메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 3 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 437-452

Capillaroscopy

Author keywords

Capillaroscopy; Dermatomyositis; Microvasculature; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Systemic sclerosis; Undifferentiated connective tissue disease; Videocapillaroscopy

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CAPILLAROSCOPY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORRELATION FUNCTION; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPILUMINESCENCE MICROSCOPY; HEALTH CARE COST; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; MICROVASCULATURE; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAYNAUD PHENOMENON; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; SAFETY; SCLERODERMA; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS;

EID: 20444378148     PISSN: 15216942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2005.01.001     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (158)

References (53)
  • 1
    • 0242410491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raynaud's phenomenon and the role of capillaroscopy
    • M. Cutolo W. Grassi & M. Matucci Cerinic Raynaud's phenomenon and the role of capillaroscopy Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 3023-3030
    • (2003) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.48 , pp. 3023-3030
    • Cutolo, M.1    Grassi, W.2    Matucci Cerinic, M.3
  • 2
    • 0015858458 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of finger capillary abnormalities in connective tissue disease by widefield microscopy
    • H.R. Maricq & E.C. LeRoy Patterns of finger capillary abnormalities in connective tissue disease by widefield microscopy Arthritis Rheum 16 1973 619-628
    • (1973) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.16 , pp. 619-628
    • Maricq, H.R.1    LeRoy, E.C.2
  • 3
    • 84939673653 scopus 로고
    • Standstill nailfold capillary blood flow during cooling in scleroderma and Raynaud's syndrome
    • H.R. Maricq J.A. Downey & E.C. LeRoy Standstill nailfold capillary blood flow during cooling in scleroderma and Raynaud's syndrome Blood Vessels 13 1976 338-349
    • (1976) Blood Vessels , vol.13 , pp. 338-349
    • Maricq, H.R.1    Downey, J.A.2    LeRoy, E.C.3
  • 4
    • 0033970905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis
    • M. Cutolo A. Sulli C. Pizzorni & S. Accardo Nailfold videocapillaroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis J Rheumatol 27 2000 155-160
    • (2000) J. Rheumatol. , vol.27 , pp. 155-160
    • Cutolo, M.1    Sulli, A.2    Pizzorni, C.3    Accardo, S.4
  • 5
    • 0041520873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The handheld dermatoscope as a nail-fold capillaroscopic instrument
    • R. Bergman L. Sharony D. Schapira et al. The handheld dermatoscope as a nail-fold capillaroscopic instrument Arch Dermatol 139 2003 1027-1030
    • (2003) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.139 , pp. 1027-1030
    • Bergman, R.1    Sharony, L.2    Schapira, D.3
  • 6
    • 0025185389 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenonin general practice
    • A. Silman S. Holligan P. Brennan & P. Maddison Prevalence of symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenonin general practice Br Med J 301 1990 590-592
    • (1990) Br. Med. J. , vol.301 , pp. 590-592
    • Silman, A.1    Holligan, S.2    Brennan, P.3    Maddison, P.4
  • 7
    • 0030919435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographic variation in prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: A 5 region comparison
    • H.R. Maricq P.H. Carpentier M.C. Weinrich et al. Geographic variation in prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: A 5 region comparison J Rheumatol 24 1997 879-889
    • (1997) J. Rheumatol. , vol.24 , pp. 879-889
    • Maricq, H.R.1    Carpentier, P.H.2    Weinrich, M.C.3
  • 8
    • 0026714852 scopus 로고
    • Raynaud's phenomenon: A proposal for classification
    • E.C. Le Roy & T.A. Medsger Jr Raynaud's phenomenon: A proposal for classification Clin Exp Rheumatol 10 1992 485-488
    • (1992) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.10 , pp. 485-488
    • Le Roy, E.C.1    Medsger Jr., T.A.2
  • 9
    • 0028071884 scopus 로고
    • Primary Raynaud's phenomenon: Age of onset and pathogenesis in a prospective study of 424 patients
    • B. Planchon M.A. Pistorius P. Beurrier & P. De Faucal Primary Raynaud's phenomenon: Age of onset and pathogenesis in a prospective study of 424 patients Angiology 45 1994 677-686
    • (1994) Angiology , vol.45 , pp. 677-686
    • Planchon, B.1    Pistorius, M.A.2    Beurrier, P.3    De Faucal, P.4
  • 10
    • 0025219545 scopus 로고
    • Early detection of connective tissue disease in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon
    • C.G. Kallenberg Early detection of connective tissue disease in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon Rheum Dis Clin North Am 16 1990 11-30
    • (1990) Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. , vol.16 , pp. 11-30
    • Kallenberg, C.G.1
  • 11
    • 0032559806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes in primary Raynaud's phenomenon: A meta-analysis and the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary disease
    • G. Spencer-Green Outcomes in primary Raynaud's phenomenon: A meta-analysis and the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary disease Arch Intern Med 158 1998 595-600
    • (1998) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.158 , pp. 595-600
    • Spencer-Green, G.1
  • 12
    • 0027070964 scopus 로고
    • Prognostic significance of nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma-pattern abnormalities: A six-year follow-up study
    • P. Zuffery M. Depairon A.M. Chamot & M. Monti Prognostic significance of nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma-pattern abnormalities: A six-year follow-up study Clin Rheumatol 11 1992 536-541
    • (1992) Clin. Rheumatol. , vol.11 , pp. 536-541
    • Zuffery, P.1    Depairon, M.2    Chamot, A.M.3    Monti, M.4
  • 13
    • 84942733693 scopus 로고
    • Vascular disease in diabetes. Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy
    • J.A. Colwell P.V. Halusshka K.E. Sarji et al. Vascular disease in diabetes. Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapy Arch Intern Med 139 1979 225-230
    • (1979) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.139 , pp. 225-230
    • Colwell, J.A.1    Halusshka, P.V.2    Sarji, K.E.3
  • 14
    • 0019618257 scopus 로고
    • Widefield capillary microscopy: Technique and rating scale for abnormalities seen in scleroderma and related disorders
    • H.R. Maricq Widefield capillary microscopy: Technique and rating scale for abnormalities seen in scleroderma and related disorders Arthritis Rheum 24 1981 1159-1165
    • (1981) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.24 , pp. 1159-1165
    • Maricq, H.R.1
  • 15
    • 0021051731 scopus 로고
    • Microvascular abnormalities as possible predictors of disease subset in Raynaud's phenomenon and early connective tissue disease
    • H.R. Maricq F.E. Harper M.M. Khan et al. Microvascular abnormalities as possible predictors of disease subset in Raynaud's phenomenon and early connective tissue disease Clin Exp Rheumatol 1 1983 195-205
    • (1983) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.1 , pp. 195-205
    • Maricq, H.R.1    Harper, F.E.2    Khan, M.M.3
  • 16
    • 12344302134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold video-capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis
    • Cutolo M, Pizzorni C & Sulli A. Nailfold video-capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis. Z Rheumatol 2004; 63: 457-462.
    • (2004) Z. Rheumatol. , vol.63 , pp. 457-462
    • Cutolo, M.1    Pizzorni, C.2    Sulli, A.3
  • 17
    • 0018818169 scopus 로고
    • Microcirculation in psoriasis: Blood vessels, lymphatics and tissue fluid
    • T.J. Ryan Microcirculation in psoriasis: Blood vessels, lymphatics and tissue fluid Pharmacol Ther 10 1980 27-64
    • (1980) Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.10 , pp. 27-64
    • Ryan, T.J.1
  • 18
    • 0022479731 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic significance of nailfold capillary patterns in patients with RP: An analysis of patterns discriminating patients with and without connective tissue disease
    • P.M. Houtman C.G.M. Kallenberg V. Fidler & A.A. Wouda Diagnostic significance of nailfold capillary patterns in patients with RP: An analysis of patterns discriminating patients with and without connective tissue disease J Rheumatol 13 1986 556-563
    • (1986) J. Rheumatol. , vol.13 , pp. 556-563
    • Houtman, P.M.1    Kallenberg, C.G.M.2    Fidler, V.3    Wouda, A.A.4
  • 19
    • 0021349681 scopus 로고
    • The microcirculation in systemic sclerosis
    • M.I.V. Jayson The microcirculation in systemic sclerosis Clin Exp Rheumatol 2 1984 85-91
    • (1984) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.2 , pp. 85-91
    • Jayson, M.I.V.1
  • 20
    • 0021721579 scopus 로고
    • Association between fluorescent antinuclear antibodies, capillary patterns, and clinical features in scleroderma spectrum disorders
    • Z.Y. Chen R.M. Silver S.K. Ainsworth et al. Association between fluorescent antinuclear antibodies, capillary patterns, and clinical features in scleroderma spectrum disorders Am J Med 77 1984 812-822
    • (1984) Am. J. Med. , vol.77 , pp. 812-822
    • Chen, Z.Y.1    Silver, R.M.2    Ainsworth, S.K.3
  • 22
    • 0027426209 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of endothelial damage in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon
    • A.D. Blann K. Illinworth & M.I.V. Jayson Mechanisms of endothelial damage in systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon J Rheumatol 20 1993 1325-1330
    • (1993) J. Rheumatol. , vol.20 , pp. 1325-1330
    • Blann, A.D.1    Illinworth, K.2    Jayson, M.I.V.3
  • 24
    • 0018843919 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders
    • H.R. Maricq E.C. Le Roy W.A. D'Angelo et al. Diagnostic potential of in vivo capillary microscopy in scleroderma and related disorders Arthritis Rheum 23 1980 183-189
    • (1980) Arthritis Rheum. , vol.23 , pp. 183-189
    • Maricq, H.R.1    Le Roy, E.C.2    D'Angelo, W.A.3
  • 25
    • 0029981204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive value of nailfold capillaroscopy in the diagnosis of connective tissue disease
    • D. Blockmans G. Beyens & R. Verhaeghe Predictive value of nailfold capillaroscopy in the diagnosis of connective tissue disease Clin Rheumatol 15 1996 148-153
    • (1996) Clin. Rheumatol. , vol.15 , pp. 148-153
    • Blockmans, D.1    Beyens, G.2    Verhaeghe, R.3
  • 26
  • 27
    • 0029584869 scopus 로고
    • A study of scleroderma in South Australia: Prevalence, subset characteristics and nailfold capillaroscopy
    • G. Chandran M. Smith M.J. Ahern & P.J. Roberts-Thomson A study of scleroderma in South Australia: Prevalence, subset characteristics and nailfold capillaroscopy Aust N Z J Med 25 1995 688-694
    • (1995) Aust. N. Z. J. Med. , vol.25 , pp. 688-694
    • Chandran, G.1    Smith, M.2    Ahern, M.J.3    Roberts-Thomson, P.J.4
  • 28
    • 0028140136 scopus 로고
    • Nailfold capillaroscopy in the screening and diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon
    • E. Mannarino L. Pasqualini F. Fedeli et al. Nailfold capillaroscopy in the screening and diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon Angiology 45 1994 37-42
    • (1994) Angiology , vol.45 , pp. 37-42
    • Mannarino, E.1    Pasqualini, L.2    Fedeli, F.3
  • 29
    • 0025088175 scopus 로고
    • Panoramic nailfold capillaroscopy: A new reading method and normal range
    • L.E.C. Andrade A. Gabriel Jr R.L. Assad et al. Panoramic nailfold capillaroscopy: A new reading method and normal range Semin Arthritis Rheum 20 1990 21-31
    • (1990) Semin. Arthritis Rheum. , vol.20 , pp. 21-31
    • Andrade, L.E.C.1    Gabriel Jr., A.2    Assad, R.L.3
  • 30
    • 0030007607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative nailfold capillaroscopy findings in a population with connective tissue disease and in normal healthy controls
    • Y. Kabasakal D.M. Elvins E.F.J. Ring & N.J. McHugh Quantitative nailfold capillaroscopy findings in a population with connective tissue disease and in normal healthy controls Ann Rheum Dis 55 1996 507-512
    • (1996) Ann. Rheum. Dis. , vol.55 , pp. 507-512
    • Kabasakal, Y.1    Elvins, D.M.2    Ring, E.F.J.3    McHugh, N.J.4
  • 32
    • 0030728387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired quantitative cerebral blood flow in scleroderma patients
    • F. Nobili M. Cutolo A. Sulli et al. Impaired quantitative cerebral blood flow in scleroderma patients J Neurol Sci 152 1997 63-71
    • (1997) J. Neurol. Sci. , vol.152 , pp. 63-71
    • Nobili, F.1    Cutolo, M.2    Sulli, A.3
  • 33
    • 0033909533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of correlation between gastric Helicobacter pylori infection and primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis
    • A. Sulli V. Savarino & M. Cutolo Lack of correlation between gastric Helicobacter pylori infection and primary or secondary Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis J Rheumatol 27 2000 1820-1821
    • (2000) J. Rheumatol. , vol.27 , pp. 1820-1821
    • Sulli, A.1    Savarino, V.2    Cutolo, M.3
  • 34
    • 0034502278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of cerebral hypoperfusion in scleroderma patients
    • M. Cutolo F. Nobili A. Sulli et al. Evidence of cerebral hypoperfusion in scleroderma patients Rheumatology 39 2000 1366-1373
    • (2000) Rheumatology , vol.39 , pp. 1366-1373
    • Cutolo, M.1    Nobili, F.2    Sulli, A.3
  • 35
    • 0035681336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term treatment of patients affected by systemic sclerosis with cyclosporin A
    • G. Filaci M. Cutolo M. Basso et al. Long-term treatment of patients affected by systemic sclerosis with cyclosporin A Rheumatology 40 2001 259-260
    • (2001) Rheumatology , vol.40 , pp. 259-260
    • Filaci, G.1    Cutolo, M.2    Basso, M.3
  • 36
    • 34247564964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiogenic and angiostatic factors in systemic sclerosis: Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are a feature of the earliest disease stages and are associated with the absence of fingertip ulcers
    • O. Distler A. Del Rosso R. Giacomelli et al. Angiogenic and angiostatic factors in systemic sclerosis: Increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are a feature of the earliest disease stages and are associated with the absence of fingertip ulcers Arthritis Res 4 2002 R11
    • (2002) Arthritis Res. , vol.4
    • Distler, O.1    Del Rosso, A.2    Giacomelli, R.3
  • 37
    • 0842264994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold digital capillaroscopy in 447 patients with connective tissue disease and Raynaud's disease
    • Z. Nagy & L. Czirjak Nailfold digital capillaroscopy in 447 patients with connective tissue disease and Raynaud's disease J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18 2004 62-68
    • (2004) J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. , vol.18 , pp. 62-68
    • Nagy, Z.1    Czirjak, L.2
  • 38
    • 0030001490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microangiopathic changes and functional disorders of nail fold capillaries in dermatomyositis
    • T. Klyscz O. Bogenschutz M. Junger & G. Rassner Microangiopathic changes and functional disorders of nail fold capillaries in dermatomyositis Hautarzt 47 1996 289-293
    • (1996) Hautarzt , vol.47 , pp. 289-293
    • Klyscz, T.1    Bogenschutz, O.2    Junger, M.3    Rassner, G.4
  • 39
    • 0041520873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The handheld dermatoscope as a nail-fold capillaroscopic instrument
    • R. Bergman L. Sharony D. Schapira et al. The handheld dermatoscope as a nail-fold capillaroscopic instrument Arch Dermatol 139 2003 1027-1030
    • (2003) Arch. Dermatol. , vol.139 , pp. 1027-1030
    • Bergman, R.1    Sharony, L.2    Schapira, D.3
  • 40
    • 0032160257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome
    • M. Candela A. Pansoni S.T. De Carolis et al. Nailfold capillary microscopy in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome Recenti Prog Med 89 1998 444-449
    • (1998) Recenti. Prog. Med. , vol.89 , pp. 444-449
    • Candela, M.1    Pansoni, A.2    De Carolis, S.T.3
  • 41
    • 3042694913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold videocapillaroscopic patterns and serum autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis
    • M. Cutolo C. Pizzorni M. Tuccio et al. Nailfold videocapillaroscopic patterns and serum autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis Rheumatology (Oxford) 43 2004 719-726
    • (2004) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.43 , pp. 719-726
    • Cutolo, M.1    Pizzorni, C.2    Tuccio, M.3
  • 42
    • 0036176685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scleroderma-like nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities are associated with anti-U1-RNP antibodies and Raynaud's phenomenon in SLE patients
    • R.N. Furtado M.L. Pucinelli V.V. Cristo et al. Scleroderma-like nailfold capillaroscopic abnormalities are associated with anti-U1-RNP antibodies and Raynaud's phenomenon in SLE patients Lupus 11 2002 35-41
    • (2002) Lupus , vol.11 , pp. 35-41
    • Furtado, R.N.1    Pucinelli, M.L.2    Cristo, V.V.3
  • 43
    • 0028909804 scopus 로고
    • Association of anticardiolipin antibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
    • O. Bongard H. Bounameaux P.A. Miescher & P. De Moerloose Association of anticardiolipin antibodies and abnormal nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus 4 1995 142-144
    • (1995) Lupus , vol.4 , pp. 142-144
    • Bongard, O.1    Bounameaux, H.2    Miescher, P.A.3    De Moerloose, P.4
  • 44
    • 0034090179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold videocapillaroscopy abnormalities in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies
    • A. Sulli C. Pizzorni & M. Cutolo Nailfold videocapillaroscopy abnormalities in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies J Rheumatol 27 2000 1574-1576
    • (2000) J. Rheumatol. , vol.27 , pp. 1574-1576
    • Sulli, A.1    Pizzorni, C.2    Cutolo, M.3
  • 45
    • 4344643668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS)
    • J.L. Vaz M.A. Dancour D.A. Bottino & E. Bouskela Nailfold videocapillaroscopy in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) Rheumatology (Oxford) 43 2004 1025-1027
    • (2004) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.43 , pp. 1025-1027
    • Vaz, J.L.1    Dancour, M.A.2    Bottino, D.A.3    Bouskela, E.4
  • 46
    • 4544379533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nail fold videocapillaroscopy in mixed cryoglobulinaemia
    • D. Rossi M. Mansouri S. Baldovino et al. Nail fold videocapillaroscopy in mixed cryoglobulinaemia Nephrol Dial Transplant 19 2004 2245-2249
    • (2004) Nephrol. Dial Transplant , vol.19 , pp. 2245-2249
    • Rossi, D.1    Mansouri, M.2    Baldovino, S.3
  • 48
    • 0035459882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nailfold capillary abnormalities in patients with familial Mediterranean fever
    • A. Dinc M. Melikoglu C. Korkmaz et al. Nailfold capillary abnormalities in patients with familial Mediterranean fever Clin Exp Rheumatol 19 5 supplement 24 2001 S42-S44
    • (2001) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.19 , Issue.5 SUPPL. 24
    • Dinc, A.1    Melikoglu, M.2    Korkmaz, C.3
  • 49
    • 0028957040 scopus 로고
    • Microvascular capillaroscopic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients
    • L. Altomonte A. Zoli A. Galossi et al. Microvascular capillaroscopic abnormalities in rheumatoid arthritis patients Clin Exp Rheumatol 13 1995 83-86
    • (1995) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.13 , pp. 83-86
    • Altomonte, L.1    Zoli, A.2    Galossi, A.3
  • 50
    • 4243189373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Digital iontophoresis of vasoactive substances as measured by laser Doppler imaging - A non-invasive technique by which to measure microvascular dysfunction in Raynaud's phenomenon
    • M.E. Anderson T.L. Moore M. Lunt & A.L. Herrick Digital iontophoresis of vasoactive substances as measured by laser Doppler imaging - a non-invasive technique by which to measure microvascular dysfunction in Raynaud's phenomenon Rheumatology (Oxford) 43 2004 986-991
    • (2004) Rheumatology (Oxford) , vol.43 , pp. 986-991
    • Anderson, M.E.1    Moore, T.L.2    Lunt, M.3    Herrick, A.L.4
  • 51
    • 4444321458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A working classification of scleroderma spectrum disorders: A proposal and the results of testing on a sample of patients
    • H.R. Maricq & I. Valter A working classification of scleroderma spectrum disorders: A proposal and the results of testing on a sample of patients Clin Exp Rheumatol 22 3 supplement 33 2004 S5-S13
    • (2004) Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. , vol.22 , Issue.3 SUPPL. 33
    • Maricq, H.R.1    Valter, I.2
  • 53
    • 12344280658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma
    • M. Cutolo & A. Sulli Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma Ann Rheum Dis 63 2004 SP0022
    • (2004) Ann. Rheum. Dis. , vol.63
    • Cutolo, M.1    Sulli, A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.