Mesopic models—from brightness matching to visual performance in night-time driving: A review

Lighting Research & Technology

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 155-173

  Eloholma, M ^a   Viikari, M ^a   Halonen, L ^a   Walkey, H ^b   Goodman, T ^c   Alferdinck, J ^d   Freiding, A ^e   Bodrogi, P ^f   Varady G ^f  

^a AALTO UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^d TNO   (Netherlands)

^e DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^f UNIVERSITY OF PANNONIA   (Hungary)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20444387521     PISSN: 14771535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1191/1365782805li135oa     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage, CIE/IEC. International Lighting Vocabulary, item 845-03-19. CIE 1987; 17: 4.
2. Wagner G, Boynton RM. Comparison of four methods of hetero-chromatic photometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1972; 62: 1508-1515.
3. Ives H. E. Studies in the photometry of lights of different colours. V. Spectral luminosity curve of the average eye. Philosophical Magazine Series 6 1912; 24: 853-863.
4. Crittenden EC, Richtmyer FK. An “Average Eye” for heterochromatic photometry, and a comparison of a flicker and an equality-of-brightness photometer. Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 1916; 14: 87-113.
5. Coblentz WW, Emerson WB. Relative sensibility of the average eye to light of different colors and some practical applications to radiation problems. US Bureau of Standards Bulletin 1918; 14: 167-236.
6. Hyde EP, Forsythe WE, Cady FE. The visibility of radiation. Astrophysical Journal 1918; 48: 67-88.
7. Reeves P. The Visibility of Radiation. Trans. Illum. Eng. Soc. (US) 1918; 13: 101-109.
8. Gibson KS, Tyndall EPT. Visibility of radiant energy. Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards 1923; 19: 131-191.
9. Commission Internationale de l”é clairage. Principales decisions (6e Session, 1924), CIE Sixième Session, Genève, Juillet, 1924. Recueil des Travaux et Compte Rendu de Séances. Cambridge, University Press, 1926: 67-69.
10. Commission Internationale de l”é clairage. Photometry ” The CIE system of physical photometry. CIE Draft Standard DS 010.2/E-2001.
11. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage. Compte Rendu, 12th Session, Stockholm 1951; 3: 32-40.
12. Wald G. The spectral sensitivity of the human eye; a spectral adaptometer. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1945; 35: 187-196.
13. Crawford BH. The scotopic visibility function. Proc. Phys. Soc. 1949; B62: 321-334.
14. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage. Light as a true visual quantity: principles of measurement. CIE Central Bureau CIE 41, 1978.
15. LeGrand Y. Spectral luminosity. In Jameson D, Hurvich L, editors. Handbook of sensory physiology, Vol. VII/4 Visual psychophysics. Berlin: Springer, 1972: 413-433.
16. Kokoschka S. Das V(l)- Dilemma in der Photometrie. Proceedings of 3. Internationales Forum fur den lichttechnischen Nachswuchs, TU Ilmenau, Ilmenau, 1997.
17. Goodman TM. Workshop”Making measurements in the mesopic region: Proceedings of the NPL-CIE-UK Conference Visual Scales; Photometric and Colorimetric Aspects. Vienna: CIE Central Bureau, 1997.
18. Taylor JAF, Squire TJ, Walkey HC, Barbur JL, Moorhead I, Ward P, Hurden A. An introduction to contrast and conspicuity photometry. Proceedings of Colour and Visual Scales 2000, NPL-CIE-UK 2000.
19. Akashi Y, Rea M. Peripheral detection while driving under a mesopic level. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 2002; 31: 85-94.
20. Eloholma M, Ketomäki J, Halonen L. Luminances and visibility in road lighting”conditions, measurements and analysis. HUT Lighting Laboratory 30, 2004.
21. Lingard R, Rea M. Off-axis detection at mesopic light levels in a driving context. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 2002; 31 (1): 33-39.
22. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage. Mesopic photometry: history, special problems and practical solutions. CIE Central Bureau CIE 81, 1989.
23. Kaiser PK. Photopic and mesopic photometry: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Proceedings of Golden Jubilee of Colour in the CIE. The Society of Dryers and Colourists, Bradford, 1981.
24. Bodmann HW. The scientific basis of photometry. Proceedings of the CIE Symposium “94 Advances in Photometry”70 Years of CIE Photometry 1994. Vienna: CIE Central Bureau, 1995.
25. Schanda J, Morren L, Rea M, Rositani-Ronchi L, Walraven P. Does lighting need more photopic luminous efficiency functions? Lighting Res. Technol. 2002; 34: 69-78.
26. Stockman A, MacLeod DI, DePreist DD. The temporal properties of the human short-wave photoreceptors and their associated pathways. Vis. Res. 1991; 31: 189-208.
27. Yaguchi H, Ikeda M. Subadditivity and superadditivity in heterochromatic brightness matching. Vis. Res. 1983; 23: 1711-1718.
28. Shioiri S, Cavanagh P. Achromatic form perception is based on luminance, not brightness. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1992; 9: 1672-1681.
29. He Y, Rea M, Bierman A, Bullough J. Evaluating light source efficacy under mesopic conditions using reaction times. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 1997; 26: 125-138.
30. He Y, Bierman A, Rea M. A system of mesopic photometry. Lighting Res. Technol. 1998; 30: 175-181.
31. Berman S, Clear R. Additivity constraints and visual task considerations in mesopic photometry. J. Illum. Eng. Soc. 2001; Winter: 90-104.
32. Nutting PG. 1919 Report of standards committee on visual sensitometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1920; 4: 58-58. Revised data.
33. Ives HE. Studies in the photometry of lights of different colours. I. Spectral luminosity curves obtained by the equality of brightness photometer and the flicker photometer under similar conditions. Philosophical Magazine Series 6 1912; 24: 149-188.
34. Ives HE. Studies in the photometry of lights of different colours. III. Distortions in spectral luminosity curves produced by variations in the character of the comparison standard and of the surroundings of the photometric field. Philosophical Magazine Series 6 1912; 24: 744-751.
35. Jainski P. Die Spektrale Hellempfindlichkeit des Menschlichen Auges und ihre Bedeutung fü r die Lichtmesstechnik. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Berlin: Technische Universita Berlin, 1938.
36. Enders M. Vergleich ausgewählter Methoden zur Ermittlung der spektralen Hellempfindlichkeit des menschlichen Auges. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Darmstadt University of Technology, 1995.
37. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage. CIE 1988 28 spectral luminous efficiency function for photopic vision. CIE Central Bureau CIE 86, 1990.
38. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage. Spectral luminous efficiency functions based upon brightness matching for monochromatic point sources 28 and 108 fields. CIE Central Bureau CIE 75, 1988.
39. Lennie P, Pokorny J, Smith VC. Luminance. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1993; 10: 1283-1293.
40. Commission Internationale de lӎ clairage. Testing of supplementary systems of photometry. CIE Central Bureau CIE 141, 2001.
41. Viénot F, Chiron A. Brightness matching and flicker photometric data obtained over the full mesopic range. Vision Research 1992; 32: 533-540.
42. Viénot F, Chiron A. Comparison of heterochromatic flicker photometry and direct comparison brightness matching data over the spectrum. Proceedings of the CIE 22nd Session Melbourne 1991. Australian Road Research Board, Victoria, 1991; 1: 41-42.
43. Forrester J, Dick A, McMenamin P, Lee W. The eye; basic sciences in practice. London: WB Saunders Company, 1996.
44. Sloan LL. The effect of light, state of adaptation of the eye, and size of photometric field on the visibility curve. Psychological Monographs 1928; 38 (1). Psychological Review Publications, whole No. 173.
45. Weaver KS. The visibility of radiation at low intensities. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1937; 27: 36-43.
46. Walters HV, Wright WD. The spectral sensitivity of the fovea and extrafovea in the Purkinje range. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 1942; 131: 340-361.
47. Bedford RE, Wyszecki GW. Luminosity functions for various field sizes and levels of retinal illuminance. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1958; 48: 406-411.
48. Kinney JAS. Effect of field size and position on mesopic spectral sensitivity. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1964; 54: 671-677.
49. Commission Internationale de l”é clairage. Revue des progrèss du comité secrétariat, E1.4.1. CIE Compte Rendu, 15th Session. Vienna: Central Bureau of the CIE, 1964.
50. Ikeda M, Shimozono H. Mesopic luminous efficiency functions. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1981; 71: 280-284.
51. Palmer DA. The definition of a standard observer for mesopic photometry. Vision Research 1967; 7: 619-628.
52. Palmer DA. Standard observer for large-field photometry at any level. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1968; 58: 1296-1299.
53. Sagawa K, Takeichi K. System of mesopic photometry for evaluating lights in terms of comparative brightness relationships. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1992; 9: 1240-1246.
54. Sagawa K, Takeichi K. Spectral luminous efficiency functions in the mesopic range. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1986; 3: 71-75.
55. Kokoschka S, Bodmann HW. Ein konsistentes System zur photometrischen Stralungsbewertung im gesamten Adaptationsbereich. Proceedings of the CIE 18th Session London 1975. Vienna: Central Bureau of the CIE, 1975: 217-225.
56. Trezona PW. A system of general photometry designed to avoid assumptions. Proceedings of the CIE 21st Session Venice 1987. Vienna: Central Bureau of the CIE, 1987; 1: 30-33.
57. Ikeda M, Ashizawa S. Equivalent lightness of colored objects of equal Munsell chroma and of equal Munsell value at various illuminances. Color Res. and Application 1991; 16: 72-80.
58. Ikeda M, Huang CC, Ashizawa S. Equivalent lightness of coloured objects at illuminances from the scotopic to the photopic level. Colour Res. and Application 1989; 14: 198-206.
59. Sagawa K. 70 years of CIE photometry. Proceedings of the CIE Symposium “94 Advances in Photometry”70 Years of CIE Photometry 1994. Vienna: Central Bureau of the CIE, 1995; 1-6.
60. Walkey HC. Visual performance in the mesopic range. Unpublished PhD Thesis. London: City University, 2003.
61. McGowan T, Rea M. Visibility and spectral composition, another look in the mesopic. Proceedings of the CIE Symposium “94 Advances in Photometry”70 Years of CIE Photometry 1994. Vienna: Central Bureau of the CIE, 1995; 107-119.
62. Rea MS, Bullough JD, Freyssinier-Nova JP, Bierman A. A proposed unified system of photometry. Lighting Res. Technol. 2004; 36: 85-111.
63. Hurden A, Smith P, Harlow A, Bunting A, Barbur J. Visual performance at mesopic light levels: an empirical model. Lighting Res. Technol. 1999; 31: 127-131.
64. Hurden A, Moorhead I, Ward P, Taylor J, Goodman T, Squire TJ, Walkey H, Barbur J. A model for visual performance at mesopic light levels”Phase II. Final report and recommendations. Cambridge, UK: Scientific Generics Ltd, 2002.
65. Kurtenbach A, Meierkord S, Kremers J. Spectral sensitivities in dichromats and trichromats at mesopic retinal illuminances, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1999; 16: 1541-1548.
66. Eloholma M, Halonen L. New approach for the development of mesopic dimensioning scales. Publication CIE x025: 2003. Proceedings of CIE Expert Symposium 2002 Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Light and Colour Perception and Measurement.
67. Bullough JD, Rea MS. Simulated driving performance and peripheral detection at mesopic and low photopic light levels. Lighting Res. Technol. 2000; 32: 194-198.
68. Ikeda M, Yaguchi H, Yoshimatsu K. Luminous efficiency functions for point sources. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 1982; 72: 68-73.
69. Kaiser PK, Ayama M. Small brief foveal stimuli: an additivity experiment. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1986; 3: 930-934.
70. Guth SL, Graham BV. Heterochromatic additivity and the acuity response. Vision Research 1975; 15: 317-319.