Late Oligocene bunch grassland and early Miocene sod grassland paleosols from central Oregon, USA

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 207, Issue 3-4, 2004, Pages 203-237

  Retallack, Gregory J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

Fossil mammal; Grassland; Miocene; Oligocene; Paleosol; Trace fossil

Indexed keywords

FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGE; GRASSLAND; MIOCENE; OLIGOCENE; PALEOCLIMATE; PALEOSOL; TRACE FOSSIL;

NORTH AMERICA; OREGON; UNITED STATES;

ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA; CAMELIDAE; CHALICOTHERIIDAE; CICADA; COLEOPTERA; DICERATHERIUM; EDAPHICHNIUM; EQUIDAE; EQUUS CABALLUS; GENTILICAMELUS; MAMMALIA; MESOHIPPUS; MIOHIPPUS; MOROPUS; PALLICHNUS; PARAHIPPUS; PARATYLOPUS; PHERETIMA SIEBOLDI; POACEAE; TAENIDIUM;

EID: 2042539850     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.09.027     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Albright L.B., Fremd T.J., Swisher C.C., MacFadden B.J. Toward a revision of the chronostratigraphy of the John Day Formation, Oregon. Paleobios. 21(Suppl. to no. 2):2001;22
2. Alroy J. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology. 26:2000;707-733
3. Barley K.P. Earthworms and soil fertility: IV. The influence of earthworms on the physical properties of a red brown earth. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 10:1959;371-376
4. Beadle N.C.W. The Vegetation of Australia. 1981;Cambridge Univ. Press, London
5. 2 consumption determined from paleosol sequences across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 156:2000;301-326
6. Bestland E.A., Swisher C.C. Milankovitch-scale climate cycles recorded in Oligocene paleosols from central Oregon. Abstr. Programs-Geol. Soc. Am., Cordilleran Sect. Ann. Meet. 28:1996;49
7. Birnbaum S.J., Wireman J.W., Borowski R. Silica precipitation induced by anaerobic sulfate-producing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans: effects upon cell morphology and implications for preservation. Crick R.E. Origin, Evolution and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals. 1986;507-526 Plenum, New York
8. Blinnikov M., Busacca A., Whitlock C. Reconstruction of the late Pleistocene grassland of the Columbia Basin, Washington. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 177:2002;77-101
9. Bown T.M. Ichnofossils and rhizoliths of the nearshore Jebel Qatrani formation (Oligocene), Fayum Province, Egypt. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 40:1982;255-309
10. Bown T.M., Kraus M.J. Ichnofossils of the alluvial Willwood Formation (Lower Eocene), Bighorn Basin, northwest Wyoming, U.S.A. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 43:1983;95-128
11. Brewer R. Fabric and Mineral Analysis of Soils. 2nd ed. 1976;Krieger, New York
12. Bryant H.N. Nimravidae. Prothero D.R., Emry R.J. The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition in North America. 1996;453-475 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
13. Busacca A. Dust Aerosols, Loess Soils and Global Change: Field Tour. 1999;Washington State University, Pullman
14. Cande S.C., Kent D.V. A new geomagnetic polarity time scale for the late Cretaceous and Cenozoic. J. Geophys. Res. 97:1992;13917-13951
15. Cerling T.E., MacFadden B.J., Leakey M.G., Quade J., Eisenmann V., Ehleringer R. Global vegetation changes through the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. Nature. 389:1997;153-158
16. Chadwick O.A., Hendricks D.M., Nettleton W.D. Silica in duric soils: I. A depositional model. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51:1987;975-982
17. Chadwick O.A., Nettleton W.D., Staidle G.J. Soil polygenesis as a function of Quaternary climate change, northern Great Basin, USA. Geoderma. 68:1995;10-26
18. Chaney R.W. Notes on Two Fossil Hackberries from the Tertiary of the Western United States. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 349:1925;51-56
19. Chartres C.J., Norton L.D. Micromorphological and chemical properties of Australian soils with hardsetting and duric horizons. Ringrose-Voase A.J., Humphreys G.S. Soil Micromorphology. Developments in Soil Science. vol. 22:1993;825-834
20. Coombs M.C. Reevaluation of early Miocene North American Moropus (Perissodactyla, Chalicotheriidae, Schizotheriinae). Bull. Carnegie Mus. Nat. Hist. 4:1978;1-62
21. Coombs M.J., Hunt R.M., Stepleton E., Albright L.B., Fremd T.J. Stratigraphy, chronology, biogeography and taxonomy of early Miocene small chalicotheres in North America. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 21:2001;607-620
22. Creutzberg D., Kauffman J.H., Bridges E.M., del Fossa G.M. Micromorphology of "cangahua": a cemented subsurface horizon in soils from Ecuador. Douglas L.A. Soil Micromorphology: A Basic and Applied Science. 1990;367-372 Elsevier, Amsterdam
23. Darwin C. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 1872;John Murray, London
24. Darwin C. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. 1896;Appleton, New York
25. DeLancey S., Genetti C., Rude N. Some Sahaptian-Klamath-Tsimshianic lexical sets. Shipley W. In Honor of Mary Haas. 1988;195-224 Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin
26. Dingus L. Systematics, stratigraphy and chronology for mammalian fossils (late Arikareean to Hemingfordian) from the uppermost John Day Formation, Warm Springs, Oregon. Paleobios. 12:1990;1-24
27. Downing K.F., Park L.E. Geochemistry and early diagenesis of mammal-bearing concretions from the Sucker Creek Formation (Miocene) of southeastern Oregon. Palaios. 13:1998;14-27
28. Dugas D.P., Retallack G.J. Middle Miocene fossil grasses from Fort Ternan, Kenya. J. Paleontol. 67:1993;113-128
29. Duringer P., Brunet P., Cambefort Y., Beauvillain A., Mackaye H.T., Vignaud P., Schuster M. Des Boules des bousiers fossiles et leurs terriers dans les sites à Australopithèques du Pliocène Tchadien. Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. 171:2000;259-269
30. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Soil map of the world. Legend. vol. I:1974;UNESCO, Paris
31. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Soil map of the world. North America. vol. II:1975;UNESCO, Paris
32. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Soil map of the world. Mexico and Central America. vol. III:1975;UNESCO, Paris
33. Fisher R.V., Rensberger J.M. Physical stratigraphy of the John Day Formation, central Oregon. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 101:1972;1-45
34. Flores-Román D., Alcalá-Martínez J.R., González-Velazquez A., Gama-Castro J.E. Duripans in subtropical and temperate subhumid climate of the trans-Mexico Volcanic belt. Rev. Mex. Cienc. Geol. 13:1996;228-239
35. Foss S.E., Fremd T. Biostratigraphy of the Entelodontidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Paleobios. 21(Suppl. to no. 2):2001;53
36. 4 biomass in the Great Plains, USA. Geology. 31:2003;809-812
37. 4- grasslands of the Great Plains, USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 207:2004;305-329
38. Fremd T. Assemblages of fossil vertebrates in pre-ignimbrite deposits of the Turtle Cove Member, John Day Formation (Arikareean), from outcrops within the Sheep Rock Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 8:1988;A15. (Abstr.)
39. Fremd T. Early Miocene mammalian populations from Turtle Cove, Oregon. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 11:1991;A29. (Abstr.)
40. Fremd T. Refinement of spatial and temporal distributions of biotas within the volcaniclastic sequences of the John Day Basin. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 13:1993;A36. (Abstr.)
41. Fremd T., Bestland E.A., Retallack G.J. John Day Basin Field Trip Guide and Road Log for the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Annual Meeting. 1994;Northwest Interpretive Association, Seattle
42. Genise J.F., Mángano M.G., Buatois L.A., Laza J.H., Vered M. Insect trace fossil associations in paleosols: the Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. Palaios. 15:2000;49-64
43. Gile L.H., Hawley J.W., Grossman J.B. Soils and geomorphology in the Basin and Range area of southern New Mexico - guidebook to the Desert Project. Mem. N. M. Bur. Mines Miner. Resour. 1981;39
44. Hanna G.D. Fossil mollusks from the John Day Basin in Oregon. Univ. Or. Publ. 1(6):1920;1-8
45. Hanna G.D. Freshwater mollusks from Oregon contained in the Condon Museum. Univ. Or. Publ. 1(12):1922;1-12
46. Hay O.P. The Fossil Turtles of North America. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. 75:1908;1-568
47. Hay R.L. Stratigraphy and zeolitic diagenesis of the John Day Formation of Oregon. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 42:1963;199-261
48. Honey J.G., Harrison T.A., Prothero D.R., Stevens M.S. Camelidae. Janis C.M., Scott K.M., Jacobs L.L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates and Ungulatelike Mammals. vol. 1:1998;439-462 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
49. Hunt R.M. New amphycyonid carnivorans (Mammalia, Daphoeninae) from the early Miocene of southeastern Wyoming. Am. Mus. Novit. 3385:2002;1-41
50. Hunt R.M., Stepleton E. Geology and paleontology of the upper John Day beds, John Day River Valley, Oregon. Lithostratigraphic and biochronologic subdivision in the Haystack Valley and Kimberly areas. Paleobios. 21(Suppl. to no. 2):2001;69
51. Jacobs B.F., Kingston J.D., Jacobs L.L. The origin of grass-dominated ecosystems. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 86:1999;590-643
52. Janis C.M. Victors by default: the mammalian succession. Gould S.J. The Book of Life. 2000;169-212 W.W. Norton, New York
53. Janis C.M., Damuth J., Theodore J.M. The origins and evolution of the North American grassland biome: the story from the hoofed mammals. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 177:2002;183-198
54. Jermann T.M., Opitz J.G., Stackhouse J., Benner S.A. Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the artiodactyl ribonuclease superfamily. Nature. 374:1995;57-59
55. Jones B., Renault B.W., Rosen M.R., Klyen L. Primary siliceous rhizoliths from the Loop Road Hot Springs, North Island, New Zealand. J. Sediment. Res. 68:1998;115-123
56. Joshi N.V., Kelkar B.V. The role of earthworms in soil fertility. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 22:1952;189-196
57. Koch P. Isotopic reconstruction of past continental environments. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 26:1998;573-613
58. Kohn M., Miselis J., Fremd T.J. Oxygen isotope evidence for progressive uplift of the Cascade Range Oregon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 204:2002;1-15
59. Korth W.W. The Tertiary Record of Rodents in North America. 1994;Plenum, New York
60. Kowalesvsky V. Sur l' Anchitherium aurelianense Cuv., et sur l'histoire paleontologique des chevaux. Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbg. 20:1873;1-73
61. Lander B. Oreodontoidea. Janis C.M., Scott K.M., Jacobs L.L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates and Ungulatelike Mammals. vol. 1:1998;402-425 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
62. Leopold E.B., Denton M.F. Comparative age of grassland and steppe east and west of the Rocky Mountains. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 74:1987;841-867
63. Leopold E.B., Liu G.-W., Clay-Poole S. Low biomass vegetation in the Oligocene? Prothero D.R., Berggren W.A. Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution. 1992;399-420 Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton
64. Lull R.S. New camels in the Marsh Collection. Am. J. Sci. 5:1921;392-404
65. MacFadden B.J. Equidae. Janis C.M., Scott K.M., Jacobs L.L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates and Ungulatelike Mammals. vol. 1:1998;537-559 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
66. MacFadden B.J. Origin and evolution of the grazing guild in Cenozoic New World mammals. Sues H.D. Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Verterbates: Perspectives from the Fossil Record. 2000;223-243 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
67. MacFadden B.J., Hulbert R.C. Explosive speciation at the base of the adaptive radiation of Miocene grazing horses. Nature. 336:1988;466-468
68. MacFadden B.J., Hunt R.M. Magnetic polarity stratigraphy and correlation of the Arikaree Group, Arikareean (late Oligocene-early Miocene) of northwestern Nebraska. Terry D.O., La Garry H.E., Hunt R.M. Depositional Environments, Lithostratigraphy, and Biostratigraphy of the White River and Arikaree Groups (Late Eocene to Early Miocene, North America). Spec. Pap.-Geol. Soc. Am. vol. 325:1998;143-165
69. Mack G.H., James W.C., Monger H.C. Classification of paleosols. Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 105:1993;129-136
70. Martin L.D. Cenozoic climatic history from a biological perspective. TER-QUA Symp. Ser. 2:1994;39-56
71. Merriam J.C., Sinclair W.J. Tertiary faunas of the John Day region. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 5:1906;171-205
72. Morley R.J., Richards K. Graminaceae cuticle, key indicator of late Cenozoic climate change in the Niger Delta. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 77:1993;119-127
73. Murphy C.P. Point counting pores and illuvial clay in thin sections. Geoderma. 31:1983;133-140
74. Northcote K.H. A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils. 1974;Rellim, Adelaide
75. O'Geen A.T., Busacca A.J. Faunal burrows as indicators of palaeovegetation in eastern Washington. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 169:2001;23-37
76. Oleschko K. Cementing agents: morphology and its relation to the nature of "tepetates" Douglas L.A. Soil Micromorphology: A Basic and Applied Science. 1990;381-386 Elsevier, Amsterdam
77. Orr E.L., Orr W.N. Oregon Fossils. 1998;Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, IA
78. Osborn H.F. Equidae of the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of North America: iconographic type revision. Mem. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2:1918;1-326
79. Pauw A., Johnson S. Table Mountain: A Natural History. 1999;Fernwood Press, Vlaeberg, South Africa
80. Pawluk S., Bal L. Micromorphology of selected mollic epipedons. Douglas L.A., Thompson M.L. Soil Micromorphology and Soil Classification. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. vol. 15:1985;63-83
81. Pierce H.G. The non-marine molluscs of the late Oligocene-early Miocene Cabbage Patch fauna of western Montana: II. Terrestrial gastropod families other than Pupillidae (Pulmonata, Stylommatophora). J. Paleontol. 66:1992;610-620
82. Pilsbry, H.A., 1939-48. Land Mollusca of North America north of Mexico. 2 vols. Mon. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3, 2 vols, 1-994 and 1-1113.
83. Prothero D.R. Camelidae. Prothero D.R., Emry R.J. The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene transition in North America. 1996;609-651 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
84. Prothero D.R., Rensberger J.M. Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of the John Day Formation, Oregon, and the North American Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Newsl. Stratigr. 15:1985;59-70
85. Rensberger J.M. Entoptychine pocket gophers (Mammalia, Geomyoidea) of the early Miocene, John Day Formation, Oregon. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 90:1971;1-209
86. Rensberger J.M. Pleurolicine rodents (Geomyoidea) of the John Day Formation, Oregon. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 102:1973;1-95
87. Rensberger J.M. Successions of Meniscomyine and Allomyine rodents (Aplodontidae) in the Oligo-Miocene John Day Formation, Oregon. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 124:1983;1-157
88. Retallack G.J. Late Eocene and Oligocene paleosols from Badlands National Park, South Dakota. Spec. Pap.-Geol. Soc. Am. 193:1983;1-82
89. Retallack G.J. Trace fossils of burrowing beetles and bees in an Oligocene paleosol, Badlands National Park, South Dakota. J. Paleontol. 58:1984;571-592
90. Retallack G.J. The work of dung beetles and its fossil record. Boucot A.J. Evolutionary Paleobiology of Behavior. 1990;214-226 Elsevier, Amsterdam
91. Retallack G.J. Miocene Paleosols and Ape Habitats in Pakistan and Kenya. 1991;Oxford Univ. Press, New York
92. Retallack G.J. Classification of paleosols: discussion. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 105:1993;1635-1637
93. Retallack G.J. A pedotype approach to latest Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary paleosols in eastern Montana. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 106:1994;1377-1397
94. Retallack G.J. The environmental factor approach to the interpretation of paleosols. Amundson R., Harden J., Singer M. Factors in Soil Formation - A Fiftieth Anniversary Retrospective. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Spec. Publ. vol. 33:1994;31-64
95. Retallack G.J. Neogene expansion of the North American prairie. Palaios. 12:1997;380-390
96. Retallack G.J. A Colour Guide to Paleosols. 1997;Wiley, Chichester
97. Retallack G.J. Fossil soils and completeness of the rock and fossil record. Donovan S.K., Paul C.R.C. The Adequacy of the Fossil Record. 1998;131-162 Wiley, Chichester
98. Retallack G.J. Depth to pedogenic carbonate horizon as a paleoprecipitation indicator? Comment. Geology. 28:2000;572
99. Retallack G.J. Cenozoic expansion of grasslands and global climatic cooling. J. Geol. 109:2001;407-426
100. Retallack G.J. Soils of the Past. 2001;Blackwell, Oxford
101. Retallack, G.J., 2002a. Late Oligocene and early Miocene paleosols near Kimberly, Oregon. Unpub. Rept. John Day Fossil Beds National Monument Contract P9325020029.
102. Retallack G.J. Carbon dioxide and climate over the past 300 Myr. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A360:2002;659-673
103. Retallack G.J., Alonso-Zarza A.M. Middle Triassic paleosols and paleoclimate of Antarctica. J. Sediment. Res. 68:1998;169-184
104. Retallack G.J., Bestland E.A., Fremd T.J. Eocene and Oligocene paleosols of central Oregon. Spec. Pap.-Geol. Soc. Am. 344:2000;1-192
105. Retallack G.J., Tanaka S., Tate T. Late Miocene advent of tall grassland paleosols in Oregon. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 183:2002;329-354
106. Rigsby, B.J., 1965. Linguistic relations in the southern Plateau. PhD thesis, Univ. Oregon, Eugene.
107. Roth B. Land mollusks (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) from the early Tertiary Bozeman Group, Montana. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 49:1986;237-267
108. Royer D.L. Depth to pedogenic carbonate horizon as a paleoprecipitation indicator? Geology. 27:1999;1123-1126
109. Sapir E. Post-positions in Wishram. Boas F. Handbook of American Indian Languages. Bull. Am. Ethnol. vol. 40(1):1911;650-654
110. Schultz C.B., Falkenbach C.H. Merychyinae, a subfamily of oreodonts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 88:1947;157-286
111. Schultz C.B., Falkenbach C.H. Promerychochoerinae, a new family of oreodonts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 93:1949;69-198
112. Schultz C.B., Falkenbach C.H. The phylogeny of the oreodonts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 139:1968;. 498 pp.
113. Schultz C.B., Stout M. Ancient soils and climatic changes in the central Great Plains. Trans. Nebr. Acad. Sci. 8:1981;187-205
114. Sheldon N.D., Retallack G.J. Equation for compaction of paleosols due to burial. Geology. 29:2001;247-250
115. Sheldon N.D., Retallack G.J., Tanaka S. Geochemical climofunctions from North American soils and application to paleosols across the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in Oregon. J. Geol. 110:2002;687-696
116. Sinclair W.J. New or imperfectly known rodents and ungulates from the John Day Series. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 4:1905;125-143
117. Smith R.M.H., Masin T.R., Ward J.R. Flash-flood sediments and ichnofacies of the Late Pleistocene Homeb Silts, Kuiseb River, Namibia. Sediment. Geol. 85:1993;579-599
118. Soil Survey Staff Soil Survey Manual. U.S. Dept Agric. Handbook. vol. 18:1993;1-437
119. Soil Survey Staff Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 1999;Pocahontas Press, Blacksburg, VA
120. Solounias N., Semprebon G. Advances in reconstruction of ungulate ecomorphology with application to early equids. Am. Mus. Novit. 3366:2002;1-49
121. Stace H.C.T., Hubble G.D., Brewer R., Northcote K.H., Sleeman J.R., Mulcahy M.J., Hallsworth E.G. A Handbook of Australian Soils. 1968;Rellim, Adelaide
122. Strömberg C.A.E. The origin and spread of grass-dominated ecosystems in the late Tertiary of North America: preliminary results concerning the evolution of hypsodonty. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 177:2002;59-75
123. Strömberg C.A.E. Using phytolith assemblages to reconstruct the origin and spread of grass-dominated habitats in the Great Plains during the late Eocene to early Miocene. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 207:2004;239-275
124. Tate, T.A., 1998. Micromorphology of loessial soils and paleosols on aggrading landscapes on the Columbia Plateau. MSc Thesis, Washington State Univ., Pullman.
125. Van Valkenburgh B. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia, Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology. 17:1991;340-362
126. Vogl R.J. Effects of fire on grasslands. Kozlowski T.T., Ahlgren C.E. Fire and Ecosystems. 1974;139-194 Academic Press, New York
127. Webb S.D. Hornless ruminants. Janis C.M., Scott K.M., Jacobs L.L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates and Ungulatelike Mammals. vol. 1:1998;463-476 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
128. Wang X. Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 221:1994;1-207
129. Wang Y., Cerling T.E. A model of fossil tooth and bone diagenesis: implications for paleodiet reconstruction from stable isotopes. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 107:1994;281-289
130. Wang X., Tedford R.H., Taylor B.E. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 243:1999;1-391
131. Weaver J.E. Root Development in the Grassland Formation. Carnegie Inst. Washington Publ. vol. 292:1920;1-151
132. Wing S.L. Eocene and Oligocene floras and vegetation of the northern Rocky Mountains. Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. 74:1987;748-754
133. Wing S.L. Tertiary vegetation of North America as a context for mammalian evolution. Janis C.M., Scott K.M., Jacobs L.L. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates and Ungulatelike Mammals. vol. 1:1998;37-65 Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
134. Woodburne M.O., Robinson P.T. A new late Hemingfordian mammal fauna from the John Day Formation, Oregon, and its stratigraphic implications. J. Paleontol. 51:1977;750-757
135. Wynn J.G., Retallack G.J. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of middle Miocene paleosols bearing Kenyapithecus and Victoriapithecus, Nyakach Formation, southwestern Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 40:2001;263-288
136. Zachos J., Pagani M., Sloan L., Thomas E., Billups K. Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science. 292:2001;689-693
137. Zachos J.C., Shackleton N.J., Revenaugh J.S., Pälike H., Flower B.P. Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary. Science. 292:2001;274-278