Agency, actors and change in a child-focused future: 'Path dependency' problematised

Commonwealth and Comparative Politics

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 1-33

  Dobrowolsky, Alexandra ^a   Saint Martin, Denis ^b  

^a SAINT MARY S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHILD WELFARE; CIVIL SOCIETY; STATE ROLE;

CANADA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 20644437296     PISSN: 14662043     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14662040500054198     Document Type: Review

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48. P.M. Evans and G. Wekerle, 'The Shifting Terrain of Women's Welfare: Theory, Discourse and Activism', in P.M. Evans and G. Wekerle (eds.), Women and the Canadian Welfare State: Challenges and Changes (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), 3-27;
49. P. Armstrong and P. Connelly, Feminism, Political Economy and the State: A Contested Terrain (Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press, 1999);
50. S. Watson, 'Foucault and the Study of Social Policy', in G. Lewis, S. Gewirtz and J. Clarke (eds.), Rethinking Social Policy (London: Sage, 2000), 66-77;
51. A. Dobrowolsky, The Politics of Pragmatism: Women, Representation and Constitutionalism in Canada (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2000);
52. A. Dobrowolsky, 'Shifting States: Women's Constitutional Organizing Across Time and Space', in L. Banaszak, K. Beckwith and D. Rucht (eds.), Women's Movements Facing the Reconfigured State (Princeton: Princeton University, 2003), 114-40.
53. J. Jenson, 'All the World's a Stage: Ideas, Spaces and Times in Canadian Political Economy', Studies in Political Economy, 36 (1991), 43-72;
54. J. Lewis, 'Gender, the Family and Women's Agency in the Building of "Welfare States": The British Case', Social History, 19/1 (1994), 37-55;
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56. J. O'Connor, A. Orloff and S. Shaver, States, Markets, Families: Gender, Liberalism and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
57. S. Michel and R. Mahon, Child Care Policy at the Crossroads; Gender and Welfare State Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 2002).
58. Feminists' concerns with an enlarged political, as well as the relationship between structure and agency, have also spurred efforts to merge opposing streams of social movement analysis, see J. Jenson, 'Struggling for Identity: The Women's Movement and the State', in S. Bashevkin (ed.), Women and Politics in Western Europe (London: Frank Cass, 1986);
59. M.F. Katzenstein and C.M. Mueller (eds.), The Women's Movements of the United States and Western Europe (Philadelphia: Temple Press, 1987), 5-18;
60. J. Jenson, 'Paradigms and Political Discourse: Protective Legislation in France and the United States Before 1914', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 22 (1989), 235-58;
61. S. Phillips, 'Meaning and Structure in Social Movements: Mapping the Network of National Canadian Women's Organizations', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 24/4 (Dec. 1991), 755-52;
62. S. Staggenborg, The Pro-Choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991);
63. Dobrowolsky, The Politics of Pragmatism;
64. Dobrowolsky, 'Shifting States'.
65. Here we have seen attempts to combine the more quantifiable political institutional focus of political opportunity structure analysis (S. Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)), with more qualitative, ideational and discursive contributions of new social movement theorists.
66. (A. Touraine, Return of the Actor: Social Theory in Postindustrial Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988);
67. A. Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)). We also draw on these insights.
68. See Palier, 'Changing the Unchangeable', 21.
69. A. Dobrowolsky, 'Political Parties: Teletubby Politics, the Third Way and Democratic Challenge(r)s', in M.S. Whittington and G. Williams (eds.), Canadian Politics in the 21st Century (Scarborough: Nelson, 2004), 167-98;
70. Dobrowolsky, 'Rhetoric versus Reality';
71. Dobrowolsky, 'Shifting States';
72. A. Dobrowolsky and V. Hart (eds), Women Making Constitutions: New Politics and Comparative Perspectives (London: Palgrave, 2003).
73. S. Watson, 'Foucault and the Study of Social Policy', 72.
74. R. Koopmans and P. Statham, 'Ethnic and Civic Conceptions of Nationhood: The Differential Success of the Extreme Right in Germany and Italy', in M. Guigni, D. McAdam and C. Tilly (eds.), How Social Movements Matter (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 229, 247.
75. Dobrowolsky and Hart, Women Making Constitutions.
76. See these themes in Europe: http:/vandenbroucke.fgov.be/ Europe%20conf2%20report%20summ.htm.
77. J. Franklin, 'What's Wrong with New Labour Politics?', Feminist Review, 66 (Autumn 2000), 38;
78. D.T. Studlar, 'The Anglo-American Origins and International Diffusion of the "Third Way" ', Politics and Policy, 31/1 (March 2003), 26-52.
79. J. Chrétien, Opportunity for All: The Liberal Plan for the Future of Canada (Ottawa: Liberal Party of Canada, 2000).
80. For an in-depth comparison of Conservative and post-Conservative leaders and their policy choices in Canada and Britain (as well as the United States), see S. Bashevkin, Welfare Hot Buttons: Women, Work, and Social Policy Reform (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002).
81. B. Sheldrick, 'New Labour and the Third Way: Democracy, Accountability and Social Democratic Politics', Studies in Political Economy, 67 (2002), 134.
82. R. Lister, 'Doing Good by Stealth: The Politics of Poverty and Inequality under New Labour', New Economy, 8/2 (June 2001), 67.
83. P. Bernard and S. Saint-Arnaud, 'Les idées et les nombres: les nouveaux indicateurs de l'État providence', Draft manuscript, Nov. 2001, on file with authors;
84. B. Sheldrick, 'New Labour and the Third Way', 135.
85. 'Our historic aim will be for ours to be the first generation to end child poverty' - Tony Blair, Beveridge Lecture, 1999 as cited in M. Brewer and P. Gregg, 'Eradicating Child Poverty in Britain: Welfare Reform and Children since 1997', Paper presented in Seattle, Nov. 2001.
86. http//:socialunion.gc.ca/nca/ncal_e.html.
87. S. Phillips, 'SUFA and Citizen Engagement: Fake or Genuine Masterpiece?', Policy Matters, 2/7 (2001), 27.
88. R. Dyck, Canadian Politics Critical Approaches (Scarborough: Nelson, 2004), 435.
89. 'Brown Gambles all on Health Service', Manchester Guardian Weekly, 25 April-1 May 2002, 7.
90. B. Jessop, 'From the KWNS to the SWPR', in G. Lewis, S. Gewirtz and J. Clarke (eds.), Rethinking Social Policy (London: Sage, 2000), 171-84.
91. P. Alcock, 'Welfare Policy', in P. Dunleavy, A. Gamble, I. Holliday and G. Peele (eds.), Developments in British Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 2000), 255;
92. D. Piachaud and H. Sutherland, 'Child Poverty in Britain and the New Labour Government', Journal of Social Policy, 30/1 (2001), 104.
93. M. Thomson, 'Femocrats and Babes: Women and Power', Australian Feminist Studies, 16/35 (2001), 199.
94. Chrétien, Opportunity for All, 4.
95. Piachaud and Sutherland, 'Child Poverty in Britain', 113.
96. Cited in S. McBride, 'Investing in People: Labour Market Policy', in A.F. Johnson and A. Stritch (eds.), Canadian Public Policy: Globalization and Political Parties (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1997), 63.
97. Commission on Social Justice, Social Justice: Strategies for National Renewal (London: Vintage, 1994), 306.
98. D. White, 'To Market, To Market: Employability in the Social Investment State', Paper prepared for Social Cohesion workshop, Université de Montréal, 21-22 June 2001.
99. McBride, 'Investing in People', 63.
100. For a detailed analysis of social policy change on women, and the demonisation of single mothers, see Bashevkin, Welfare Hot Buttons.
101. D. Morgan and I. McDonald, 'Current Developments', Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law, 22/3 (2000), 345.
102. Department for Work and Pensions, The Changing Welfare State: Employment Opportunity For All (London: HM Treasury, Nov. 2001), iii.
103. J. Jenson and D. Saint-Martin, Presentation prepared for Social Cohesion workshop, Université de Montréal, 21-22 June 2001.
104. Giddens, The Third Way.
105. C. Yates, 'In Defence of Unions. A Critique of the Third Way', Studies in Political Economy, 67 (2002), 125.
106. M. Powell, New Labour, New Welfare State? The Third Way in British Social Policy (Bristol: Policy Press, 1999), 16.
107. Franklin, 'What's Wrong with New Labour Politics?', 139.
108. D. Hirsch, 'Has Brown Sprung a New Poverty Trap?', New Statesman, 14 (19 Nov. 2001), 30.
109. G. Brown, 'Foreword', in Tackling Child Poverty: Giving Every Child the Best Possible Start in Life: A Pre-Budget Report Document (Dec. 2001), iii.
110. N. Bradford, 'Renewing Social Democracy? Beyond the Third Way', Studies in Political Economy, 67 (2002), 145-61.
111. Jessop, 'From the KWNS to the SWPR'.
112. Phillips, 'SUFA and Citizen Engagement';
113. H. Bakvis and G. Skogstad, 'Canadian Federalism: Performance, Effectiveness and Legitimacy', in H. Bakvis and G. Skogstad (eds.), Canadian Federalism: Performance, Effectiveness and Legitimacy (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2002), 3-23;
114. Sheldrick, 'New Labour and the Third Way'.
115. Annis May Timpson explores the de-gendering of child-related issues in the Chrétien government. See A.M. Timpson, Driven Apart: Women's Employment Equality and Child Care in Canadian Public Policy (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2001).
116. Yates, 'In Defence of Unions', 125.
117. J. Myles and J. Quadango, 'Envisioning a Third Way: The Welfare State in the 21st Century', Contemporary Sociology, 29/1 (2000), 5.
118. Saint-Martin and Dobrowolsky, 'Re-thinking Retrenchment'.
119. McBride, 'Investing in People', 63.
120. R. Mahon and S. Phillips, 'Dual-Earner Families Caught in a Liberal Welfare Regime? The Politics of Child Care Policy in Canada', in S. Michel and R. Mahon (eds.), Child Care Policy at the Crossroads; Gender and Welfare State Restructuring (New York: Routledge, 2002), 204.
121. See also M. Friendly, 'Childcare and Canadian Federalism in the 1990's: Canary in a Coal Mine?' in G. Cleveland and M. Krashinsky (eds.), Our Children's Future: Child Care Policy in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001), 25-61.
122. K. Covell and R.B. Howe, The Challenge of Children's Rights for Canada (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2001), 59.
123. A. Porter and W. McKeen, 'The Politics of Welfare State Restructuring in Canada', Paper prepared for the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meetings, Quebec City, 29 May 2001, 15.
124. See also, W. McKeen, 'Writing Women Out; Poverty Discourse and Feminist Agency in the 1990's the National Social Welfare Policy Debate', Canadian Review of Social Policy, 48 (2001),19-33;
125. and W. McKeen, Money in Their Own Name: The Feminist Voice in Poverty Debate in Canada 1970-1995. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004.
126. Phillips, 'SUFA and Citizen Engagement', 24.
127. 'National children's agenda needs firm action, activists say', Globe and Mail, 7 May 1999, A5.
128. Covell and Howe, The Challenge of Children's Rights for Canada, 59.
129. Canadians want new system of care for children', Globe and Mail, 30 July 1999, A3.
130. http:www.fin.gc.ca/budget00/bp/bpch6_2e.htm#Children.
131. 'Children's Agenda gets kick start', Globe and Mail, 8 June 2000, A1.
132. Blair quoted in N. Fairclough, New Labour, New Language? (London: Routledge, 2000), 135.
133. Powell, New Labour, New Welfare State?, 13.
134. Dobrowolsky, 'Rhetoric versus Reality'.
135. Piachaud and Sutherland, 'Child Poverty in Britain', 101.
136. Tackling Child Poverty: Giving Every Child the Best Possible Start in Life (London: HM Treasury, Dec. 2001), vii.
137. Piachaud and Sutherland, 'Child Poverty in Britain', 101.
138. http://www.number-10.gov.uk/news.asp?NewsID=4010.
139. http://www.nationalchildcaremonth.com.
140. http:www.pm.gov.uk/news.asp?NewsID=4003.
141. Tackling Child Poverty, vii.
142. T. Ridge, 'Benefiting Children: The Challenge of Social Security Support for Children', in J. Millar (ed.), Understanding Social Security: Issues for Policy and Practice (Bristol: The Policy Press, 2003), 177.
143. P. Taylor-Gooby, 'Blair's Scars', Critical Social Policy, 20/3 (2000), 332.
144. As one brief illustration, Blair established the Policy Innovation Unit (PIU) whose mandate is to produce 'creative thinking to break out of the confines of conventional wisdom' (http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/ innovation/about/about.shtml).
145. See S. McBride, Paradigm Shift: Globalization and the Canadian State (Halifax: Fernwood, 2001).
146. Post Thatcher/Major, the UK had one of the highest poverty rates in the European Union and the highest rate of child poverty.
147. Jessop, 'From the KWNS to the SWPR'.
148. I b i d.
149. Giddens, The Third Way, 69.
150. A. Gamble, 'Policy Agendas in a Multi-Level Polity', in P. Dunleavy, A. Gamble, I. Holliday and G. Peele (eds.), Developments in British Politics (New York: St Martin's Press, 2000), 301.
151. Yates, 'In Defence of Unions'.
152. Jessop, 'From the KWNS to the SWPR'.
153. S. Phillips, 'From Charity to Clarity: Reinventing Federal Government-Voluntary Sector Relationships', in L. Pal (ed.), How Ottawa Spends 2001-2002: Power in Transition (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2001).
154. www.jrf.org.uk/knowledge/findings/socialpolicy/SP4.asp, page 1.
155. See, for example, J.N. Hobcraft, Intergenerational and Life-Course Transmission of Social Exclusion: Influences of Childhood Poverty, Family Disruption and Contact with the Police, CASE paper 15 (London: London School of Economics, 1998).
156. J. Hobcraft and K. Kiernan, Childhood Poverty, Early Motherhood and Social Exclusion, CASE Paper 28 (London: London School of Economics, 1999).
157. For instance, research done by the Centre for Research in Social Policy at Loughborough University persuaded Gordon Brown that the income support scale rates for under-11-year-old children had to be improved. (Thanks to Ruth Lister for pointing this out.)
158. Gamble, 'Policy Agendas in a Multi-Level Polity', 307.
159. I b i d.
160. Inter-view, Lisa Harker, Institute for Research on Public Policy, May 2001;
161. A. Coote, 'Women and the Third Way: Collaboration and Conflict', in J. Klausen and C.S. Maier (eds.), Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001), 111-21.
162. Fairclough, New Labour, New Language?, 123.
163. I b i d.
164. Children Come First? (London: Barnardo's, 1993).
165. P. Toynbee and D. Walker, Did Things Get Better? An Audit of Labour's Successes and Failures (London: Penguin Books, 2001), 16.
166. http://www.nationalchildcaremonth.ca.
167. Brown, 'Foreword', iii.
168. Interview, Martin Barnes, Child Poverty Action Group, May 2001.
169. B. Sheldrick, 'The Contradictions of Welfare to Work: Social Security Reform in Britain', Studies in Political Economy, 62 (2000), 113-15.
170. M. Barnes, 'A Mandate to End Child Poverty', Poverty, 107 (2000), 1.
171. Labour website, www.labour.org.uk.
172. Interview, Martin Barnes, Child Poverty Action Group, May 2001.
173. K. Moore, 'Political Protest and Institutional Change: The Anti-Vietnam War Movement and American Science', in M. Guidni, D. McAdam and C. Tilly (eds.), How Social Movements Matter (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 97-115.
174. Field cited in R. Lister, 'Fighting Social Exclusion... With One Hand Tied Behind Our Back', New Economy, 5/1 (March 1998), 16.
175. Norman Johnson, 'The Personal Social Services', in S.P. Savage and R. Atkinson (eds.), Public Policy Under Blair (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001), 185.
176. J. Lloyd, 'A benefit cut in search of a policy', New Statesman, 19 Dec. 1997, 12.
177. A. Coote and P. Pattullo, Power and Prejudice: Women and Politics (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990);
178. Coote, 'Women and the Third Way'.
179. Interview, Anna Coote, King's Trust, May 2001.
180. Thomson, 'Femocrats and Babes', 201.
181. I b i d.
182. Interview, Mary Ann Stephenson, Fawcett Society, May 2001.
183. See C. Grover and J. Stewart, 'Modernizing Social Security? Labour and Its Welfare to Work Strategy', Social Policy and Administration, 34/3 (2000), 244.
184. Burt in A.F. Johnson and A. Stritch, Canadian Public Policy: Globalization and Political Parties (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1997);
185. Jenson and Phillips, 'Regime Shift';
186. Jenson, 'Fated to Live in Interesting Times'.
187. A.F. Johnson, 'Strengthening Society 111: Social Security', in A.F. Johnson and A. Stritch (eds.), Canadian Public Policy: Globalization and Political Parties (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1997), 174.
188. 'Women strive to keep poverty out of pregnancy', Globe and Mail, 12 Aug. 1994.
189. M. Valpy, 'How Ottawa discovered child poverty', Globe and Mail, 21 Jan. 1997, A13.
190. K. Battle and S. Torjman, 'Desperately Seeking Substance: A Comment on the Social Security Review', in J. Pulkingham and G. Ternowetsky (eds.), Remaking Canadian Social Policy: Social Security in the Late 1990's (Halifax: Fernwood, 1996), 52-66.
191. 'Tearing down Canada's "welfare wall"', Globe and Mail, 19 June 1998, A8.
192. Saint-Martin and Dobrowolsky, 'Re-thinking Retrenchment'.
193. Mahon and Phillips, 'Dual-Earner Families Caught in a Liberal Welfare Regime?', 202.
194. 'Child poverty seen as a threat to Canada's future', Globe and Mail, 28 June 1994, A8.
195. 'Children's fund urged', Globe and Mail, 16 Nov. 1996, A2.
196. 'Tax credit to target child poverty', Globe and Mail, 14 Jan. 1997, A9.
197. Valpy, 'How Ottawa discovered child poverty', A13.
198. 'Politicians ignoring needs of children, welfare body says', Globe and Mail, 10 June 1997, A9.
199. 'Trustees urge war on poverty; Boards organizing political push', Globe and Mail, 18 Nov. 1996.
200. 'Poor children fall behind even before school', Globe and Mail, 29 April 1997, A14.
201. 'Aid children through jobs, report urges', Globe and Mail, 5 July 1994, A6.
202. 'Harris slams child-poverty report card', Globe and Mail, 25 Nov. 1999, A3.
203. 'Children worse off than ever, report finds', Globe and Mail, 4 Dec. 1997, A10.
204. Mahon and Phillips, 'Dual-Earner Families Caught in a Liberal Welfare Regime?', 205.
205. I b i d.
206. R. Laforest, 'Rethinking the Contours of Advocacy', Paper presented to the 74th Annual Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, Toronto, 29 May 2002, 16.
207. 'Rethink child poverty measures, study says', Globe and Mail, 21 May 1999, A12.
208. W. McKeen, 'The Shaping of Political Agency: Feminism and the National Social Policy Debate, the 1970's and Early 1980's', Studies in Political Economy, 66 (2001), 37-58;
209. W. McKeen, Money in Their Own Name: The Feminist Voice in the Poverty Debate in Canada, 1970-1995 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004).
210. Phillips, 'SUFA and Citizen Engagement', 27.
211. D. Imig, 'American Social Movements and Public Policy for Children: Building a Research Agenda', Paper prepared for presentation before Panel 35-3, 'Mobilization' at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, 1 Sept. 2001, 12.
212. Giddens quoted in Sheldrick, 'New Labour and the Third Way', 138.
213. C. Mouffe, The Democratic Paradox (London: Verso, 2000).
214. Laforest, 'Rethinking the Contours of Advocacy', 19.
215. Ibid., 21.
216. Bradford, 'Renewing Social Democracy?'.
217. Jenson and Phillips, 'Regime Shift';
218. Yates, 'In Defence of Unions'.
219. Banting quoted in Potter and McKeen, 'The Politics of Welfare State Restructuring in Canada', 25.
220. Sheldrick, 'New Labour and the Third Way', 138.
221. Dobrowolsky, 'Rhetoric versus Reality'.
222. Ridge, 'Benefiting Children', 172.
223. Laforest, 'Rethinking the Contours of Advocacy', 15.
224. Jenson, 'Canada's Shifting Citizenship Regime';
225. Yates, 'In Defence of Unions'.