Population limitation in migrants

Ibis

Volumn 146, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 197-226

  Newton, Ian ^a  

^a CENTRE FOR ECOLOGY AND HYDROLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEFORESTATION; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; LIMITING FACTOR; MIGRATORY SPECIES; POPULATION DECLINE; POPULATION SIZE;

ANAS; ANATIDAE; ANSER; AVES; MOLOTHRUS; PHACELIA CONGESTA;

EID: 2042486383     PISSN: 00191019     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00293.x     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. Aebischer, A., Perrin, M., Krieg, M., Struder, J. & Meyer, D.R. 1996. The role of territory choice and arrival date on breeding success in the Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides. J. Avian Biol. 27: 143-152.
2. Aebischer, N.J., Green, R.E. & Evans, A.D. 2000. From science to recovery: four case studies of how research has been translated into conservation action in the UK. In Aebischer, N.J., Evans, A.D., Grice, P.V. & Vickery, J.A. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Lowland Farmland Birds: 43-54. Tring, Herts: British Ornithologists' Union.
3. Alisauskas, R.T. & Arnold, T.W. 1994. American Coot. In Tacha, T.C. & Braun, C.E. (eds) Migratory Shore and Upland Game Bird Management in North America: 127-143. Lawrence, KS: Allen Press.
4. Ambuel, B. & Temple, S.A. 1983. Area-dependent changes in the bird communities and vegetation of southern Wisconsin forests. Ecology 64: 1057-1068.
5. Andrén, H. 1992. Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: a landscape perspective. Ecology 73: 794-804.
6. Andrén, H. & Angelstam, P. 1988. Elevated predation rates as an edge effect in habitat islands: experimental evidence. Ecology 69: 544-547.
7. Ankney, C.D. & MacInnes, C.D. 1978. Nutrient reserves and reproductive performance of female Lesser Snow Geese. Auk 95: 459-471.
8. Arroyo, B.E., Garcia, J.T. & Bretagnolle, V. 2002. Conservation of Montagu's Harrier Circus pygargus in agricultural areas. Anim. Conserv. 5: 283-290.
9. Askins, R.A., Lynch, J.F. & Greenberg, R. 1990. Population declines in migratory birds in eastern North America. Curr. Ornithol. 7: 1-57.
10. Atkinson, P.W., Crooks, S., Drewitt, A., Grant, A., Rehfisch, M.M., Sharpe, J. & Tyas, C. 2004. Managed realignment in the UK - the first five years of colonisation by birds. In Rehfisch, M.M., Feare, C.F., Jones, N.V. & Spray, C. (eds) Climate Change and Coastal Birds. Ibis (Suppl.), in press.
11. Baillie, S.R. & Peach, W.J. 1992. Population limitation in Palaearctic-African migrant passerines. Ibis 134: 120-132.
12. Bairlein, F. 1996. Long-term ecological studies on birds. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges. 89: 165-179.
13. Bairlein, F. & Henneberg, H.R. 2000. Der Weissstorch (Ciconia ciconia) Im Oldenburger Land. Oldenburg: Isensee.
14. Baker, A.J., Gonzalez, P.M., Piersma, T., Niles, L.J., deLima Serraro do Nascimento, I., Atkinson, P.W., Clark, N.A., Minton, C.D.T., Peck, M.K. & Aarts, G. 2004. Rapid population decline in Red Knots: fitness consequences of decreased refuelling rates and late arrival in Delaware Bay. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B in press.
15. Barbraud, C., Barbraud, J.-C. & Barbraud, M. 1999. Population dynamics of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in western France. Ibis 141: 469-479.
16. Bensch, S. & Hasselquist, D. 1991. Territory infidelity in the polygynous great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus: the effect of variation in territory attractiveness. J. Anim. Ecol. 60: 857-871.
17. Berthold, P., Kaiser, A., Querner, U. & Schlenker, R. 1993. Analyse von Fangzahlen im Hinblick auf die Bestandsentwicklung von Kleinvögeln nach 20 jährigem Betrieb der Station Mettnau, Süddeutschland. J. Ornithol. 134: 283-299.
18. Berthold, P., van den Bosch, W., Jakubiec, Z., Kaatz, C., Kaatz, M. & Querner, U. 2002. Long-term satellite tracking sheds light on variable migration strategies of White Storks (Ciconia ciconia). J. Ornithol. 143: 489-495.
19. Bêty, J., Gauthier, G. & Giroux, J.-F. 2003. Body condition, migration and timing of reproduction in Snow Geese: a test of the condition-dependent model of optimal clutch size. Am. Nat. 162: 110-121.
20. Bibby, C.J. & Green, R.E. 1981. Autumn migration strategies of Reed and Sedge Warblers. Omis Scand. 12: 1-12.
21. Bibby, C.J., Green, R.E., Peplar, G.R.M. & Peplar, P.A. 1976. Sedge Warbler migration and reed aphids. Br. Birds 69: 384-399.
22. Blake, J.G. & Karr, J.R. 1987. Breeding birds of isolated woodlots: area and habitat relationships. Ecology 68: 1724-1734.
23. Blake, J.G., Niemi, G.J. & Hanowski, J.M. 1992. Drought and annual variation in bird populations. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 419-430. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
24. Böhnlng-Gaese, K., Taper, M.I. & Brown, J.H. 1993. Are declines in North American insectivorous songbirds due to causes on the breeding range? Conserv. Biol. 7: 76-86.
25. Bollinger, E.K. & Gavin, T.A. 1992. Eastern Bobolink populations: ecology and conservation in an agricultural landscape. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 497-506. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
26. Bond, R.R. 1957. Ecological distribution of breeding birds in the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 27: 357-384.
27. Brawn, J.D. & Robinson, S.K. 1996. Source-sink population dynamics may complicate the interpretation of long-term census data. Ecology 77: 3-12.
28. Brittingham, M.C. & Temple, S.A. 1983. Have cowbirds caused forest song birds to decline? Bioscience 33: 31-35.
29. Brooke, M. de L. 1979. Differences in the quality of territories held by wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe). J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 21-32.
30. Brooks, B.L. & Temple, S.A. 1990. Dynamics of a Loggerhead Shrike population in Minnesota. Wilson Bull. 102: 441-450.
31. Brown, C.R. & Brown, M.B. 1998. Intense natural selection on body size and wing and tail asymmetry in Cliff Swallows during severe weather. Evolution 52: 1461-2475.
32. Brown, L. & Amadon, D. 1968. Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. London: Country Life Books.
33. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. 2001. The Role of Agricultural Intensification in the Decline of the Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. English Nature Research Report no. 421. Peterborough: English Nature.
34. Bryant, D.M. & Jones, G. 1995. Morphological changes in a population of Sand Martins Riparia riparia associated with fluctuations in population size. Bird Study 42: 57-65.
35. Budnlk, J.M., Ryan, M.R. & Thompson, F.R. 2000. Demography of Bell's Vireos in Missouri grassland-shrub habitats. Auk 117: 925-935.
36. Burke, D.M. & Nol, E. 1998. Influence of food abundance, nest site habitat, and forest fragmentation on breeding Ovenbirds. Auk 115: 96-104.
37. Buss, I.O. 1942. A managed Cliff Swallow colony in southern Wisconsin. Wilson Bull. 54: 153-161.
38. Cabot, D. & West, B. 1973. Population dynamics of Barnacle Geese in Ireland. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 73: 415-443.
39. Cade, T.J., Enderson, J.H., Thelander, C.G. & White, C.M. 1988. Peregrine Falcon Populations: Their Management and Recovery. Boise, ID: The Peregrine Fund Inc.
40. Cave, A.J. 1983. Purple Heron survival and drought in tropical West Africa. Ardea 71: 217-224.
41. Cawthorne, R.A. & Marchant, J.H. 1980. The effects of the 1978/79 winter on British bird populations. Bird Study 27: 163-172.
42. Chase, M.K., Nur, N. & Geupel, G.R. 1997. Survival, productivity, and abundance in a Wilson's Warbler population. Auk 114: 354-366.
43. Cherry, J.D. 1982. Fat deposition and length of stopover of migrant White-crowned Sparrows. Auk 99: 725-732.
44. Cowley, E. 1979. Sand Martin population trends in Britain, 1965-75. Bird Study 26: 113-116.
45. Cox, G.W. 1985. The evolution of avian migration systems between temperate and tropical regions of the New World. Am. Nat. 126: 451-474.
46. Crawford, H.S. & Jennings, D.T. 1989. Predation by birds on spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferara: functional, numerical and total responses. Ecology 70: 152-163.
47. Currie, F.A. & Bamford, R. 1982. Songbird nest-box studies in forests in north Wales. Quart. J. For. 76: 250-255.
48. Currie, D., Thompson, D.B. & Burke, T. 2000. Patterns of territory settlement and consequences for breeding success in the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe. Ibis 142: 389-398.
49. Dallinga, J.H. & Schoenmakers, S. 1989. Population changes of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia since the 1850s in relation to food resources. In Rheinwald, G., Ogden, J. & Schulz, H. (eds) White Stork. Status and Conservation: 231-262. Bonn: Dachverband Deutscher Avifaunisten, International Council for Bird Preservation.
50. Davies, J.C. & Cooke, F. 1983. Annual nesting production in Snow Geese: prairie droughts and arctic springs. J. Wildl. Manage. 47: 291-296.
51. DeCapita, M.E. 2000. Brown-headed Cowbird control on Kirtland's Warbler nesting areas in Michigan, 1972-95. In Smith, J.N.M., Cook, T.L., Rothstein, S.I., Robinson, S.K. & Sealy, S.G. (eds) Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and Their Hosts: 333-341. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
52. Dierschke, J. 2002. Food preferences of Shorelarks Eremophila alpestris, Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis and Twites Carduelis flavirostris wintering in the Wadden Sea. Bird Study 49: 263-269.
53. Dobinson, H.M. & Richards, A.J. 1964. The effects of the severe winter of 1962/63 on birds in Britain. Br. Birds 59: 373-434.
54. Dolman, P.M. & Sutherland, W.J. 1995. The response of bird populations to habitat loss. Ibis 137: 38-46.
55. Donázar, J.A., Negro, J.J. & Hlraldo, F. 1993. Foraging habitat selection, land-use changes and population decline in the lesser kestrel Falco naumanni. J. Appl. Ecol. 30: 515-522.
56. Donovan, T.M., Thompson, F.R., Faaborg, J. & Probst, J.R. 1995. Reproductive success of migratory birds in habitat sources and sinks. Conserv. Biol. 9: 1380-1395.
57. Duebbert, H.F. & Kantrud, H.A. 1974. Upland duck nesting related to land use and predator reduction. J. Wildl. Manage. 38: 257-265.
58. Duebbert, H.F. & Lokemoen, J.T. 1980. High duck nesting success in a predator-reduced environment. J. Wildl. Manage. 44: 428-437.
59. Ebblnge, B. 1991. The impact of hunting on mortality rates and spatial distribution of geese wintering in the western Palearctic. Ardea 79: 197-210.
60. Ebblnge, B.S. 1992. Regulation of numbers of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla on spring staging sites. Ardea 80: 203-228.
61. Ebbinge, B.S. & Spaans, B.N. 1995. The importance of body reserves accumulated in spring staging areas in the temperate zone for breeding in Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla in the high Arctic. J. Avian Biol. 26: 105-113.
62. Elkins, N. 1983. Weather and Bird Behaviour. Calton: Poyser.
63. Ellegren, H. 1990. Timing of autumn migration in Bluethroats Luscinia svecica depends on timing of breeding. Ornis Fenn. 67: 13-17.
64. Erskine, A.J. 1979. Man's influence on potential nesting sites and populations of swallows in Canada. Can. Field-Nat. 93: 371-377.
65. Evans, K.L., Wilson, J.D. & Bradbury, R.B. 2003. Swallow Hirundo rustica population trends in England: data from repeated historical surveys. Bird Study 50: 178-181.
66. Faaborg, J. & Arendt, W.J. 1992. Long-term declines of winter resident warblers in a Puerto Rican dry forest: which species are in trouble? In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 57-63. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
67. Fauth, P.T. 2000. Reproductive success of Wood Thrushes in forest fragments in northern Indiana. Auk 177: 194-204.
68. Ferrer, M. & Donázar, J.A. 1996. Density dependent fecundity by habitat heterogeneity in an increasing population of Spanish Imperial Eagles. Ecology 77: 69-74.
69. Foppen, R., Braak, C.J.T.T., Verbook, J. & Reijnen, R. 1999. Dutch Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus and West-African rainfall: empirical data and simulation modelling show low population resilience in fragmented marshlands. Ardea 87: 113-125.
70. Francis, C.M., Richards, M.H., Cooke, F. & Rockwell, R.F. 1992. Long-term changes in survival rates of Lesser Snow Geese. Ecology 73: 1346-1362.
71. Freemark, K. & Collins, B. 1992. Landscape ecology of birds breeding in temperate forest fragments. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 443-454. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
72. Freemark, K.E. & Merriam, H.G. 1986. Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments. Biol. Conserv. 36: 115-141.
73. Fretwell, S. 1980. Evolution of migration in relation to factors regulating bird numbers. In Keast, A. & Morton, E. (eds) Migrant Birds in the Neotropics: 517-527. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
74. Gardarsson, A. & Einarsson, A. 1994. Responses of breeding duck populations to changes in food supply. Hydrobiologia 279-280: 15-27.
75. Gates, J.E. & Gysel, L.W. 1978. Avian nest dispersion and fledging success in field-forest ecotones. Ecology 59: 871-883.
76. Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-91. London: Poyser.
77. Gill, J.A., Norris, K., Potts, P.M., Gunnarsson, T.G., Atkinson, P.W. & Sutherland, W. 2001. The buffer effect and large scale regulation in migratory birds. Nature 412: 436-438.
78. Goldstein, M.I., Woodbridge, B., Zaccagnini, M.E. & Canavelli, S.B. 1996. An assessment of mortality of Swainson's Hawks on wintering grounds in Argentina. J. Raptor Res. 30: 106-107.
79. Goss-Custard, J.D., Clarke, R.T., Briggs, K.B., Ens, B.J., Exo, K.-M., Smit, C., Beintema, A.J., Caldow, R.W.G., Catt, D.C., Clark, N.A. Le V. dit Durell, S.E.A., Harris, M.P., Hulscher, J.B., Meininger, P.L., Picozzi, N., Prys-Jones, R., Safriel, U.N. & West, A.D. 1995. Population consequences of winter habitat loss in a migratory shorebird. 1. Estimating model parameters. J. Appl. Ecol. 32: 320-336.
80. Goss-Custard, J.D., Clarke, R.T. & Durell, S.E.A. 1984. Rates of food intake and aggression of oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus on the most and least preferred mussel Mytilus edulis beds of the Exe Estuary. J. Anim. Ecol. 53: 233-245.
81. Graber, J.W. & Graber, R.R. 1979. Severe winter weather and bird populations in southern Illinois. Wilson Bull. 91: 88-103.
82. Grainger, A. 1990. The Threatening Desert. Controlling Desertification. London: Earthscan Publications.
83. Green, R.E. 1999. Survival and dispersal of male Corncrakes in a threatened population. Bird Study 46 (Suppl.): 218-229.
84. Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., Stowe, T.J. & Newton, A.V. 1997. A simulation model of the effect of mowing of agricultural grassland on the breeding success of the Corncrake Crex crex. J. Zool. (Lond.) 243: 81-115.
85. Greenberg, R.S. 1980. Demographic aspects of long-distance migration. In Keast, A. & Morton, E. (eds) Migrant Birds in the Neotropics: 493-504. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
86. Griffith, J.T. & Griffith, J.C. 2000. Cowbird control and the endangered Least Bell's Vireo: a management success story. In Smith, J.N.M., Cook, T.L., Rothstein, S.I., Robinson, S.K. & Sealy, S.G. (eds) Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and Their Hosts: 342-356. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
87. Grzybowski, J.A., Clapp, R.B. & Marshall, J.T. 1986. History and current population status of the Black-capped Vireo in Oklahoma. Am. Birds 40: 1151-1161.
88. Gustafsson, L. 1988. Inter- and intraspecific competition for nest-holes in a population of the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Ibis 130: 11-15.
89. von Haartman, L. 1971. Population dynamics. In Farner, D.S. & King, J.R. (eds) Avian Biology, Vol. 1: 391-459. London: Academic Press.
90. Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) 1992. Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
91. Hanson, H.C. 1962. The Dynamics of Condition Factors in Canada Geese and Their Relation to Seasonal Stresses. Arctic Institute of North America Technical Paper no. 12.
92. Harris, M.P. & Wanless, S. 1991. Population studies and conservation of Puffins Fratercula arctica. In Perrins, C.M., Lebreton, J.-D. & Hirons, G.J.M. (eds) Bird Population Studies: 230-248. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
93. Hayden, T.J., Faaborg, J. & Clawson, R.L. 1985. Estimates of minimum area requirements for Missouri forest birds. Trans. Mo. Acad. Sci. 19: 11-22.
94. Hayden, T.J., Tazik, D.J., Melton, R.H. & Cornelius, J.D. 2000. Cowbird control program at Fort Hood, Texas: lessons for mitigation of Cowbird parasitism on a landscape scale. In Smith, J.N.M., Cook, T.L., Rothstein, S.I., Robinson, S.K. & Sealy, S.G. (eds) Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and Their Hosts: 357-370. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
95. den Held, J.D. 1981. Population changes of the Purple Heron in relation to drought in the wintering area. Ardea 69: 185-191.
96. Hill, D.A. 1988. Population dynamics of avocets (Recurvirostra avosetta L.) breeding in Britain. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 669-683.
97. Hjort, C. & Lindholm, C.-G. 1978. Annual bird ringing totals and population fluctuations. Oikos 30: 387-392.
98. Hollands, P.K. & Yalden, D.W. 1991. Population dynamics of Common Sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos breeding along an upland river system. Bird Study 38: 151-159.
99. Holmes, R.T. 1990. The structure of a temperate deciduous forest bird community: variability in time and space. In Keast, A. (ed.) Biogeography and Ecology of Forest Bird Communities: 121-139. The Hague, Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.
100. Holmes, R.T., Marra, P.P. & Sherry, T.W. 1996. Habitat-specific demography of breeding black-throated blue warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) - implications for population dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 65: 183-195.
101. Holmes, R.T. & Sherry, T.W. 2001. Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: importance of habitat change. Auk 118: 589-609.
102. Holmes, R.T., Sherry, T.W. & Sturges, F.W. 1991. Numerical and demographic responses of temperate forest birds to annual fluctuations in their food resources. Acta. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 20: 1559-1567.
103. Hoover, J.P., Brittingham, M.C. & Goodrich, L.J. 1995. Effects of forest patch size on nesting success of Wood Thrushes. Auk 112: 146-155.
104. Howe, R.W. 1984. Local dynamics of bird assemblages in small forest habitat islands in Australia and North America. Ecology 65: 1585-1601.
105. James, F.C. & McCulloch, C.E. 1995. The strength of inferences about causes of trends in populations. In Martin, T.E. & Finch, D.M. (eds) Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: 40-51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
106. Järvinen, A. 1987. Key-factor analyses of two Finnish hole-nesting passerines: comparisons between species and regions. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 24: 275-280.
107. Johnson, M.D. & Geupel, G.R. 1996. The importance of productivity to the dynamics of a Swainson's Thrush population. Condor 98: 133-141.
108. Johnson, S.R. & Herter, D.R. 1990. Bird migration in the arctic: a review. In Gwinner, E. (ed.) Bird Migration: Physiology and Ecophysiology: 33-46. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
109. Jones, P. 1985. The migration strategies of Palaearctic passerines in West Africa. In MacDonald, A. & Goriup, P. (eds) Migratory Birds: Problems and Prospects in Africa: 9-21. Cambridge: International Council for Bird Preservation.
110. Jönsson, P.E. 1991. Reproduction and survival in a declining population of the Southern Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii. Wader Study Group Bull. 61 (Suppl.): 56-68.
111. Kaminski, R.M. & Gluesing, E.A. 1987. Density-and habitat-related recruitment in Mallards. J. Wildl. Manage. 51: 141-148.
112. Kanyamibwa, S., Bairlein, F. & Schierer, A. 1993. Comparison of survival rates between populations of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in central Europe. Ornis Scand. 24: 297-302.
113. Kelly, S.T. & DeCapita, M.E. 1982. Cowbird control and its effect on Kirtland's Warbler reproductive success. Wilson Bull. 94: 363-365.
114. Kelly, J.F., Delay, L.S. & Finch, D.M. 2002. Density-dependent mass gain by Wilson's Warblers during stopover. Auk 119: 210-213.
115. Kendeigh, S.C. 1947. Bird population studies in the coniferous biome during a Spruce Budworm outbreak. Biol. Bull. (Department Lands For. Ontario) 1: 1-100
116. Klaassen, M., Lindström, A., Meltofte, H. & Piersma, T. 2001. Arctic waders are not capital breeders. Nature 413: 794.
117. Klomp, N.I. & Furness, R.W. 1992. The dispersal and philopatry of Great Skuas from Foula, Shetland. Ring. Migr. 13: 73-82.
118. Kluijver, H.N. & Tinbergen, L. 1953. Territory and the regulation of density in titmice. Arch. Néerlandaises Zool. 10: 265-289.
119. Krapu, G. 1981. The role of nutrient reserves in Mallard reproduction. Auk 98: 29-38.
120. Lanyon, S.M. & Thompson, C.F. 1986. Site fidelity and habitat quality as determinants of settlement pattern in male Painted Buntings. Condor 88: 206-210.
121. Latta, S.C. & Baltz, M.E. 1997. Population limitation in Neotropical migratory birds: comments on Rappole & McDonald (1994). Auk 114: 754-762.
122. Ligon, J.D. 1968. Starvation of spring migrants in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Condor 70: 387-388.
123. Lindström, A., Hasselquist, D., Bensch, S. & Grahn, M. 1990. Asymmetric contests over resources for survival and migration: a field experiment with Bluethroats. Anim. Behav. 40: 453-461.
124. Littlefield, C.D. 1995. Demographics of a declining flock of Greater Sandhill Cranes in Oregon. Wilson Bull. 107: 667-674.
125. Litwin, T.S. & Smith, C.R. 1992. Factors influencing the decline of neotropical migrants in a northeastern forest fragment: isolation, fragmentation, or mosaic effects. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 483-496. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
126. Löhmus, A. 2001. Habitat selection in a recovering Osprey Pandion haliaetus population. Ibis 143: 651-657.
127. Lundberg, A., Alatalo, R.V., Carlson, A. & Ulfstrand, S. 1981. Biometry, habitat distribution and breeding success in the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Ornis Scand. 12: 68-79.
128. Lynch, J.F. & Whigham, D.F. 1984. Effects of forest fragmentation on breeding bird communities in Maryland, USA. Biol. Conserv. 28: 287-324.
129. Madsen, J., Frederiksen, M. & Ganter, B. 2002. Trends in annual and seasonal survival of Pink-footed Geese Anser brachyrhynchus. Ibis 144: 218-226.
130. Manolis, J.C., Andersen, D.E. & Cuthbert, F.J. 2002. Edge effect on nesting success of ground nesting birds near regenerating clearcuts in a forest-dominated landscape. Auk 119: 955-970.
131. Marchant, J.H. 1992. Recent trends in breeding populations of some common trans-Saharan migrant birds in northern Europe. Ibis 134: 113-119.
132. Marchant, J.H., Hudson, R., Carter, S.P. & Whittington, P. 1990. Population Trends in British Breeding Birds. Tring: British Trust for Ornithology.
133. Marion, L., Ulenaers, P. & van Vessen. 2000. Herons in Europe. In Kushlan, J.A. & Hafner, H. (eds) Heron Conservation: 1-32. London: Academic Press.
134. Marra, P.P., Hobson, K.A. & Holmes, R.T. 1998. Linking winter and summer events in a migratory bird by using stable carbon isotopes. Science 282: 1884-1886.
135. Martin, T.E. & Finch, D.M. 1995. Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: a Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
136. May, R.M. & Robinson, S.K. 1985. Population dynamics of avian brood parasitism. Am. Nat. 126: 475-494.
137. Mayfield, H. 1977. Brown-headed Cowbird: agent of extermination? Am. Birds 31: 107-113.
138. Mayfield, H.F. 1983. Kirtland's Warbler, victim of its own rarity? Auk 100: 974-976.
139. Mearns, R. & Newton, I. 1988. Factors affecting breeding success of peregrines in south Scotland. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 903-916.
140. Mehlum, F. 1983. Resting time in migrating Robins Erithacus rubecula at Store Faerder, Outer Oslofiord, Norway. Fauna Norv. Series C, Cinclus 6: 62-72.
141. Mendelssohn, H. & Paz, U. 1977. Mass mortality of birds of prey caused by azodrin, an organophosphorus insecticide. Biol. Conserv. 11: 163-170.
142. Meyburg, B.-U., Scheller, W. & Meyburg, C. 1995. Migration and wintering of the Lesser Spotted Eagle (Aquila pomarina) - a study by means of satellite telemetry. J. Ornithol. 136: 401-422.
143. Mihelsons, H.A., Mednis, A.A. & Blums, P.B. 1985. Regulatory mechanisms of numbers in breeding populations of migratory ducks. Acta. Int. Ornithol. Congr. 18: 797-802.
144. Møller, A.P. 1989a. Population dynamics of a declining swallow Hirundo rustica population. J. Anim. Ecol. 58: 1051-1063.
145. Møller, A.P. 1994. Phenotype-dependent arrival time and its consequences in a migratory bird. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 35: 115-122.
146. Moore, F.R. & Yong, W. 1991. Evidence of food-based competition among passerine migrants during stopover. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 28: 85-90.
147. Moreau, R.E. 1972. The Palaearctic-African Bird Migration Systems. London: Academic Press.
148. Morel, G.J. & Morel, M.-Y. 1992. Habitat use by Palaearctic migrant passerine birds in West Africa. Ibis 134 (Suppl. 1): 83-88.
149. Morris, R.F., Cheshire, W.F., Miller, C.A. & Mott, D.G. 1958. The numerical response of avian and mammalian predators during a gradation of the spruce budworm. Ecology 39: 487-494.
150. Morris, S.R., Holmes, D.W. & Richmond, M.E. 1996. A 10-year study of the stopover patterns of migratory passerines during fall migration on Appledore Island, Maine. Condor 98: 395-409.
151. Morton, E.S. 1971. Food and migration habits of the Eastern Kingbird in Panama. Auk 88: 925-926.
152. Moser, M.E. 1988. Limits to the numbers of grey plover Pluvialis squatarola wintering on British estuaries: an analysis of long-term population trends. J. Appl. Ecol. 25: 473-486.
153. Moss, R. 1972. Social organisation of Willow Ptarmigan on the breeding grounds in interior Alaska. Condor 74: 144-151.
154. Mullié, W.C. & Keith, J.O. 1993. The effects of aerially applied fenithrothion and chlorpyrifos on birds in the savannah of northern Senegal. J. Appl. Ecol. 30: 536-550.
155. Myers, N. 1980. Conversion of Tropical Moist Forests. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
156. Newton, I. 1977. Timing and success of breeding in tundra-nesting geese. In Stonehouse, B. & Perrins, C.M. (eds) Evolutionary Ecology: 113-126. London: Macmillan.
157. Newton, I. 1979. Population Ecology of Raptors. Berkhamsted, Herts: Poyser.
158. Newton, I. 1994. The role of nest-sites in limiting the numbers of hole-nesting birds: a review. Biol. Conserv. 70: 265-276.
159. Newton, I. 1998. Population Limitation in Birds. London: Academic Press.
160. Nilsson, L. 1979. Variation in the production of young of swans wintering in Sweden. Wildfowl 30: 129-134.
161. Nisbet, I.C.T. & Medway, L. 1972. Dispersion, population ecology and migration of Eastern Great Reed Warblers Acrocephalus orientalis wintering in Malaysia. Ibis 114: 451-494.
162. Nolan, V. 1978. The ecology and behaviour of the Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). Orn. Monogr. 26: 1-595.
163. Nolet, B.A. & Drent, R.H. 1998. Bewick's Swans refuelling on pondweed tubers in the Dvina Bay (White Sea) during their spring migration: first come, first served. Avian Biol. 29: 574-581.
164. Norris, K., Atkinson, P.W. & Gill, J.A. 2004. Climate change and coastal waterbird population - past declines and future impacts. In Rehfisch, M.M., Feare, C.F., Jones, N.V. & Spray, C. (eds) Climate Change and Coastal Birds. Ibis 146 (Suppl.), in press.
165. Owen, M. 1984. Dynamics and age structure of an increasing goose population - the Svalbard Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis. Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 181: 37-47.
166. Owen, M., Atkinson-Willes, G.L. & Salmon, D.G. 1986. Wildfowl in Great Britain, 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
167. Owen, M. & Black, J.M. 1991. The importance of migration mortality in non-passerine birds. In Perrins, C.M., Lebreton, J.-D. & Mirons, G.J.M. (eds) Bird Population Studies. Relevance to Conservation and Management: 360-372. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
168. Parr, R. 1992. The decline to extinction of a population of Golden Plover in north-east Scotland. Ornis Scand. 23: 152-158.
169. Paton, P.W.C. 1994. The effect of edge on avian nest success: how strong is the evidence? Conserv. Biol. 8: 17-26.
170. Pattenden, R.K. & Boag, D.A. 1989. Effects of body mass on courtship, pairing and reproduction in captive Mallards. Can. J. Zool. 67: 495-501.
171. Peach, W.J., Baillie, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. 1998. Long-term changes in the abundance of passerines in Britain and Ireland as measured by constant effort mist-netting. Bird Study 45: 257-275.
172. Peach, W.J., Baillie, S.R. & Underhill, L. 1991. Survival of British Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus in relation to West African rainfall. Ibis 133: 300-305.
173. Peach, W.J., Crick, H.Q.P. & Marchant, J.H. 1995. The demography of the decline in the British Willow Warbler population. J. Appl. Statistics 22: 905-922.
174. Peach, W.J., Thompson, P.S. & Coulson, J.C. 1994. Annual and long-term variation in the survival rates of British lapwings Vanellus vanellus. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 60-70.
175. Peterjohn, B.G., Sauer, J.R. & Robbins, C.S. 1995. Population trends from the North American breeding bird survey. In Martin, T.E. & Finch, D. (eds) Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: 3-39. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
176. Pfister, C., Kasprzyk, M.J. & Harrington, B.A. 1998. Body fat levels and annual return in migrating Semipalmated Sandpipers. Auk 115: 904-915.
177. Piersma, T. 1987. Production by intertidal benthic animals and limits to their predation by shorebirds - a heuristic model. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series 38: 187-196.
178. Rappole, J.H. 1995. The Ecology of Migrant Birds. A Neotropical Perspective. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
179. Rappole, J.D. & Warner, D.W. 1976. Relationships between behaviour, physiology, and weather in avian transients at a migration stopover. Oecologia 26: 193-212.
180. Raveling, D.G. 1979. The annual cycle of body composition of Canada Geese with special reference to control of reproduction. Auk 96: 234-252.
181. Reynolds, R.E. 1987. Breeding duck population, production and habitat surveys, 1979-85. Trans. N.A. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. 52: 186-205.
182. Richardson, W.J. 1990. Timing of bird migration in relation to weather: updated review. In Gwinner, E. (ed.) Bird Migration. Physiology and Ecophysiology: 78-101. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
183. Robbins, C.J., Sauer, J.R., Greenberg, R.S. & Droege, S. 1989. Population declines in North American birds that migrate to the tropics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7658-7662.
184. Robbins, C.S. 1979. Effect of forest fragmentation on bird populations. In Workshop Proceedings: Management of North Central and Northeastern Forests for Nongame Birds, Coordinated by R.M. DeGraaf. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-51.
185. Robbins, C.S. 1980. Effect of forest fragmentation on breeding bird populations in the piedmont of the Mid-Atlantic region. Atlantic Naturalist 33: 31-36.
186. Robbins, C.S., Fitzpatrick, J.W. & Hamel, P.B. 1992. A warbler in trouble: Dendroica cerulea. In Hagan, J.M. and Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecological Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 549-562. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
187. Robinson, R.A., Crick, H.Q.P. & Peach, W.J. 2003. Population trends of Swallows Hirundo rustica breeding in Britain. Bird Study 50: 1-7.
188. Robinson, S.K. 1992. Population dynamics of breeding Neotropical migrants in a fragmented Illinois landscape. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 408-418. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
189. Robinson, S.K., Thomson, F.R., Donovan, T.M., Whitehead, D.R. & Faaborg, J. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267: 1987-1990.
190. Rodenhouse, N.L. & Holmes, R.T. 1992. Results of experiments and natural food reductions for breeding Black-throated Blue Warblers. Ecology 73: 357-372.
191. Rodenhouse, N.L., Sillett, T.S., Doran, P.J. & Holmes, R.T. 2003. Multiple density-dependence mechanisms regulate a migratory bird population during the breeding season. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270: 2105-2110.
192. Roth, R.R. & Johnson, R.K. 1993. Long-term dynamics of a Wood Thrush population breeding in a forest fragment. Auk 110: 37-48.
193. Rothstein, S.I. & Robinson, S.K. 1994. Conservation and coevolutionary implications of brood parasitism by cowbirds. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9: 162-164.
194. Sandström, U. 1991. Enhanced predation rates on cavity bird nests at deciduous forest edges - an experimental study. Ornis Fenn. 68: 93-98.
195. Sauer, J.R. & Droege, S. 1992. Geographic patterns in population trends of Neotropical migrants in North America. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 26-42. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
196. Schneider, D.C. & Harrington, B.A. 1981. Timing of shorebird migration in relation to prey depletion. Auk 98: 801-811.
197. Sherry, T.W. & Holmes, R.T. 1988. Habitat selection by breeding American Redstarts in response to a dominant competitor, the Least Flycatcher. Auk 105: 350-364.
198. Sherry, T.W. & Holmes, R.T. 1992. Population fluctuations in a long distance neotropical migrant: demographic evidence for the importance of breeding season events in the American Redstart. In Hagan, J.M. & Johnston, D.W. (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds: 431-442. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
199. Sherry, T.W. & Holmes, R.T. 1995. Summer versus winter limitation of populations: what are the issues and what is the evidence? In Martin, T.E. & Finch, D.M. (eds) Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds: 85-120. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
200. Small, M.F. & Hunter, M.L. 1988. Forest fragmentation and avian nest-predation in forested landscapes. Oecologia 76: 62-64.
201. Smith, J.N.M. 1981. Cowbird parasitism, host fitness and age of the host female in an island Song Sparrow population. Condor 83: 153-161.
202. Soikkeli, M. 1970. Dispersal of Dunlin Calidris alpina in relation to sites of birth and breeding. Ornis Fenn. 47: 1-9.
203. Sokolov, L. 1999. Population dynamics in 20 sedentary and migratory passerine species of the Courish Spit on the Baltic Sea. Avian Ecol. Behav. 3: 23-50.
204. Sokolov, L.V., Yefremov, V.D., Markovets, M.Y., Shapoval, A.P. & Shumakov, M.E. 2000. Monitoring of numbers in passage populations of passerines over 42 years (1958-1999) on the Courish Spit of the Baltic Sea. Avian Ecol. Behav. 4: 31-53.
205. Sokolov, L.V., Baumanis, J., Leivits, A., Poluda, A.M., Yefremov, V.D., Markovets, M.Y., Morozov, Y.G. & Shapoval, A.P. 2001. Comparative analysis of long-term monitoring data of numbers of passerines in nine European countries in the second half of the 20th century. Avian Ecol. Behav. 7: 41-74.
206. Stenning, M.J., Harvey, P.H. & Campbell, B. 1988. Searching for density-dependent regulation in a population of pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca Pallas. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 307-317.
207. Suddaby, D. & Ratcliffe, N. 1997. The effects of fluctuating food availability on breeding Arctic Terns (Sterna paradisaea). Auk 114: 524-530.
208. Summers, R.W. & Underhill, L. 1987. Factors related to breeding production of Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla and waders (Charadrii). Bird Study 34: 161-171.
209. Suter, W. 1995. Are Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo wintering in Switzerland approaching carrying capacity? An analysis of increase patterns and habitat choice. Ardea 83: 255-266.
210. Sutherland, W.J. 1996. Predicting the consequences of habitat loss for migratory populations. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 263: 1325-1327.
211. Svensson, S.E. 1985. Effects of changes in tropical environments on the North European avifauna. Ornis Fenn. 62: 56-63.
212. Syroechkovski, E.E. & Rogacheva, H.V. 1994. Bird conservation in Siberia: a summary. Ibis 137: 191-194.
213. Szép, T. 1995. Relationship between west African rainfall and the survival of central European Sand Martins Riparia riparia. Ibis 137: 162-168.
214. Temple, S.A. & Cary, J.R. 1988. Modelling dynamics of habitat-interior bird populations in fragmented landscapes. Conserv. Biol. 2: 340-347.
215. Terborgh, J. 1989. Where Have All the Birds Gone? Princeton, NJ: University Press.
216. Trail, P.W. & Baptista, L.F. 1993. The impact of Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism on populations of the Nuttall's White-crowned Sparrow. Conserv. Biol. 7: 309-315.
217. Veiga, J.P. 1986. Settlement and fat accumulation by migrant Pied Flycatchers in Spain. Ring. Migr. 7: 85-98.
218. Vemer, G. & Ritter, L.V. 1983. Current status of the Brown-headed Cowbird in the Sierra National Forest. Auk 100: 355-368.
219. Vespäläinen, K. 1968. The effect of the cold spring 1966 upon the Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in Finland. Omis Fenn. 45: 33-47.
220. Virolainen, M. 1984. Breeding biology of the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca in relation to population density. Ann. Zool. Fenn. 21: 187-197.
221. Walkinshaw, L.H. 1983. Kirtland's Warbler. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science.
222. Ward, D. & Smith, J.N.M. 2000. Brown-headed Cowbird parasitism results in a sink population in warbling birds. Auk 117: 337-344.
223. Weinburg, H.J. & Roth, R.R. 1998. Forest area and habitat quality for nesting Wood Thrushes. Auk 115: 879-889.
224. Whalen, D.M. & Watts, B.D. 2002. Annual migration density and stopover patterns of Northern Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus). Auk 119: 1154-1161.
225. Whitcomb, R.F., Robbins, C.S., Lynch, J.F., Whitcomb, B.L., Klimkiewicz, M.K. & Bystrak, D. 1981. Effects of forest fragmentation on avifauna of eastern deciduous forest. In Burgess, R.G. & Sharpe, D.M. (eds) Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes: 125-205. New York: Springer-Verlag.
226. Whitfield, D.P. 2003. Predation by Eurasian sparrowhawks produces density dependent mortality of wintering Redshanks. J. Anim. Ecol. 72: 27-35.
227. Whitfield, M.J. 2000. Results of a Brown-headed Cowbird control program for the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher. In Smith, J.N.M., Cook, T.L., Rothstein, S.I., Robinson, S.K. & Sealy, S.G. (eds) Ecology and Management of Cowbirds and Their Hosts: 371-377. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
228. Whitmore, R.C., Mosher, J.A. & Frost, H.H. 1977. Spring migrant mortality during unseasonable weather. Auk 94: 778-781.
229. Wilcove, D.S. 1985. Nest predation in forest tracts and the decline of migratory songbirds. Ecology 66: 1211-1214.
230. Wilcove, D.S., McLellan, C.H. & Dobson, A.P. 1966. Habitat fragmentation in the temperate zone. In Soulé, M.E. (ed.) Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity: 237-256. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
231. Wilcove, D.S. & Whitcomb, R.F. 1983. Gone with the trees. Natural History 92: 82-91.
232. Winstanley, D.R., Spencer, R. & Williamson, K. 1974. Where have all the Whitethroats gone? Bird Study 21: 1-14.
233. Woodrey, M.S. & Moore, F.R. 1997. Age-related differences in the stopover of fall landbird migrants on the coast of Alabama. Auk 114: 695-707.
234. Yahner, R.H. & Scott, D.P. 1988. Effects of forest fragmentation on depredation of artificial nests. J. Wildl. Manag. 52: 158-161.
235. Yalden, D.W. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 1997. Density dependence and winter weather as factors affecting the size of a population of Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria. Bird Study 44: 227-234.
236. Yong, W., Finch, D.M., Moore, F.R. & Kelly, J.F. 1998. Stopover ecology and habitat use of migratory Wilson's Warblers. Auk 115: 829-842.
237. Zimmerman, J.L. 1982. Nesting success of Dickcissels (Spiza americana) in preferred and less preferred habitats. Auk 99: 292-298.