When is a more proximal amputation needed?

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 22, Issue 3 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 429-446

  Zickler, Robert W ^a,b   Padberg Jr , Frank T ^a,b   Lal, Brajesh K ^a   Pappas, Peter J ^a  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; FLUORESCEIN; PERTECHNETIC ACID TC 99M; PHENAZONE I 125; XENON 133;

AMPUTATION; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; FOOT AMPUTATION; GANGRENE; HUMAN; INFECTION; LASER DOPPLER FLOWMETRY; PAIN; PEROPERATIVE CARE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; SKIN TEMPERATURE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TISSUE INJURY; TOE; TRANSCUTANEOUS OXYGEN MONITORING; TREATMENT INDICATION; ULCER; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 20644434602     PISSN: 08918422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2005.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (120)

1. W.C. Krupski Overview of extremity amputations R.B. Rutherford Vascular surgery 5th edition 2000 WB Saunders Philadelphia 2175 2180
2. D.G. Armstrong, L.A. Lavery, and L.B. Harkless Amputation and reamputation of the diabetic foot J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 87 6 1997 255 259
3. I.G. Haynes, and M.D. Middleton Amputation for peripheral vascular disease: experience of a district general hospital Ann R Coll Surg Engl 63 5 1981 342 344
4. W.B. Campbell, S. Marriott, and R. Eve Factors influencing the early outcome of major lower limb amputation for vascular disease Ann R Coll Surg Engl 83 5 2001 309 314
5. T. Mandrup-Poulson, and J.S. Jensen Mortality after major amputation following gangrene of the lower limb Acta Orthop Scand 53 6 1982 879 884
6. M.G. Jamieson, and C.V. Ruckley Amputation for peripheral vascular disease in a general surgical unit J R Coll Surg Edinb 28 1 1983 46 50
7. R.O. Gregg Bypass or amputation? Concomitant review of arterial bypass grafting and major amputations Am J Surg 149 3 1985 397 402
8. D. Rush, C. Huston, and B.A. Bivins Operative and late mortality rates of above-knee and below-knee amputations Am J Surg 47 1 1981 36 39
9. D. Tripses, and E.W. Pollak Risk factors in healing of below-knee amputation. Appraisal of 64 amputations in patients with vascular disease Am J Surg 141 6 1981 718 720
10. E.M. Burgess, F.A. Matsen, and G.R. Wyss Segmental transcutaneous measurements of PO2 in patients requiring below-the-knee amputation for peripheral vascular insufficiency J Bone Joint Surg Am 64 3 1982 378 382
11. K.K. Sethia, A.R. Berry, and J.D. Morrison Changing pattern of lower limb amputation for vascular disease Br J Surg 73 9 1986 701 703
12. R. Wutschert, and H. Bounameaux Determination of amputation level in ischemic limbs: reappraisal of the measurement of TcPO2 Diabetes Care 20 8 1997 1315 1318
13. J.M. Bacharach, T.W. Rooke, and P.J. Osmundson Predictive value of transcutaneous oxygen pressure and amputation success by use of supine and elevation measurements J Vasc Surg 15 3 1992 558 563
14. Y.Q. Gu Determination of amputation level in ischaemic lower limbs ANZ J Surg 74 1-2 2004 31 33
15. E.M. Burgess, and F.A. Matsen Determining amputation levels in peripheral vascular disease J Bone Joint Surg 63 9 1981 1493 1497
16. C.S. Oishi, A. Fronek, and F.L. Goldbranson The role of non-invasive vascular studies in determining levels of amputation J Bone Joint Surg 70 10 1988 1520 1530
17. N.P. Couch, J.K. David, and N.L. Tilney Natural history of the leg amputee Am J Surg 133 4 1977 469 473
18. A.J. Roon, W.S. Moore, and J. Goldstone Below-knee amputation: a modern approach Am J Surg 134 1 1977 153 158
19. F.U. Steinberg, I. Sunroo, and R.F. Roettger Prosthetic rehabilitation of geriatric amputee patients: a follow-up study Arch Phys Med Rehabil 66 11 1985 742 745
20. G.S. Dowd Predicting stump healing following amputation for peripheral vascular disease using the transcutaneous oxygen monitor Ann R Coll Surg Engl 69 1 1987 31 35
21. K.E. McIntyre Jr, and S.S. Berman Patient evaluation and preparation for amputation R.B. Rutherford Vascular Surgery 5th edition 2000 WB Saunders Philadelphia 2181 2184
22. F.J. Veith, S.K. Gupta, and K.R. Wengerter Changing arteriosclerotic disease patterns and management strategies in lower-limb-threatening ischemia Ann Surg 212 4 1990 402 414
23. L.M. Taylor Jr, D. Hamre, and R.L. Dalman Limb salvage vs. amputation for critical ischemia: the role of vascular surgery Arch Surg 126 10 1991 1251 1257
24. A. Kald, R. Carlsson, and E. Nilsson Major amputation in a defined population: incidence, mortality and results of treatment Br J Surg 76 3 1989 308 310
25. R.M. High, D.E. McDowell, and R.A. Savin A critical review of amputation in vascular patients J Vasc Surg 1 5 1984 653 655
26. R.M. Stuck, R. Sage, and M. Pinzur Amputations in the diabetic foot Clin Podiatr Med Surg 12 1 1995 141 155
27. M. Kalani, K. Brismar, and B. Fagrell Transcutaneous oxygen tension and toe blood pressure as predictors for outcome of diabetic foot ulcers Diabetes Care 22 1 1999 147 151
28. D.G. Armstrong, L.A. Lavery, and W.H. van Houtum Seasonal variations in lower extremity amputation J Foot Ankle Surg 36 2 1997 146 150
29. T.W. Powell, S.J. Burnham, and G. Johnson Jr Second leg ischemia. Lower extremity bypass versus amputation in patients with contralateral lower extremity amputation Am Surg 50 11 1984 577 580
30. F.W. Whitehouse, C. Jurgensen, and M.A. Block The later life of the diabetic amputee. Another look at the fate of the second leg Diabetes 17 8 1968 520 521
31. R.W. Barnes, B. Thornhill, and L. Nix Prediction of amputation wound healing. Roles of Doppler ultrasound and digit photoplethysmography Arch Surg 116 1 1981 80 83
32. M. Mars, R.P. Mills, and J.V. Robb The potential benefit of pre-operative assessment of amputation wound healing potential in peripheral vascular disease S Afr Med J 83 1 1993 16 18
33. A. Misuri, G. Lucertini, and A. Nanni Predictive value of transcutaneous oximetry for selection of the amputation level J Cardiovasc Surg 41 1 2000 83 87
34. W.H. Wagner, B.A. Keagy, and M.M. Kotb Noninvasive determination of healing of major lower extremity amputation: the continued role of clinical judgment J Vasc Surg 8 6 1988 703 710
35. H.M. Adera, K. James, and J.J. Castronuovo Jr Prediction of amputation wound healing with skin perfusion pressure J Vasc Surg 21 5 1995 823 829
36. J.R. Durham Lower extremity amputation levels: indications, determining the appropriate level, technique, and prognosis R.B. Rutherford Vascular Surgery 5th edition 2000 WB Saunders Philadelphia 2185 2213
37. P.A. Cederberg, D.J. Pritchard, and J.W. Joyce Doppler-determined segmental pressures and wound-healing in amputations for vascular disease J Bone Joint Surg 65 3 1983 363 365
38. B.A. Keagy, J.A. Schwartz, and M. Kotb Lower extremity amputation: the control series J Vasc Surg 4 6 1986 321 326
39. J.V. Robbs, and R. Ray Clinical predictors of below-knee stump healing following amputation for ischaemia S Afr J Surg 20 4 1982 305 310
40. D.G. Silverman, S.M. Rubin, and C.A. Reilly Fluorometric prediction of successful amputation level in the ischemic limb J Rehabil Res Dev 22 1 1985 23 28
41. B.J. Dwars, T.A.A. van den Broek, and J.A. Rauwerda Criteria for reliable selection of the lowest level of amputation in peripheral vascular disease J Vasc Surg 15 3 1992 536 542
42. R.E. Lempke, R.D. King, and G.C. Kaiser Amputation for arteriosclerosis obliterans Arch Surg 86 1963 406 413
43. K.J. O'Dwyer, and M.H. Edwards The association between lowest palpable pulse and wound healing in below knee amputations Ann R Coll Surg Engl 67 4 1985 232 234
44. W.H. Wagner, B.A. Keagy, and M.M. Kotb Noninvasive determination of healing of major lower extremity amputation: the continued role of clinical judgment J Vasc Surg 8 6 1988 703 710
45. F.T. Padberg Jr, T.L. Back, and P.N. Thompson Transcutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) estimates probability of healing in the ischemic extremity J Surg Res 60 2 1996 365 369
46. M.H. Criqui, A. Fronek, and M.R. Klauber The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of traditional clinical evaluation of peripheral arterial disease: results from noninvasive testing in a defined population Circulation 71 3 1995 516 522
47. W.R. Hiatt, J.A. Marshall, and J. Baxter Diagnostic methods for peripheral arterial disease in the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study J Clin Epidemiol 43 6 1990 597 606
48. J.M. Malone, G.G. Anderson, and S.G. Lakla Prospective comparison of noninvasive techniques for amputation level selection Am J Surg 154 2 1987 179 184
49. S.B. Pollak, and C.B. Ernst Use of Doppler pressure measurements in predicting success in amputation of the leg Am J Surg 139 2 1980 303 306
50. K. Mehta, R.W. Hobson II, and Z. Jamil Fallibility of Doppler ankle pressure in predicting healing of transmetatarsal amputation J Surg Res 28 5 1980 466 470
51. G.H. Welch, D.P. Leiberman, and J.G. Pollock Failure of Doppler ankle pressure to predict healing of conservative forefoot amputations Br J Surg 72 1 1985 888 891
52. J.C. de Graaff, D.T. Ubbink, and D.A. Legemate Evaluation of toe pressure and transcutaneous oxygen measurements in management of chronic critical leg ischemia: a diagnostic randomized clinical trial J Vasc Surg 38 3 2003 528 534
53. S. Sarin, S. Shami, and D.A. Shields Selection of amputation level: a review Eur J Vasc Surg 5 6 1991 611 620
54. G.E. Bone, and M.J. Pomajzl Toe blood pressure by photoplethysmography: an index of healing in forefoot amputations Surgery 89 5 1981 569 574
55. H.B. Kram, P.L. Appel, and W.C. Shoemaker Comparison of transcutaneous oximetry, vascular hemodynamic measurements, angiography, and clinical findings to predict the success of peripheral vascular reconstruction Am J Surg 155 4 1988 551 558
56. C.R. Wyss, C. Robertson, and S.J. Love Relationship between transcutaneous oxygen tension, ankle blood pressure, and clinical outcome of vascular surgery in diabetic and nondiabetic patients Surgery 101 1 1987 56 62
57. J.L. Ballard, C.C. Eke, and T.J. Bunt A prospective evaluation of transcutaneous oxygen measurements in the management of diabetic foot problems J Vasc Surg 22 4 1995 485 492
58. J.J. Castronuovo Jr, H.M.A. Adera, and J.M. Smiedl Skin perfusion pressure measurement is valuable in the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 26 4 1997 629 637
59. J.A. Dormandy What is critical leg ischaemia and its pathophysiology? Int Angiol 12 1993 9 12
60. S.A. Carter, and R.B. Tate The value of toe pulse waves in determination of risks for limb amputation and death in patients with peripheral arterial disease and skin ulcers or gangrene J Vasc Surg 33 4 2001 708 714
61. A.J. Zweifler, G. Cushing, and J. Conway The relationship between pulse volume and blood flow in the finger Angiology 18 10 1967 591 598
62. S.A. Carter, and R.B. Tate Value of toe pulse waves in addition to systolic pressures in the assessment of the severity of peripheral arterial disease and critical limb ischemia J Vasc Surg 24 1996 258 265
63. S.A. Carter, and R.B. Tate The effect of body heating and cooling on the ankle and toe systolic pressures in arterial disease J Vasc Surg 16 2 1992 148 153
64. T.J. Bunt, and G.A. Holloway TcPo2 as an accurate predictor of therapy in limb salvage Ann Vasc Surg 10 3 1996 224 227
65. J. Zhong, A.M. Seifalian, and G.E. Salerud A mathematical analysis on the biological zero problem in laser Doppler flowmetry IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 45 3 1998 354 364
66. C.J. Hauser, S.R. Klein, and C.M. Mehringer Superiority of transcutaneous oximetry in noninvasive vascular diagnosis in patients with diabetes Arch Surg 119 6 1984 690 694
67. C.J. Hauser, S.R. Klein, and C.M. Mehringer Assessment of perfusion in the diabetic foot by regional transcutaneous oximetry Diabetes 33 6 1984 527 531
68. F. Caligara, G. Rooth, and U. Ewald Skin blood flow calculations from transcutaneous gas pressure measurements Adv Exp Med Biol 220 1987 253 257
69. C.J. Hauser, P.L. Appel, and W.C. Shoemaker Pathophysiologic classification of peripheral vascular disease by position changes in regional transcutaneous oxygen tension Surgery 95 6 1984 689 693
70. F.A. Matsen III, C.R. Wyss, and L.R. Pedegana Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurement in peripheral vascular disease Surg Gynecol Obstet 150 4 1980 525 528
71. R.A. White, L. Nolan, and D. Harley Noninvasive evaluation of peripheral vascular disease using transcutaneous oxygen tension Am J Surg 144 1 1982 68 75
72. U.K. Franzeck, P. Talke, and E.F. Bernstein Transcutaneous PO2 measurements in health and peripheral arterial occlusive disease Surgery 91 2 1982 156 163
73. M.S. Pinzur, R. Stuck, and R. Sage Transcutaneous oxygen tension in the dysvascular foot with infection Foot Ankle 14 5 1993 254 256
74. F.G. Quigley, and I.B. Faris Transcutaneous oxygen tension measurements in the assessment of limb ischaemia Clin Physiol 11 4 1991 315 320
75. C.R. Wyss, R.M. Harrington, and E.M. Burgess Transcutaneous oxygen tension as predictor of success after an amputation J Bone Joint Surg 70 2 1988 203 207
76. J.C. de Graaff, D.T. Ubbink, and D.A. Legemate Interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of peripheral blood and oxygen pressure measurements in the assessment of lower extremity arterial disease J Vasc Surg 33 5 2001 1033 1040
77. F.T. Padberg Jr, T.L. Back, and L.C. Hart Comparison of heated-probe laser Doppler and transcutaneous oxygen measurements for predicting outcome of ischemic wounds J Cardiovasc Surg 33 6 1992 715 722
78. D.A. Ratliff, C.A. Clyne, and A.D. Chant Prediction of amputation healing: the role of transcutaneous pO2 assessment Br J Surg 71 3 1984 219 222
79. J.M. Bacharach, T.W. Rooke, and P.J. Osmundson Predictive value of transcutaneous oxygen pressure and amputation success by use of supine and elevation measurement J Vasc Surg 15 3 1992 558 563
80. C.S. Oishi, A. Fronek, and F.L. Golbranson The role of non-invasive vascular studies in determining levels of amputation J Bone Jt Surg 70 10 1988 1520 1530
81. D.G. Silverman, A. Roberts, and C.A. Reilly Fluorometric quantification of low-dose fluorescein delivery to predict amputation site healing Surgery 101 3 1987 335 341
82. W.E. Hurford, and D.G. Silverman Evaluation of ischemic extremities by quantative fluorescence assessment Surg Forum 33 1982 442 443
83. D.G. Silverman, S.M. Rubin, and C.A. Reilly Fluorometric prediction of successful amputation level in the ischemic extremity J Rehabil Res Dev 22 1 1985 23 28
84. S.G. Klein, J.R. Hansell, and D.A. Brousseau Fluorescein and microsphere distribution to ischemic skin and bowel Surg Forum 36 1985 542 544
85. D.G. Silverman, D.D. LaRossa, and C.H. Barlow Quantification of tissue fluorescein delivery and prediction of flap viability with the fiberoptic dermofluorometer Plast Reconstr Surg 66 4 1980 545 553
86. D.G. Silverman, W.E. Hurford, and H.S. Cooper Quantification of fluorescein distribution to strangulated rat ileum J Surg Res 34 2 1983 179 186
87. S.L. Fairs, R.O. Ham, and B.A. Conway Limb perfusion in the lower limb amputee: a comparative study using a laser Doppler flowmeter and a transcutaneous oxygen electrode Pros and Orthotics Intl 11 2 1987 80 84
88. G.A. Holloway Jr, and E.M. Burgess Preliminary experiences with laser Doppler velocimetry for the determination of amputation levels Pros and Orthotics Intl 7 2 1983 63 66
89. K. Kvernebo, C.E. Slagsviold, and E. Stranden Laser Doppler flowmetry in evaluation of skin post-ischaemic reactive hyperaemia J Cardiovasc Surg 30 1 1989 70 75
90. L. Malvezzi, J.J. Castronuovo Jr, and L.C. Swayne The correlation between three methods of skin perfusion pressure measurement: radionuclide washout, laser Doppler flow, and photoplethysmography J Vasc Surg 15 5 1992 823 830
91. H.M. Adera, K. James, and J.J. Castronuovo Jr Prediction of amputation wound healing with skin perfusion pressure J Vasc Surg 21 5 1995 823 829
92. P. Holstein, P. Sager, and N.A. Lassen Wound healing in below-the-knee amputations in relation to skin perfusion pressure Acta Orthop Scand 50 1979 49 58
93. T.L. Back, F.T. Padberg, and P.N. Thompson Probability of successful wound outcome determined by laser Doppler measurements using a heated probe (LDHP) J Vasc Tech 18 1994 67 70
94. T.A. van den Broek, B.J. Dwars, and J.A. Rauwerda Photoplethysmographic selection of amputation level in peripheral vascular disease J Vasc Surg 8 1 1988 10 13
95. J.P. Harris, A.F. McLaughlin, and R.J. Quinn Skin blood flow measurement with xenon-133 to predict healing of lower extremity amputations Aust N Z J Surg 56 5 1986 413 415
96. J.P. Kostuik, D. Wood, and R. Hornby The measurement of skin blood flow in peripheral vascular disease by epicutaneous application of Xenon-133 J Bone Joint Surg 58 6 1976 833 837
97. P. Sejrsen Epidermal diffusion barrier to 133Xe in man and studies of clearance of 133Xe by sweat J Appl Physiol 24 2 1968 211 216
98. W.S. Moore, R.E. Henry, and J.M. Malone Prospective use of Xenon Xe 133 clearance for amputation level selection Arch Surg 116 1 1981 86 88
99. J.M. Malone, J.M. Leal, and W.S. Moore The "gold standard" for amputation level selection: xenon-133 clearance J Surg Res 30 5 1981 449 455
100. J.R. Durham, G.G. Anderson, and J.M. Malone Methods of preoperative selection of amputation level D.P. Flanigan Perioperative assessment in vascular surgery 1987 Marcel Dekker New York 61 82
101. J.M. Malone, and J. Goldstone Lower extremity amputation W.S. Moore Vascular surgery: a comprehensive review 1984 Grune & Stratton New York 909 974
102. P. Holstein Level selection in leg amputation for arterial occlusive disease: a comparison of clinical evaluation and skin perfusion pressure Acta Orthop Scand 53 5 1982 821 831
103. W.H. Wagner, B.A. Keagy, and M.M. Kotb Noninvasive determination of healing of major lower extremity amputation: the continued role of clinical judgment J Vasc Surg 8 6 1988 703 710
104. V.A. Spence, W.F. Walker, and I.M. Troup Amputation of the ischemic limb: selection of the optimum site by thermography Angiology 32 3 1981 155 169
105. J.K. Raines, R.C. Darling, and J. Buth Vascular laboratory criteria for the management of peripheral vascular disease of the lower extremities Surg 79 1 1976 21 29
106. F.L. Golbranson, E.C. Yu, and R.H. Gelberman The use of skin temperature determinations in lower extremity amputation level selection Foot Ankle 3 3 1982 170 172
107. J.S. Sizer, and F.C. Wheelock Digital amputations in diabetic patients Surgery 72 6 1972 980 989
108. J.M. Porter, G.M. Baur, and L.M. Taylor Jr Lower extremity amputations for ischemia Arch Surg 116 1 1981 89 92
109. J.A. Schwartz, J.J. Schuler, and R.J. O'Connor Predictive value of distal perfusion pressure in the healing of amputation of the digits and the forefoot Surg Gynecol Obstet 154 6 1982 865 869
110. M.J. Verta, W.S. Gross, and B. van Bellan Forefoot perfusion pressure and minor amputation for gangrene Surgery 80 6 1976 729 734
111. W.H. Baker, and R.W. Barnes Minor forefoot amputation in patients with low ankle pressure Am J Surg 133 3 1977 331 332
112. G.G. Nicholas, J.L. Myers, and W.E. Demuth The role of vascular laboratory criteria in the selection of patients for lower extremity amputation Ann Surg 195 4 1982 469 473
113. M.E. Boeckstyns, and C.M. Jensen Amputation of the forefoot. Predictive value of signs and clinical physiological tests Acta Orthop Scand 55 2 1984 224 226
114. B.B. Chang, R.L. Jacobs, and R.C. Darling III Foot amputations Surg Clin North Am 75 4 1995 773 782
115. E.Y. Cheng Lower extremity amputation level: selection using noninvasive hemodynamic methods of evaluation Arch Phys Med Rehabil 63 10 1982 475 479
116. F.A. Gottschalk, and D.F. Fisher Jr Complications of amputations R.B. Rutherford Vascular surgery 5th edition 2000 WB Saunders Philadelphia 2213 2227
117. R.A. Yeager, G.L. Moneta, and J.M. Edwards Deep vein thrombosis associated with lower extremity amputation J Vasc Surg 22 5 1995 612 615
118. J. Lind, M. Kramhoft, and S. Bodtker The influence of smoking on complications after primary amputation of the lower extremity Clin Orthop 267 1991 211 217
119. W.S. Joseph Treatment of lower extremity infections in diabetics J Am Pod Med Assoc 82 7 1992 361 370
120. K.E. McIntyre Jr, S.A. Bailey, and J.M. Malone Guillotine amputation in the treatment of nonsalvageable lower extremity infections Arch Surg 119 4 1984 450 453