Nimsky, O Ganslandt, B von Keller, R Fahlbusch Preliminary experience in glioma surgery with intraoperative high-field MRI Acta Neurochir 88 suppl 2003 21 29
93. FB Meyer, LM Bates, SJ Goerss Awake craniotomy for aggressive resection of primary gliomas located in eloquent brain Mayo Clin Proc 76 2001 677 687
94. J Shinoda, H Yano, S Yoshimura Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using high-dose fluorescein sodium: technical note J Neurosurg 99 2003 597 603
95. W Stummer, A Novotny, H Stepp, C Goetz, K Bise, HJ Reulen Fluorescence-guided resection of glioblastoma multiforme by using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced porphyrins: a prospective study in 52 consecutive patients J Neurosurg 93 2000 1003 1013
96. T Kuroiwa, Y Kajimoto, T Ohta Comparison between operative findings on malignant glioma by a fluorescein surgical microscopy and histological findings Neurol Res 21 1999 130 134
97. KJ Murray Improved surgical resection of human brain tumors, part I: a preliminary study Surg Neurol 17 1982 316 319
98. P Grunert, K Ungersbock, J Bohl, K Kitz, N Hopf Results of 200 intracranial stereotactic biopsies Neurosurg Rev 17 1994 59 66
99. MJ van den Bent Advances in the biology and treatment of oligodendrogliomas Curr Opin Neurol 17 2004 675 680
100. JG Cairncross, K Ueki, MC Zlatescu Specific genetic predictors of chemotherapeutic response and survival in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas J Natl Cancer Inst 90 1998 1473 1479
101. ME Hegi, AC Diserens, S Godard Clinical trial substantiates the predictive value of O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase promoter methylation in glioblastoma patients treated with temozolomide Clin Cancer Res 10 2004 1871 1874
102. MF Paz, R Yaya-Tur, I Rojas-Marcos CpG island hypermethylation of the DNA repair enzyme methyltransferase predicts response to temozolomide in primary gliomas Clin Cancer Res 10 2004 4933 4938
103. ME Hegi, AC Diserens, T Gorlia MGMT gene silencing and benefit from temozolomide in glioblastoma N Engl J Med 352 2005 997 1003
104. KN Fountas, EZ Kapsalaki, RL Vogel, I Fezoulidis, JS Robinson, ED Gotsis Noninvasive histologic grading of solid astrocytomas using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 82 2004 90 97
105. A Perry, KD Aldape, DH George, PC Burger Small cell astrocytoma: an aggressive variant that is clinicopathologically and genetically distinct from anaplastic oligodendroglioma Cancer 101 2004 2318 2326
106. Y Ushio, K Tada, S Shiraishi Correlation of molecular genetic analysis of p53, MDM2, p16, PTEN, and EGFR and survival of patients with anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma Front Biosci 8 2003 e281 e288
107. A Korshunov, R Sycheva, A Golanov Molecular stratification of diagnostically challenging high-grade gliomas composed of small cells: the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization Clin Cancer Res 10 2004 7820 7826
108. V Hakin-Smith, DA Jellinek, D Levy Alternative lengthening of telomeres and survival in patients with glioblastoma multiforme Lancet 361 2003 836 838
109. J Guyotat, F Signorelli, D Frappaz, G Madarassy, AC Ricci, P Bret Is reoperation for recurrence of glioblastoma justified? Oncol Rep 7 2000 899 904
110. K Kyoshima, K Ito, A Tanabe Malignant astrocytoma of the conus medullaris treated by spinal cordectomy J Clin Neurosci 9 2002 211 216
111. IM Germano, J Fable, SH Gultekin, A Silvers Adenovirus/herpes simplex-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir complex: preliminary results of a phase I trial in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas J Neurooncol 65 2003 279 289
112. N Shand, F Weber, L Mariani A phase 1-2 clinical trial of gene therapy for recurrent glioblastoma multiforme by tumor transduction with the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene followed by ganciclovir Hum Gene Ther 10 1999 2325 2335
113. D Klatzmann, CA Valery, G Bensimon A phase I/II study of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase "suicide" gene therapy for recurrent glioblastoma Hum Gene Ther 9 1998 2595 2604
114. MD Prados, M McDermott, SM Chang Treatment of progressive or recurrent glioblastoma multiforme in adults with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene vector-producer cells followed by intravenous ganciclovir administration: a phase I/II multi-institutional trial J Neurooncol 65 2003 269 278
115. NG Rainov A phase III clinical evaluation of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase and ganciclovir gene therapy as an adjuvant to surgical resection and radiation in adults with previously untreated glioblastoma multiforme Hum Gene Ther 11 2000 2389 2401
116. A Immonen, M Vapalahti, K Tyynela AdvHSV-tk gene therapy with intravenous ganciclovir improves survival in human malignant glioma: a randomised, controlled study Mol Ther 10 2004 967 972
117. MA Rosenthal, B Kavar, JS Hill Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of photodynamic therapy for high-grade gliomas using a novel boronated porphyrin J Clin Oncol 19 2001 519 524
118. MA Rosenthal, B Kavar, S Uren, AH Kaye Promising survival in patients with high-grade gliomas following therapy with a novel boronated porphyrin J Clin Neurosci 10 2003 425 427
119. PJ Muller, BC Wilson Photodynamic therapy for malignant newly diagnosed supratentorial gliomas J Clin Laser Med Surg 14 1996 263 270
120. PJ Muller, BC Wilson Photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumours Can J Neurol Sci 17 1990 193 198
121. H Kostron, E Fritsch, V Grunert Photodynamic therapy of malignant brain tumours: a phase I/II trial Br J Neurosurg 2 1988 241 248
122. A Obwegeser, M Ortler, M Seiwald, H Ulmer, H Kostron Therapy of glioblastoma multiforme: a cumulative experience of 10 years Acta Neurochir (Wien) 137 1995 29 33
123. F Mundinger Stereotactic interstitial brachytherapy using Ir192-"GammaMed" in infiltrating brain neoplasms Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed 110 1969 254 261
124. RG Selker, WR Shapiro, P Burger The Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01: a randomized comparison of surgery, external radiotherapy, and carmustine versus surgery, interstitial radiotherapy boost, external radiation therapy, and carmustine Neurosurgery 51 2002 343 355
125. NJ Laperriere, PM Leung, S McKenzie Randomized study of brachytherapy in the initial management of patients with malignant astrocytoma Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 41 1998 1005 1011
126. Z Liu, X Yu, Y Guo Interstitial brachytherapy using iridium-192 for malignant brain tumors: clinical results Chin Med J (Engl) 112 1999 139 142
127. DW Roberts, JW Strohbehn, CT Coughlin, TP Ryan, BE Lyons, EB Douple Iridium-192 brachytherapy in combination with interstitial microwave-induced hyperthermia for malignant glioma Appl Neurophysiol 50 1987 287 291
128. S Hofer, K Eichhorn, P Freitag Successful diffusible brachytherapy (dBT) of a progressive low-grade astrocytoma using the locally injected peptidic vector and somatostatin analogue [90Y] DOTA0-D-Phe1-Tyr3-octreotide (DOTATOC) Swiss Med Wkly 131 2001 640 644
129. C Grana, M Chinol, C Robertson Pretargeted adjuvant radioimmunotherapy with yttrium-90-biotin in malignant glioma patients: a pilot study Br J Cancer 86 2002 207 212
130. G Paganelli, M Bartolomei, M Ferrari Pre-targeted locoregional radioimmunotherapy with 90Y-biotin in glioma patients: phase I study and preliminary therapeutic results Cancer Biother Radiopharm 16 2001 227 235
131. RA Patchell, Y Maruyama, PA Tibbs, JL Beach, RJ Kryscio, AB Young Neutron interstitial brachytherapy for malignant gliomas: a pilot study J Neurosurg 68 1988 67 72
132. C Goetz, P Riva, G Poepperl Locoregional radioimmunotherapy in selected patients with malignant glioma: experiences, side effects and survival times J Neurooncol 62 2003 321 328
133. PP Kumar, RR Good, EO Jones, LG Leibrock Intraoperative cobalt-60 treatment of glioblastoma multiforme Radiat Med 6 1988 219 228
134. RD Ashpole, H Snyman, JA Bullimore, HJ Appleby, BH Cummins, HB Coakham A new technique of brachytherapy for malignant gliomas with caesium-137: a new method utilizing a remote afterloading system Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2 1990 333 337
135. FH Glaser, S Basche, F Gaerisch Jr CT-guided manual afterloading with 198-gold seeds in intracerebral tumors Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 95 1991 275 278
136. MD Walker, E Alexander Jr, WE Hunt Evaluation of BCNU and/or radiotherapy in the treatment of anaplastic gliomas: a cooperative clinical trial J Neurosurg 49 1978 333 343
137. KH Cho, WA Hall, SS Lo, KE Dusenbery Stereotactic radiosurgery versus fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy boost for patients with glioblastoma multiforme Technol Cancer Res Treat 3 2004 41 49
138. EC Nwokedi, SJ DiBiase, S Jabbour, J Herman, P Amin, LS Chin Gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with glioblastoma multiforme Neurosurgery 50 2002 41 46
139. DC Shrieve, E Alexander Jr, PM Black Treatment of patients with primary glioblastoma multiforme with standard postoperative radiotherapy and radiosurgical boost: prognostic factors and long-term outcome J Neurosurg 90 1999 72 77
140. L Souhami, W Seiferheld, D Brachman Randomized comparison of stereotactic radiosurgery followed by conventional radiotherapy with carmustine to conventional radiotherapy with carmustine for patients with glioblastoma multiforme: report of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 93-05 protocol Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 60 2004 853 860
141. H Brem, MG Ewend, S Piantadosi, J Greenhoot, PC Burger, M Sisti The safety of interstitial chemotherapy with BCNU-loaded polymer followed by radiation therapy in the treatment of newly diagnosed malignant gliomas: phase I trial J Neurooncol 26 1995 111 123
142. S Valtonen, U Timonen, P Toivanen Interstitial chemotherapy with carmustine-loaded polymers for high-grade gliomas: a randomized double-blind study Neurosurgery 41 1997 44 48
143. M Westphal, DC Hilt, E Bortey A phase 3 trial of local chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine (BCNU) wafers (Gliadel wafers) in patients with primary malignant glioma Neurooncol 5 2003 79 88
144. FDA FDA approval package for Gliadel http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/ 2003/20-637s016_gliadel.htm (accessed June 1, 2005)
145. A Shapiro, N Li Application 20-637/S-016 Gliadel Wafer http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/nda/2003/20-637S016_Gliadel_medr_P1.pdf (accessed June 1, 2005)
146. T Dalbasti, N Oktar, S Cagli, N Ozdamar Local interstitial chemotherapy with sustained release bucladesine in de novo glioblastoma multiforme: a preliminary study J Neurooncol 56 2002 167 174
147. SV Sheleg, EA Korotkevich, EA Zhavrid Local chemotherapy with cisplatin-depot for glioblastoma multiforme J Neurooncol 60 2002 53 59