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Volumn 44, Issue 22, 2005, Pages 3344-3355

Arthur Eichengrün - Tribute to a forgotten chemist, entrepreneur, and German Jew

Author keywords

Aspirin; Cellulose acetate; History of chemistry; Pharmaceutical chemistry; Plastics industry

Indexed keywords

ESTERS; RESEARCH; SOCIAL ASPECTS;

EID: 20444365172     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200462959     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (11)

References (106)
  • 6
    • 20444376006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Institute of Contemporary History and Wiener Library, London, Document No. 1346
    • Regarding Eichengrün's career as a chemist cf. his interview with Philipp Manes conducted at the KZ Theresienstadt in: Philipp Manes Document Collection, Theresienstadt/Tatsachenberichte/Heft 8, The Institute of Contemporary History and Wiener Library, London, Document No. 1346.
    • Philipp Manes Document Collection, Theresienstadt/Tatsachenberichte/Heft 8
  • 7
    • 20444415840 scopus 로고
    • With respect to Einhorn cf.: E. Uhlfelder, Chem.-Ztg. 1917, 41, 373-374;
    • (1917) Chem.-Ztg. , vol.41 , pp. 373-374
    • Uhlfelder, E.1
  • 10
    • 20444417255 scopus 로고
    • On the discovery of cocaine's effectiveness as a local anesthetic and its impact on morphinism see H. Honegger, H. Hessler, Pharm. Ztg. 1972, 117, 1153-1195;
    • (1972) Pharm. Ztg. , vol.117 , pp. 1153-1195
    • Honegger, H.1    Hessler, H.2
  • 12
    • 20444374284 scopus 로고
    • Diss. phil. Friedrich Alexander-Universität zu Erlangen, Aachen, Archives of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg C4/3b Nr. 1318. The doctoral degree certificate is dated March 7, 1890
    • A. Eichengrün, Ueber das Methoxy-oxydihydrocarbostyril. Diss. phil. Friedrich Alexander-Universität zu Erlangen, Aachen 1890, Archives of the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg C4/3b Nr. 1318. The doctoral degree certificate is dated March 7, 1890.
    • (1890) Ueber Das Methoxy-oxydihydrocarbostyril
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 25
    • 20444393826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personnel files of A. Eichengrün, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen
    • Personnel files of A. Eichengrün, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen.
  • 28
    • 0010026459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • supplement to the Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung
    • T. J. Rinsema, Gesch. Pharm. 1999, 51, 33-39 (supplement to the Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung).
    • (1999) Gesch. Pharm. , vol.51 , pp. 33-39
    • Rinsema, T.J.1
  • 31
    • 20444374923 scopus 로고
    • Pharmazeutisch-wissenschaftliche Abteilung
    • Elberfeld, Bayer-Archiv, Leverkusen 1/6.1 and Library of the Deutsches Museum, Munich 1971 C 23
    • A. Eichengrün, Pharmazeutisch-wissenschaftliche Abteilung, Farbenfabriken Bayer & Co. ("Böttinger-Schrift"), Vol. 2, Elberfeld, 1918, pp. 409-416, Bayer-Archiv, Leverkusen 1/6.1 and Library of the Deutsches Museum, Munich 1971 C 23. In this essay on the history of his department it is noteworthy that Eichengrün makes no claim to a role in the synthesis of Aspirin, whereas he discusses his other pharmaceutical discoveries in detail. That he began to publicize his contribution to the Aspirin synthesis specifically in 1930 could be accounted for by his increasing persecution as a Jew, which forced him in self-defense to cite all his accomplishments in as much detail as possible.
    • (1918) Farbenfabriken Bayer & Co. ("Böttinger-Schrift") , vol.2 , pp. 409-416
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 32
    • 20444383332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspirin-Entdecker von Nazis nicht anerkannt
    • from September 7
    • Cf. The report "Aspirin-Entdecker von Nazis nicht anerkannt", Süddeutsche Zeitung no. 206 from September 7, 1999, p. 14;
    • (1999) Süddeutsche Zeitung , vol.206 , pp. 14
  • 33
    • 20444390292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L'inventeur de l'aspirine: Un ursurpateur?
    • from September 8
    • "L'inventeur de l'aspirine: un ursurpateur?", Le Soir from September 8, 1999.
    • (1999) Le Soir
  • 34
    • 0034707245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moreover: W. Sneader, Br. Med. J. 2000, 321, 1591-1594.
    • (2000) Br. Med. J. , vol.321 , pp. 1591-1594
    • Sneader, W.1
  • 38
    • 20444367846 scopus 로고
    • Photographische und technische Abteilung
    • Elberfeld, see note [13]
    • A. Eichengrün, Photographische und technische Abteilung, Farbenfabriken Bayer & Co. ("Böttinger-Schrift"), Vol. 2, Elberfeld, 1918, pp. 457-462 (see note [13]).
    • (1918) Farbenfabriken Bayer & Co. ("Böttinger-Schrift") , vol.2 , pp. 457-462
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 39
    • 20444429250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personnel files of A. Eichengrün, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen
    • Personnel files of A. Eichengrün, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen.
  • 45
    • 20444426382 scopus 로고
    • (Ed.: R. O. Herzog), Julius Springer, Berlin
    • A. Eichengrün in Technologie der Textilfasern, Vol. 7 (Ed.: R. O. Herzog), Julius Springer, Berlin, 1927, pp. 189-211.
    • (1927) Technologie der Textilfasern , vol.7 , pp. 189-211
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 48
    • 20444381512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amtsgericht Charlottenburg, 90 HRA 94620 alt
    • See records of the Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün, Amtsgericht Charlottenburg, 90 HRA 94620 alt;
    • Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün
  • 54
    • 20444405524 scopus 로고
    • Dr. Quittner & Co. , Kunststoffe 1916, 6, 99;
    • (1916) Kunststoffe , vol.6 , pp. 99
    • Quittner1
  • 56
  • 59
  • 66
    • 20444390818 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Lonarit-Gesellschaft m.b.H. , DRP 441 023 from January 26, 1919; Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün, DRP 393 873 from January 26, 1919.
  • 75
    • 20444389958 scopus 로고
    • Berlin April, archives of the Eichengrün family, Königswinter
    • E. Eichengrün, Verkauf der Cellon-Werke, Berlin April 1951, archives of the Eichengrün family, Königswinter.
    • (1951) Verkauf der Cellon-Werke
    • Eichengrün, E.1
  • 77
    • 20444391519 scopus 로고
    • Wilmersdorf December 12, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter
    • A. Eichengrün, Erläuterungen zu meinem Testament, Wilmersdorf December 12, 1942, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
    • (1942) Erläuterungen Zu Meinem Testament
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 85
    • 20444428173 scopus 로고
    • Oberkommando des Heeres, Berlin
    • Diwag was among the companies classified as militarily important suppliers to the army high command; cf.: Liste der Fertigungskennzeichen für Waffen, Munition und Gerät, Oberkommando des Heeres, Berlin, 1944, p. 771.
    • (1944) Liste der Fertigungskennzeichen für Waffen, Munition und Gerät , pp. 771
  • 86
    • 20444391519 scopus 로고
    • Wilmersdorf December 30, Eichengrün family archives, Königs winter
    • A. Eichengrün, Erläuterungen zu meinem Testament, Wilmersdorf December 30, 1942, Eichengrün family archives, Königs winter.
    • (1942) Erläuterungen Zu Meinem Testament
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 87
    • 20444384045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Declaration of Dipl.-Kaufmann Runk from August 11, 1938 regarding sale of interests in the Cellon-Werke G.m.b.H.; Transcripts nos. 4,5,6 of the notary index for 1938, transacted in Berlin on January 12, 1938; Copy of a letter from A. Eichengrün to Diwag, Bad Wiessee June 27, 1949, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter. Noteworthy is the great discrepancy between the negotiated selling price and the estimated gross value of the Cellon-Werke GmbH according to the balance sheet of December 31, 1938, listed as 449792,20 reichsmarks, cf. Zentralfinanzamt Berlin to the Amtsgericht Berlin, Amtsgericht Charlottenburg, Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün, 90 HRA 94620 alt.
  • 88
    • 20444418849 scopus 로고
    • A. Eichengrün, Further details listed on p. 2 of the questionnaire related to the report of asset losses attributable to Nazi law or other actions of the Nazi regime, Berlin May 3, 1946; Berlin April, Wilhelm Schulz to the United States Department of Justice, Overseas Branch, Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin May 22, 1953, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter
    • A. Eichengrün, Further details listed on p. 2 of the questionnaire related to the report of asset losses attributable to Nazi law or other actions of the Nazi regime, Berlin May 3, 1946; E. Eichengrün, Sale of the Cellon-Werke, Berlin April 1951; Wilhelm Schulz to the United States Department of Justice, Overseas Branch, Berlin-Dahlem, Berlin May 22, 1953, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
    • (1951) Sale of the Cellon-Werke
    • Eichengrün, E.1
  • 89
    • 20444406270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Eichengrün to the Amtsgericht Berlin, Berlin-Charlottenburg August 11, 1941, Amtsgericht Charlottenburg 90 HRA 94620 alt
    • A. Eichengrün to the Amtsgericht Berlin, Berlin-Charlottenburg August 11, 1941, Amtsgericht Charlottenburg 90 HRA 94620 alt.
  • 90
    • 20444430659 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Amtsgericht Charlottenburg, Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün, 90 HRA 94620 alt. A copy of the deletion notice is also in the Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
  • 91
    • 20444415072 scopus 로고
    • August Scherl Deutsche Adressbuch-Gesellschaft m.b.H., Berlin, (Eichengrün) und p. 771 (Göring), Library of the Deutsches Museum, Munich ZB 1860
    • Hermann Göring and Arthur Eichengrün occupied the house at Kaiserdamm 34 in Berlin-Charlottenburg, cf. Berliner Adressbuch, Vol. 1, August Scherl Deutsche Adressbuch-Gesellschaft m.b.H., Berlin, 1933, p. 517 (Eichengrün) und p. 771 (Göring), Library of the Deutsches Museum, Munich ZB 1860.
    • (1933) Berliner Adressbuch , vol.1 , pp. 517
  • 92
    • 20444401018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • DRP 701 170 from March 24, 1937, issued on August 2, 1941. See also Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün to the Amtsgericht Berlin- Charlottenburg, Berlin-Charlottenburg September 18, 1941, Amtsgericht Charlottenburg, Cellon-Werke Dr. Arthur Eichengrün, 90 HRA 94620 alt. Corvette captain Walther of the navy high command is explicitly cited here as the partner working with Eichengrün.
  • 93
    • 20444391519 scopus 로고
    • Wilmersdorf December 30, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter
    • A. Eichengrün, Erläuterungen zu meinem Testament, Wilmersdorf December 30, 1942, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
    • (1942) Erläuterungen Zu Meinem Testament
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 94
    • 20444414720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Dr. Eichengrün's collection survived the Second World War nearly intact - only a few pictures and sculptures needed to be sold in the early post-war period - and was disposed of at auction after Eichengrün's death by his heirs through Leo Spik, Berlin, in Lot 374 on April 20/21, 1950. Regarding the collection see also the letter from A. Eichengrün to Herrn Thiemann, Berlin, April 12, 1948, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
  • 96
    • 20444395631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Eichengrün to P. Müller, Charlottenburg February 12, 1941, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen, Eichengrün personnel files
    • A. Eichengrün to P. Müller, Charlottenburg February 12, 1941, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen, Eichengrün personnel files
  • 97
    • 20444387758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A. Eichengrün to Herrn Thiemann, Berlin April 12, 1948, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter
    • A. Eichengrün to Herrn Thiemann, Berlin April 12, 1948, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
  • 98
    • 20444374283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See ref. [38]
    • See ref. [38].
  • 101
    • 20444362912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • See ref. [46]. Müller supported Eichengrün's cause, cf.: P. Müller, W. Pungs to the Wirtschaftsgruppe Chemische Industrie, Troisdorf August 22, 1941, as well as the equally supportive letter from Dr. Hörlein and Dr. Brüggemann, IG Leverkusen, Leverkusen October 14, 1941, to the Wirtschaftsgruppe Chemische Industrie, Bayer-Archiv Leverkusen, Eichengrün personnel files. Müller emphasized the "far-reaching importance" flowing out of "the work of Dr. Eichengrün with respect to the German economy during the World War as well as especially in this war".
  • 102
    • 20444424745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The police commissioner in Berlin, Sec. II, to A. Eichengrün, Berlin June 11, 1942, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
  • 104
    • 20444397584 scopus 로고
    • L. Eichengrün to the Gestapo headquarters in Berlin, Berlin February 1, 1944; Berlin June, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter
    • L. Eichengrün to the Gestapo headquarters in Berlin, Berlin February 1, 1944; A. Eichengrün: Was ich den Nazis zu verdanken habe ("What I have to thank the Nazis for"), Berlin June 1947, Eichengrün family archives, Königswinter.
    • (1947) Was Ich Den Nazis Zu Verdanken Habe ("What I Have to Thank the Nazis For")
    • Eichengrün, A.1
  • 105
    • 84881816509 scopus 로고
    • When Klauer was summoned in 1948 to appear before the Denazification Authorities he committed suicide. With respect to Klauer's role in National Socialism see: R. Spencer, J. Pat. Off. Soc. 1949, 31, 79-87.
    • (1949) J. Pat. Off. Soc. , vol.31 , pp. 79-87
    • Spencer, R.1


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