메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 181-189

Utility of soft and hard signs in psychiatric research

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT;

EID: 2042474094     PISSN: 00485713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/0048-5713-20030301-07     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (2)

References (63)
  • 1
    • 0011159645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic soft signs in psychiatric disorders
    • Joseph AD, Young RR, eds. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Science
    • Woods BT. Neurologic soft signs in psychiatric disorders. In: Joseph AD, Young RR, eds. Movement Disorders in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry. 2nd ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell Science; 1999:404-413.
    • (1999) Movement Disorders in Neurology and Neuropsychiatry. 2nd Ed. , pp. 404-413
    • Woods, B.T.1
  • 5
    • 0013893977 scopus 로고
    • Interrelations between the choreiform syndrome, reading disability, and psychiatric disorders in children of 8-11 years
    • Rutter M, Graham P, Birch HG. Interrelations between the choreiform syndrome, reading disability, and psychiatric disorders in children of 8-11 years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1966;8:149-159.
    • (1966) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.8 , pp. 149-159
    • Rutter, M.1    Graham, P.2    Birch, H.G.3
  • 7
    • 0016612880 scopus 로고
    • A special neurological examination of children with learning disabilities
    • Peters JE, Romine JS, Dykman RA. A special neurological examination of children with learning disabilities. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1975;17:63-78.
    • (1975) Dev Med Child Neurol , vol.17 , pp. 63-78
    • Peters, J.E.1    Romine, J.S.2    Dykman, R.A.3
  • 9
    • 0018417506 scopus 로고
    • Neurological soft signs and psychopathology, I: Findings in schizophrenia
    • Cox SM, Ludwig AM. Neurological soft signs and psychopathology, I: findings in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1979;167:161-165.
    • (1979) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.167 , pp. 161-165
    • Cox, S.M.1    Ludwig, A.M.2
  • 10
    • 0005423038 scopus 로고
    • Neurological "soft signs": Their origins and significance for behavior
    • Rutter M, ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press
    • Shaffer D, O'Connor PA, Shafer SQ, Prupis S. Neurological "soft signs": their origins and significance for behavior. In: Rutter M, ed. Developmental Neuropsychiatry. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1983.
    • (1983) Developmental Neuropsychiatry
    • Shaffer, D.1    O'Connor, P.A.2    Shafer, S.Q.3    Prupis, S.4
  • 11
    • 0022353093 scopus 로고
    • Revised neurological examination for subtle signs
    • Denckla MB. Revised neurological examination for subtle signs. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:773-789.
    • (1985) Psychopharmacol Bull , vol.21 , pp. 773-789
    • Denckla, M.B.1
  • 12
    • 0021902722 scopus 로고
    • Neurological findings in high-risk children: Childhood assessment and 5-year followup
    • Marcus J, Hans SL, Lewow E, et al. Neurological findings in high-risk children: childhood assessment and 5-year followup. Schizophr Bull. 1985;11:85-100.
    • (1985) Schizophr Bull , vol.11 , pp. 85-100
    • Marcus, J.1    Hans, S.L.2    Lewow, E.3
  • 15
    • 0018614807 scopus 로고
    • Offspring of schizophrenics, III: Hyperactivity and neurological soft signs
    • Reider RD, Nichols PL. Offspring of schizophrenics, III: hyperactivity and neurological soft signs. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:665-674.
    • (1979) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.36 , pp. 665-674
    • Reider, R.D.1    Nichols, P.L.2
  • 16
    • 0015253447 scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research
    • Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, et al. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1972;26:57-63.
    • (1972) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.26 , pp. 57-63
    • Feighner, J.P.1    Robins, E.2    Guze, S.B.3
  • 18
    • 2042499637 scopus 로고
    • Physical characteristics of disturbed adolescents
    • Larsen VL. Physical characteristics of disturbed adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1964;10:55-64.
    • (1964) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.10 , pp. 55-64
    • Larsen, V.L.1
  • 19
    • 0014002104 scopus 로고
    • Neurological organization in psychiatrically disturbed adolescent girls
    • Hertzig ME, Birch HG. Neurological organization in psychiatrically disturbed adolescent girls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1966;15:590-598.
    • (1966) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 590-598
    • Hertzig, M.E.1    Birch, H.G.2
  • 21
    • 0016432022 scopus 로고
    • Sensorimotor functions and cognitive disturbance in psychiatric patients
    • Tucker GJ, Campion EW, Silberfarb PM. Sensorimotor functions and cognitive disturbance in psychiatric patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1975;132:17-21.
    • (1975) Am J Psychiatry , vol.132 , pp. 17-21
    • Tucker, G.J.1    Campion, E.W.2    Silberfarb, P.M.3
  • 22
    • 0022633497 scopus 로고
    • Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families
    • Woods BT, Kinney DK, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:657-663.
    • (1986) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 657-663
    • Woods, B.T.1    Kinney, D.K.2    Yurgelun-Todd, D.3
  • 23
    • 0035697250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurodevelopmental origins of tardivelike dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients and their siblings
    • Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Neurodevelopmental origins of tardivelike dyskinesia in schizophrenia patients and their siblings. Schizophr Bull. 2001;27:629-642.
    • (2001) Schizophr Bull , vol.27 , pp. 629-642
    • Ismail, B.1    Cantor-Graae, E.2    McNeil, T.F.3
  • 24
    • 0035157754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative risk of neurological signs in siblings of patients with schizophrenia
    • Egan MF, Hyde TM, Bonomo JB, et al. Relative risk of neurological signs in siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;158:1827-1834.
    • (2001) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 1827-1834
    • Egan, M.F.1    Hyde, T.M.2    Bonomo, J.B.3
  • 25
    • 0022252834 scopus 로고
    • Neurological dimensions of psychiatry
    • Woods BT, Short MP. Neurological dimensions of psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 1985;20:192-198.
    • (1985) Biol Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 192-198
    • Woods, B.T.1    Short, M.P.2
  • 27
    • 0023899046 scopus 로고
    • Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: Over-representation in patients with tardive dyskinesia
    • Youssef HA, Waddington JL. Primitive (developmental) reflexes and diffuse cerebral dysfunction in schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder: over-representation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Biol Psychiatry. 1988;23:791-796.
    • (1988) Biol Psychiatry , vol.23 , pp. 791-796
    • Youssef, H.A.1    Waddington, J.L.2
  • 28
    • 0019959521 scopus 로고
    • Neurological differences between paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia, I: Sensory-motor lateralization
    • Nasrallah HA, McCalley-Whitters M, Kuperman S. Neurological differences between paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia, I: sensory-motor lateralization. J Clin Psychiatry. 1982;42:303-305.
    • (1982) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 303-305
    • Nasrallah, H.A.1    McCalley-Whitters, M.2    Kuperman, S.3
  • 29
    • 0017065006 scopus 로고
    • Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorder
    • Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia and character disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33:845-853.
    • (1976) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.33 , pp. 845-853
    • Quitkin, F.1    Rifkin, A.2    Klein, D.F.3
  • 30
    • 0019301190 scopus 로고
    • Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients
    • Torrey EF. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1980;15:381-388.
    • (1980) Biol Psychiatry , vol.15 , pp. 381-388
    • Torrey, E.F.1
  • 31
    • 0021997633 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome, III: Neurological "soft signs," cognitive impairment, and their clinical significance
    • Kolakowska T, Williams AO, Jambor E, et al. Schizophrenia with good and poor outcome, III: neurological "soft signs," cognitive impairment, and their clinical significance. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;146:348-357.
    • (1985) Br J Psychiatry , vol.146 , pp. 348-357
    • Kolakowska, T.1    Williams, A.O.2    Jambor, E.3
  • 32
    • 0020050967 scopus 로고
    • Soft signs of neurological dysfunction in schizophrenia: An investigation of lateral performance
    • Walker E, Green M. Soft signs of neurological dysfunction in schizophrenia: an investigation of lateral performance. Biol Psychiatry. 1982;17:381-386.
    • (1982) Biol Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 381-386
    • Walker, E.1    Green, M.2
  • 34
    • 0018873821 scopus 로고
    • The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia - Their nature and the factors contributing to their development
    • Owens DGC, Johnstone EC. The disabilities of chronic schizophrenia - their nature and the factors contributing to their development. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;136:384-395.
    • (1980) Br J Psychiatry , vol.136 , pp. 384-395
    • Owens, D.G.C.1    Johnstone, E.C.2
  • 36
    • 0020076515 scopus 로고
    • Disturbed voluntary motor activity in schizophrenic disorder
    • Manschreck TC, Maher BA, Rucklos ME, et al. Disturbed voluntary motor activity in schizophrenic disorder. Psychol Med. 1982;12:73-84.
    • (1982) Psychol Med , vol.12 , pp. 73-84
    • Manschreck, T.C.1    Maher, B.A.2    Rucklos, M.E.3
  • 37
    • 0022214614 scopus 로고
    • The motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness: A conflict of paradigms
    • Rogers D. The motor disorders of severe psychiatric illness: a conflict of paradigms. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;147:221-232.
    • (1985) Br J Psychiatry , vol.147 , pp. 221-232
    • Rogers, D.1
  • 38
    • 0028887798 scopus 로고
    • Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal control subjects
    • Gupta S, Andreasen NC, Arndt S, et al. Neurological soft signs in neuroleptic-naive and neuroleptic-treated schizophrenic patients and in normal control subjects. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:191-196.
    • (1995) Am J Psychiatry , vol.152 , pp. 191-196
    • Gupta, S.1    Andreasen, N.C.2    Arndt, S.3
  • 39
    • 0023150624 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance, and neurological dysfunction
    • Liddle PF. Schizophrenic syndromes, cognitive performance, and neurological dysfunction. Psychol Med. 1985;17:49-57.
    • (1985) Psychol Med , vol.17 , pp. 49-57
    • Liddle, P.F.1
  • 40
    • 0032928541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ion channels and the genetic contribution to epilepsy
    • Ryan SG. Ion channels and the genetic contribution to epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 1999;14:58-66.
    • (1999) J Child Neurol , vol.14 , pp. 58-66
    • Ryan, S.G.1
  • 42
    • 0018126467 scopus 로고
    • Mirror movements after childhood hemiparesis
    • Woods BT, Teuber H-L. Mirror movements after childhood hemiparesis. Neurology. 1978;28:1152-1158.
    • (1978) Neurology , vol.28 , pp. 1152-1158
    • Woods, B.T.1    Teuber, H.-L.2
  • 43
    • 0027991011 scopus 로고
    • Functional magnetic resonance studies of the reorganization of the human hand sensorimotor area after unilateral brain injury in the perinatal period
    • Cao Y, Vikingstad EM, Huttenlocher PR, Towle VL, Levin DN. Functional magnetic resonance studies of the reorganization of the human hand sensorimotor area after unilateral brain injury in the perinatal period. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1994;91:9612-9616.
    • (1994) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.91 , pp. 9612-9616
    • Cao, Y.1    Vikingstad, E.M.2    Huttenlocher, P.R.3    Towle, V.L.4    Levin, D.N.5
  • 44
    • 0036239387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-wide scan for linkage to chromosomal regions in 382 sibling pairs with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
    • Delisi LE, Shaw SH, Crow TJ, et al. A genome-wide scan for linkage to chromosomal regions in 382 sibling pairs with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:803-812.
    • (2002) Am J Psychiatry , vol.159 , pp. 803-812
    • Delisi, L.E.1    Shaw, S.H.2    Crow, T.J.3
  • 45
    • 0025355888 scopus 로고
    • Genetic linkage and complex diseases, with special reference to psychiatric disorders
    • Risch N. Genetic linkage and complex diseases, with special reference to psychiatric disorders. Genet Epidemiol. 1990;7:3-16.
    • (1990) Genet Epidemiol , vol.7 , pp. 3-16
    • Risch, N.1
  • 47
    • 0028026616 scopus 로고
    • Are neurological abnormalities in well discordant monozygotic co-twins of schizophrenic subjects the result of perinatal trauma?
    • Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF, Rickler KC, et al. Are neurological abnormalities in well discordant monozygotic co-twins of schizophrenic subjects the result of perinatal trauma? Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:1194-1199.
    • (1994) Am J Psychiatry , vol.151 , pp. 1194-1199
    • Cantor-Graae, E.1    McNeil, T.F.2    Rickler, K.C.3
  • 48
    • 0022555461 scopus 로고
    • Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families, II: Neurological and psychiatric findings in relatives
    • Kinney DK, Woods BT, Yurgelun-Todd D. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their families, II: neurological and psychiatric findings in relatives. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986;43:665-668.
    • (1986) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.43 , pp. 665-668
    • Kinney, D.K.1    Woods, B.T.2    Yurgelun-Todd, D.3
  • 49
    • 0025165835 scopus 로고
    • Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia
    • Rossi A, DeCataldo V, DiMichele V, et al. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;157:735-739.
    • (1990) Br J Psychiatry , vol.157 , pp. 735-739
    • Rossi, A.1    DeCataldo, V.2    DiMichele, V.3
  • 50
    • 0024539028 scopus 로고
    • The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): A structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs
    • Buchanan RW, Heinrichs DW. The Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES): a structured instrument for the assessment of neurological signs. Psychiatry Res. 1988;27:335-350.
    • (1988) Psychiatry Res , vol.27 , pp. 335-350
    • Buchanan, R.W.1    Heinrichs, D.W.2
  • 51
    • 0031984383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenia patients and their siblings
    • Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Neurological abnormalities in schizophrenia patients and their siblings. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:84-89.
    • (1998) Am J Psychiatry , vol.155 , pp. 84-89
    • Ismail, B.1    Cantor-Graae, E.2    McNeil, T.F.3
  • 52
    • 0014102258 scopus 로고
    • Childhood schizophrenia: Intellectual and neurological status, perinatal risk, prognosis, and family pathology
    • Gittelman M, Birch HG. Childhood schizophrenia: intellectual and neurological status, perinatal risk, prognosis, and family pathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1967;17:16-25.
    • (1967) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.17 , pp. 16-25
    • Gittelman, M.1    Birch, H.G.2
  • 53
    • 0017745689 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological antecedents of schizophrenia in children: Evidence for an inherited congenital neurointegrative defect
    • Fish B. Neurobiological antecedents of schizophrenia in children: evidence for an inherited congenital neurointegrative defect. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34:1296-1313.
    • (1977) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 1296-1313
    • Fish, B.1
  • 54
    • 0003019936 scopus 로고
    • The detection of schizophrenia in infancy
    • Fish B. The detection of schizophrenia in infancy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1957;125:1-24.
    • (1957) J Nerv Ment Dis , vol.125 , pp. 1-24
    • Fish, B.1
  • 56
    • 0002678183 scopus 로고
    • Neurological, electrophysiological, and attentional deviations in children at risk for schizophrenia
    • Nasrallah HA, Henn F, eds. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Cornblatt B, Friedman D, et al. Neurological, electrophysiological, and attentional deviations in children at risk for schizophrenia. In: Nasrallah HA, Henn F, eds. Schizophrenia as a Brain Disease. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1982.
    • (1982) Schizophrenia As a Brain Disease
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling, L.1    Cornblatt, B.2    Friedman, D.3
  • 57
    • 0015787697 scopus 로고
    • Visual-motor disorders in infants at risk for schizophrenia
    • Fish B, Hagin R. Visual-motor disorders in infants at risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;28:900-904.
    • (1973) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.28 , pp. 900-904
    • Fish, B.1    Hagin, R.2
  • 58
    • 0017128853 scopus 로고
    • Some possible childhood indicators of adult schizophrenia inferred from children of schizophrenics
    • Hanson DR, Gottesman II, Heston LL. Some possible childhood indicators of adult schizophrenia inferred from children of schizophrenics. Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:142-154.
    • (1976) Br J Psychiatry , vol.129 , pp. 142-154
    • Hanson, D.R.1    Gottesman II2    Heston, L.L.3
  • 59
    • 0010395445 scopus 로고
    • Children at high risk for schizophrenia: Predictions from infancy to childhood functioning
    • Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Miller NE, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
    • Marcuse Y, Cornblatt B. Children at high risk for schizophrenia: predictions from infancy to childhood functioning. In: Erlenmeyer-Kimling L, Miller NE, eds. Life-Span Research on the Prediction of Psychopathology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum; 1986.
    • (1986) Life-Span Research on the Prediction of Psychopathology
    • Marcuse, Y.1    Cornblatt, B.2
  • 60
    • 0018638646 scopus 로고
    • The children of psychiatrically disturbed parents: Differences as a function of the sick parent
    • Orvaschel H, Mednick S, Schulsinger F, Rock D. The children of psychiatrically disturbed parents: differences as a function of the sick parent. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1979;36:691-695.
    • (1979) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.36 , pp. 691-695
    • Orvaschel, H.1    Mednick, S.2    Schulsinger, F.3    Rock, D.4
  • 61
    • 0023078520 scopus 로고
    • Review of the NIMH Israeli kibbutz-city study and the Jerusalem infant development study
    • Marcus J, Hans JF, Nagler S, et al. Review of the NIMH Israeli kibbutz-city study and the Jerusalem infant development study. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:425-437.
    • (1987) Schizophr Bull , vol.13 , pp. 425-437
    • Marcus, J.1    Hans, J.F.2    Nagler, S.3
  • 62
    • 0027163041 scopus 로고
    • Neuromotor deviation in offspring of psychotic mothers: A selective developmental deficiency in two groups of children at heightened psychiatric risk?
    • McNiel TF, Harty B, Blennow G, Cantor-Graae E. Neuromotor deviation in offspring of psychotic mothers: a selective developmental deficiency in two groups of children at heightened psychiatric risk? J Psychiatry Res. 1993;27:39-54.
    • (1993) J Psychiatry Res , vol.27 , pp. 39-54
    • McNiel, T.F.1    Harty, B.2    Blennow, G.3    Cantor-Graae, E.4
  • 63
    • 0032793918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobehavioral deficits at adolescence in children at risk for schizophrenia
    • Hans SL, Marcus J, Neuchterlein KH, et al. Neurobehavioral deficits at adolescence in children at risk for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:741-748.
    • (1999) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.56 , pp. 741-748
    • Hans, S.L.1    Marcus, J.2    Neuchterlein, K.H.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.