Hormonal control of tick development and reproduction

Parasitology

Volumn 129, Issue SUPPL., 2004, Pages

  Rees, H H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ecdysteroids; Endocrine system; Hormones; Juvenile hormones; Moulting hormones; Neuropeptides

Indexed keywords

ECDYSONE; ECDYSTEROID; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; JUVENILE HORMONE DERIVATIVE; NEUROPEPTIDE; SEX PHEROMONE;

EGG LAYING; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE SYNTHESIS; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; MOLTING; NONHUMAN; OOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SALIVARY GLAND; SPERMATOZOON MATURATION; TICK;

ANIMALS; ECDYSTEROIDS; FEMALE; JUVENILE HORMONES; MALE; MOLTING; NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS; RECEPTORS, STEROID; REPRODUCTION; TICKS;

ACARI; HEXAPODA;

EID: 20344397365     PISSN: 00311820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S003118200400530X     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. AESCHLIMANN, A. A. (1968). La ponte chez Ornithodoros moubata Murray (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). Revue Suisse Zoologie 75, 1033-1039.
2. ALLAN, S. A., PHILLIPS, J. S., TAYLOR, D. & SONENSHINE, D. E. (1988). Genital sex pheromones of ixodid ticks: evidence for the role of fatty acids from the anterior reproductive tract in mating of Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni. Journal of Insect Physiology 34, 315-323.
3. BASSAL, T. T. M. & ROSHDY, M. A. (1974). Argas (Persicargas) arboreus: juvenile hormone analog termination of diapause and oviposition control. Experimental Parasitology 36, 34-39.
4. BELLÉS, X. (1998). Endocrine effectors in insect vitellogenesis. In Recent Advances in Arthropod Endocrinology (ed. Coast, G. M. & Webster, S. G.), pp. 71-90. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
5. BINNINGTON, K. C. (1981). Ultrastructural evidence for the endocrine nature of the lateral organs of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Tissue and Cell 13, 475-490.
6. BINNINGTON, K. C. (1987). Histology and ultrastructure of the acarine synganglion. In Arthropod Brain: Its Evolution, Development, Structure, and Functions (ed. Gupta, A. P.), pp. 95-109. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
7. BINNINGTON, K. C. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1982). Structure and function of the circulatory, nervous and neuroendocrine systems of ticks. In Physiology of Ticks (ed. Obenchain, F. D. & Galun, R.), pp. 351-398. Oxford, Pergamon Press.
8. BOUVIER, J., DIEHL, P. A. & MORICI, M. (1982). Ecdysone metabolism in the tick Ornithodoros moubata (Argasidae, Ixodoidea). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 89, 967-976.
9. CAMPBELL, J. D. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1984). Membrane feeding and developmental effects of ingested β-ecdysone on Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae). In Acarology VI, Vol. 1 (ed. Griffiths, D. A. & Bowman, C. E.), pp. 393-399. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.
10. CHANG, E. S. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (2004). Endocrinology of crustaceans and arachnids. In Comprehensive Insect Science - Vol. 3 Endocrinology (ed. Gilbert, L. I., Iatrou, K. & Gill, S.), pp. 805-842. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
11. CHINZEI, Y. (1986). Vitellogenin biosynthesis and processing in a soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata. In Host Regulated Development Mechanisms in Vector Arthropods (ed. Borovsky, D. & Spielman, A.), pp. 18-24. Vero Beach, Florida, University of Florida Press IFAS.
12. CHINZEI, Y., CHINO, H. & TAKAHASHI, K. (1983). Purification and properties of vitellogenin and vitellin from a tick Ornithodoros moubata. Journal of Comparative Physiology 152, 13-21.
13. CHINZEI, Y. & TAYLOR, D. (1990). Regulation of vitellogenesis induction by engorgement in the soft tick (Ornithodoros moubata). Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction 5, 565-570.
14. CHINZEI, Y., TAYLOR, D. & ANDO, K. (1991). Effects of juvenile hormone and its analogs on vitellogenin synthesis and ovarian development in Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: argasidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 28, 506-513.
15. CHINZEI, Y., TAYLOR, D., MIURA, K. & ANDO, K. (1992). Vitellogenesis induction by synganglion factor in adult female tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of the Acarological Society of Japan 1, 15-26.
16. CHINZEI, Y. & YANO, I. (1985). Fat body is the site of vitellogenin synthesis in the soft tick Ornithodoros moubata. Journal of Comparative Physiology, B 155, 671-678.
17. CONNAT, J.-L. (1987). Aspects endocrinologiques de la physiologie du development et de la reproduction chez le tiques. PhD thesis, University of Burgogne.
18. CONNAT, J.-L., DELBECQUE, J.-P., ALABOUVETTE, J. & PITOIZET, N. (1997). Evolution of ecdysteroids and of their apolar conjugates during the post-embryonic development of the tick Ornithodoros moubata. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 35, 159-168.
19. CONNAT, J.-L. & DIEHL, P. A. (1986). Probable occurrence of ecdysteroid fatty acid esters in different classes of arthropods. Insect Biochemistry 16, 91-97.
20. CONNAT, J.-L., DIEHL, P. A., DUMONT, N., CARMINATI, S. & THOMPSON, M. J. (1983a). Effects of exogenous ecdysteroids on the female tick, Ornithodoros moubata: Induction of supermolting and influence on oogenesis. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 96, 520-530.
21. CONNAT, J.-L., DIEHL, P. A., GFELLER, H. & MORICI, M. (1985). Ecdysteroids in females and eggs of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 8, 103-116.
22. CONNAT, J.-L., DIEHL, P. A. & MORICI, M. (1984). Metabolism of ecdysteroids during the vitellogenesis of the tick Ornithodoros moubata (Ixodoidea: Argasidae): accumulation of apolar metabolites in the eggs. General and Comparative Endocrinology 56, 100-110.
23. CONNAT, J.-L., DIEHL, P. A. & THOMPSON, M. J. (1986a). Possible inactivation of ingested ecdysteroids by conjugation with long-chain fatty acids in the female tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acarina: Argasidae). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 3, 235-252.
24. CONNAT, J.-L. & DOTSON, E. M. (1988). Comparative investigation of the egg ecdysteroids of ticks using radioimmunoassay and metabolic studies. Journal of Insect Physiology 34, 639-645.
25. CONNAT, J.-L., DOTSON, E. M. & DIEHL, P. A. (1987). Metabolism of ecdysteroids in the female tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): accumulation of free ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone in the eggs. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 157, 689-699.
26. CONNAT, J.-L., DOTSON, E. M. & DIEHL, P. A. (1988). Apolar conjugates of ecdysteroids are not used as a storage form of molting hormone in the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 9, 221-235.
27. CONNAT, J.-L., DUCOMMUN, J. & DIEHL, P. A. (1983b). Juvenile hormone-like substances can induce vitellogenesis in the tick Ornithodoros moubata (Acarina: Argasidae). International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction 6, 285-294.
28. CONNAT, J.-L., DUCOMMUN, J., DIEHL, P. A. & AESCHLIMANN, A. (1986b). Some aspects of the control of the gonotrophic cycle in the tick Ornithodoros moubata (Ixodoidea, Argasidae). In Morphology, Physiology, and Behavioral Biology of Ticks (ed. Sauer, J. R. & Hair, J. A.), pp. 194-216. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.
29. 3H]ecdysone by isolated tissues of the female ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 47, 257-267.
30. CONNAT, J.-L. & NEPA, M.-C. (1990). Effects of different anti-juvenile hormone agents on the fecundity of the female tick Ornithodoros moubata. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 37, 266-274.
31. CROSBY, T., EVERSHED, R. P., LEWIS, D., WIGGLESWORTH, K. P. & REES, H. H. (1986a). Identification of ecdysone 22-long chain fatty acyl esters in newly laid eggs of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. Biochemical Journal 240, 131-138.
32. CROSBY, T., WIGGLESWORTH, K. P., LEWIS, D. & REES, H. H. (1986b). Moulting hormones in the development of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus. In Host Regulated Developmental Mechanisms in Vector Arthropods (ed. Borovsky, D. & Spielman, A.), pp. 37-45. Vero Beach, University of Florida-IFAS.
33. DAVIS, H. H., DOTSON, E. M. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1994). Localization of insulin-like immunoreactivity in the synganglion of nymphal and adult Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 18, 111-122.
34. DEES, W. H., SONENSHINE, D. E. & BREIDLING, E. (1984a). Ecdysteroids in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae), during different periods of tick development. Journal of Medical Entomology 21, 514-523.
35. DEES, W. H., SONENSHINE, D. E. & BREIDLING, E. (1984b). Ecdysteroids in Hyalomma dromedarii and Dermacentor variabilis and their effects on sex pheromone activity. In Acarology VI (ed. Griffiths, D. A. & Bowman, C. E.), pp. 405-413. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.
36. DEES, W. H., SONENSHINE, D. E. & BRIEDLING, E. (1985). Ecdysteroids in the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) and comparison with sex pheromone activity. Journal of Medical Entomology 22, 22-27.
37. DELBECQUE, J. P., DIEHL, P. A. & O'CONNOR, J. D. (1978). Presence of ecdysone and ecdysterone in the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch. Experientia 34, 1379-1381.
38. DIEHL, P. A., CONNAT, J.-L. & DOTSON, E. M. (1986). Chemistry, function, and metabolism of tick ecdysteroids. In Morphology, Physiology and Behavioral Biology of Ticks (ed. Sauer, J. R. & Hair, J. H.), pp. 165-193. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.
39. DIEHL, P. A., CONNAT, J.-L., GIRAULT, J. P. & LAFONT, R. (1985). A new class of apolar ecdysteroid conjugates: esters of 20-hydroxy-ecdysone with long-chain fatty acids in ticks. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 8, 1-13.
40. DIEHL, P. A., GERMOND, J. E. & MORICI, M. (1982). Correlations between ecdysteroid titres and integument structure in nymphs of the tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acarina: Ixodidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 89, 859-868.
41. DINAN, L. (1997). Ecdysteroids in adults and eggs of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 116B, 129-135.
42. DONAHUE, W. A., TEEL, P. D., STREY, O. F. & MEOLA, R. W. (1997). Pyriproxyfen effects on newly engorged larvae and nymphs of the lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 34, 206-211.
43. DOTSON, E. M., CONNAT, J.-L. & DIEHL, P. A. (1991). Cuticle deposition and ecdysteroid titres during embryonic and larval development of the argasid tick Ornithodoros moubata. General and Comparative Endocrinology 82, 386-400.
44. 3H]ecdysone in embryos and larvae of the tick Ornithodoros moubata. Archives of Insect Biochemisty and Physiology 23, 67-78.
45. DOTSON, E. M., CONNAT, J.-L. & DIEHL, P. A. (1995). Ecdysteroid titre and metabolism and cuticle deposition during embryogenesis of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 110B, 155-166.
46. DUMSER, J. B. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1981). Kinetics of spermatogenesis, cell cycle analysis, and testis development in nymphs of the tick Dermacentor variabilis. Journal of Insect Physiology 27, 743-753.
47. EL-SAID, A., SWIDERSKI, Z., AESCHLIMANN, A. & DIEHL, P. A. (1981). Fine structure of spermiogenesis in the tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae): late stages of differentiation and structure of the mature spermatozoon. Journal of Medical Entomology 18, 464-476.
48. FRIESEN, K. J. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (2002). Quantification of vitellogenesis and its control by 20-hydroxyecdysone in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Journal of Insect Physiology 48, 773-782.
49. FRIESEN, K. J. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (2003). Cypermethrin inhibits egg development in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 76, 25-35.
50. GÄDE, G., HOFFMANN, K. H. & SPRING, J. (1997). Hormonal regulation in insects: facts, gaps, and future directions. Physiological Reviews 77, 963-1032.
51. GERMOND, J.-E., DIEHL, P. A. & MORICI, M. (1982). Correlations between integument structure and ecdysteroid titres in fifth-stage nymphs of the tick, Ornithodoros moubata. General and Comparative Endocrinology 46, 255-266.
52. GILBERT, L. I., IATROU, K. & GILL, S. (eds.) (2004). Comprehensive Insect Science - Vol. 3 Endocrinology. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
53. GOODMAN, W. & GRANGER, N. (2004). The juvenile hormone. In Comprehensive Insect Science - Vol. 3 Endocrinology (ed. Gilbert, L. I., Iatrou, K. & Gill, S.), pp. 319-408. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
54. GUO, X., HARMON, M. A., LAUDET, V., MANGELSDORF, D. J. & PALMER, M. J. (1997). Isolation of a functional ecdysteroid receptor homologue from the ixodid tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 27, 945-962.
55. GUO, X., XU, Q., HARMON, M. A., JIN, X. LAUDET, V., MANGELSDFORF, D. J. & PALMER, M. J. (1998). Isolation of two functional retinoid X receptor subtypes from the Ixodid tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 139, 45-60.
56. HAMILTON, J. G. C. (1992). The role of pheromones in tick biology. Parasitology Today 8, 130-133.
57. HAMMOCK, B. D. (1985). Regulation of juvenile hormone titer: degradation. In Comprehensive Insect Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Vol. 7 (ed. Kerkut, G. A. & Gilbert, L. I.), pp. 431-472. Oxford, Pergamon.
58. HARRIS, R. A. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1981). Hormonal control of salivary gland degeneration in the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum. Journal of Insect Physiology 27, 241-243.
59. HARRIS, R. A. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1984). Neural involvement in the control of salivary gland degeneration in the ixodid tick. Amblyomma hebraeum. Journal of Experimental Biology 109, 281-290.
60. HARRIS, R. A. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1985). Ecdysteroids: possible candidates for the hormone which triggers salivary gland degeneration in the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum. Experientia 41, 740-742.
61. HAYWARD, D. C., BASTIANI, M. J., TRUEMAN, J. W. H., TRUMAN, J. W., RIDDIFORD, L. M. & BALL, E. E. (1999). The sequence of Locusta RXR, homologous to Drosophila Ultraspiracle, and its evolutionary implications. Development Genes and Evolution 209, 564-571.
62. HENRICH, V. (2004). The ecdysteroid receptor (EcR). In Comprehensive Insect Science - Vol. 3 Endocrinology (ed. Gilbert, L. I., Iatrou, K. & Gill, S.), pp. 245-285. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
63. HENRICH, V. C., RYBCZYNSKI, R. & GILBERT, L. I. (1999). Peptide hormones, and puffs: mechanisms and models in insect development. Vitamins and Hormones - Advances in Research and Applications 55, 73-125.
64. HOFFMANN, K. H., MEYERING-VOS, M. & LORENZ, M. W. (1999). Allatostatins and allatotropins: is the regulation of corpora allata activity their primary function? European Journal of Entomology 96, 255-266.
65. HOLMES, S. P., BARHOUMIT, R., NACHMAN, R. J. & PIETRANTONIO, P. V. (2003). Functional analysis of a G protein-coupled receptor from the Southern cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) identifies it as the first arthropod myokinin receptor. Insect Molecular Biology 12, 27-38.
66. HOLMES, S. P., HE, H., CHEN, A. C., IVIE, G. W. & PIETRANTONIO, P. V. (2000). Cloning and transcriptional expression of a leucokinin-like peptide receptor from the Southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Insect Molecular Biology 9, 457-465.
67. ISAAC, R. E. & SLINGER, A. J. (1989). Storage and excretion of ecdysteroids. In Ecdysone (ed. Koolman, J.), pp. 250-253. Stuttgart, G. Thieme.
68. IWAMI, M., KAWAKAMI, A., ISHIZAKI, H., TAKAHASI, S. Y., ADACHI, T., SUZUKI, Y., HAGAWASA, H. & SUZUKI, A. (1989). Cloning of a gene encoding bombyxin, an insulin-like brain secretory peptide of the silkmoth Bombyx mori with prothoracicotropic activity. Development Growth and Differentiation 31, 31-37.
69. JAFFE, H., HAYES, K. K., SONENSHINE, D. E., DEES, W. H., BEVERIDGE, M. & THOMPSON, M. J. (1986). Controlled release reservoirs system for the delivery of insect steroid analogues against ticks. Journal of Medical Entomology 23, 685-691.
70. JAMES, A. M. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1997). Purification and partial characterization of vitellin from the black-legged tick Ixodes scapularis. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 27, 639-649.
71. JARVIS, T. D., EARLEY, F. G. & REES, H. H. (1994). Ecdysteroid biosynthesis in larval testes of Spodoptera littoralis. Insect Biochemstry and Molecular Biology 24, 531-537.
72. KAUFMAN, W. R. (1989). Tick-host interaction: a synthesis of current concepts. Parasitology Today 5, 47-56.
73. KAUFMAN, W. R. (1991). Correlation between haemolymph ecdysteroid titre, salivary gland degeneration and ovarian development in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch. Journal of Insect Physiology 37, 95-99.
74. KHALIL, G. M. (1970). Biochemistry and physiological studies on certain ticks (Ixodoidea). Gonad development and gametogenesis in Hyalomma (H.) anatolicum excavatum Koch (Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology 56, 596-610.
75. KHALIL, G. M., SONENSHINE, D. E., HANAFY, H. A. & ABDELMONEM, A. E. (1984). Juvenile hormone I effects on the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 21, 561-566.
76. KOZLOVA, T. & THUMMEL, C. S. (2000). Steroid regulation of postembryonic development and reproduction in Drosophila. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 11, 276-280.
77. KUBO, I., KOMATSU, S., ASAKA, Y. & DE BOER, G. (1987). Isolation and identification of apolar metabolites of ingested 20-hydroxyecdysone in frass of Heliothis virescens larvae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 13, 785-794.
78. KULCSAR, P., PRESTWICH, G. G. & SONENSHINE, D. E. (1989). Detection binding proteins for juvenile hormone-like substances in ticks by photoaffinity labelling. In Host Regulated Developmental Mechanisms in Vector Arthropods (ed. Borovsky, D. & Spielman, A.), pp. 18-23. Vero Beach, University of Florida Press, IFAS.
79. LAFONT, R., DAUPHIN-VILLEMANT, C., WARREN, J. & REES, H. H. (2004). Ecdysteroid chemistry and biochemistry. In Comprehensive Insect Science - Vol. 3 Endocrinology (ed. Gilbert, L. I., Iatrou, K. & Gill, S.), pp. 125-195. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
80. LEAHY, M. G. & BOOTH, K. S. (1980). Precocene induction of tick sterility and ecdysis failure. Journal of Medical Entomology 17, 18-21.
81. LEID, M., KASTNER, P. & CHAMBON, P. (1992). Multiplicity generates diversity in the retinoic acid signalling pathway. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 17, 427-433.
82. LINDSAY, P. J. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1988). Action of some steroids on salivary gland degeneration in the ixodid tick. A. americanum. Journal of Insect Physiology 34, 351-359.
83. LOEB, M. J., BRANDT, E. P., WOODS, C. W. & BORKOVEC, A. B. (1987). An ecdysiotropic factor from brains of Heliothis virescens induces testes to produce immunodetectable ecdysteroid in vitro. Journal of Experimental Zoology 243, 275-282.
84. LOMAS, L. O. & REES, H. H. (1998). Endocrine regulation of development and reproduction in acarines. In Recent Advances in Arthropod Endocrinology (ed. Coast, G. M. & Webster, S. G.), pp. 91-124. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
85. LOMAS, L. O., TURNER, P. C. & REES, H. H. (1997). A novel neuropeptide-endocrine interaction controlling ecdysteroid production in ixodid ticks. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 264, 589-596.
86. LUNKE, M. D. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1993). Hormonal control of ovarian development in the tick Amblyomma hebraeum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 23, 25-38.
87. MAGEE, R. M., JONES, L. D. & REES, H. H. (1996). Ecdysteroids in relation to adult development and reproduction in female Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodidae). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 31, 197-206.
88. MANGELSDORF, D. J. & EVANS, R. M. (1995). The RXR heterodimers and orphan receptors. Cell 83, 841-850.
89. MANGO, C., ODHIAMBO, T. R. & GALUN, R. (1976). Ecdysone and the super tick. Nature 260, 318-319.
90. MAO, H. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1998). DNA binding properties of the ecdysteroid receptor in the salivary gland of the female ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 28, 947-957.
91. MAO, H. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1999). Profile of the ecdysteroid hormone and its receptor in the salivary gland of the adult female tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 29, 33-42.
92. MAO, H., McBLAIN, W. A. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (1995). Some properties of the ecdysteroid receptor in the salivary gland of the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. General and Comparative Endocrinology 99, 340-348.
93. MARZOUK, A. S., MOHAMED, F. S. A. & KHALIL, G. M. (1985). Neurohemal-endocrine organs in the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodoidea: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 22, 385-391.
94. McSWAIN, J. L., TUCKER, J. S., ESSENBERG, R. C. & SAUER, J. R. (1989). Brain factor induced formation of inositol phosphates in tick salivary glands. Insect Biochemistry 19, 343-349.
95. NÄSSEL, D. R. (1996). Neuropeptides, amines, and amino acids in an elementary insect ganglion: functional and chemical anatomy of the unfused abdominal ganglion. Progress in Neurobiology 48, 325-420.
96. NEESE, P. A., SONENSHINE, D. E., KALLAPUR, V. L., APPERSON, C. S. & ROE, R. M. (2000). Absence of insect juvenile hormones in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) (Acari: Ixodidae), and in Ornithodoros parkeri Cooley (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Insect Physiology 46, 477-490.
97. OBENCHAIN, F. D. & MANGO, C. K. A. (1980). Effects of exogenous ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones on female reproductive development in Ornithodoros p. porcinus. American Zoologist 20, Abstract No. 1192.
98. OBENCHAIN, F. D. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1975). Neurosecretory system of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). II. Distribution of secretory cell types, axonal pathways and putative nerohemal-neuroendocrine associations: comparative histological and anatomical implications. Journal of Morphology 145, 269-294.
99. OGIHARA, K. (2003). Ecdysteroid hormone titer and expression of ecdysone receptor mRNA as related to vitellogenesis in the soft tick, Ornothodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). Master of Agricultural Science Thesis, University of Tsukuba, Japan.
100. OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1986a). Relationship among feeding, gametogenesis, mating and syngamy in ticks. In Host Regulated Development Mechanisms in Vector Arthropods (ed. Borovsky, D. & Spielman, A.), pp. 93-99. Vero Beach, University of Florida Press, IFAS.
101. OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1986b). Induction of oogenesis and oviposition in ticks. In Morphology, Physiology and Behavioral Biology of Ticks (ed. Sauer, J. R. & Hair, J. A.), pp. 233-247. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.
102. OLIVER, J. H. Jr. & DOTSON, E. M. (1993). Hormonal control of molting and reproduction in ticks. American Zoologist 33, 384-396.
103. OLIVER, J. H. Jr., ZHU, X. X., VOGEL, G. N. & DOTSON, E. M. (1992). Role of synganglion in oogenesis of the tick Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Parasitology 78, 93-98.
104. PALMER, M. J., HARMON, M. A. & LAUDET, V. (1999). Characterization of EcR and RXR homologues in the Ixodid tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.). American Zoologist 39, 747-757.
105. PALMER, M. J., WARREN, J. T., JIN, X., GUO, X. & GILBERT, L. I. (2002). Developmental profiles of ecdysteroids, ecdysteroid receptor mRNAs and DNA binding properties of ecdysteroid receptors in the Ixodid tick. Amblyomma americanum (L.). Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32, 465-476.
106. POUND, J. M. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1979). Juvenile hormone: evidence of its role in the reproduction of ticks. Science 206, 355-357.
107. POUND, J. M. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (1982). Synganglial and neurosecretory morphology of female Ornithodoros parkeri (Cooley) (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Morphology 173, 159-177.
108. POUND, J. M., OLIVER, J. H. Jr. & ANDREWS, R. H. (1984). Induction of apolysis and cuticle formation in female Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae) by hemocoelic injections of β-ecdysone. Journal of Medical Entomology 21, 612-614.
109. REES, H. H. & ISAAC, R. E. (1984). Biosynthesis of ovarian ecdysteroid phosphates and their metabolic fate during embryogenesis in Schistocerca gregaria. In Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Mode of Action of Invertebrate Hormones. (ed. Hoffmann, J. & Porchet, M.), pp. 181-195. Berlin, Springer Verlag.
110. RIDDIFORD, L. M. (1996). Juvenile hormone: the status of its "status quo" action. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 32, 271-286.
111. RIDDIFORD, L. M., CHERBAS, P. & TRUMAN, J. W. (2001). Ecdysone receptors and their biological actions. Vitamins and Hormones - Advances in Research and Applications 60, 1-73.
112. 3H]ecdysone by final instar larvae of Heliothis armigera. Physiological Entomology 12, 321-330.
113. ROSELL, R. & COONS, L. B. (1991). Purification and partial characterization of vitellin from the eggs of the hard tick Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Biochemistry 21, 871-885.
114. ROSELL, R. & COONS, L. B. (1992). The role of the fat body, midgut and ovary in vitellogenin production and vitellogenesis in the female tick Dermacentor variabilis. International Journal for Parasitology 22, 341-349.
115. ROSELL-DAVIS, R. & COONS, L. B. (1989). Relationship between feeding, mating, vitellogenin production and vitellogenesis in tick Dermacentor variabilis. Experimental and Applied Acarology 7, 95-105.
116. SANKHON, N., LOCKEY, T., ROSELL, R. C., ROTHSCHILD, M. & COONS, L. (1999). Effect of methoprene and 20-hydroxyecdysone on vitellogenin production in cultured fat bodies and backless explants from unfed female Dermacentor variabilis. Journal of Insect Physiology 45, 755-761.
117. SANNASI, A. & SUBRAMONIAM, T. (1972). Hormonal rupture of larval diapause in the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Lat.). Experientia 28, 666-667.
118. SAUER, J. R., ESSENBERG, R. C. & BOWMAN, A. S. (2000). Salivary glands in ixodid ticks: control and mechanism of secretion. Journal of Insect Physiology 46, 1069-1078.
119. SAUER, J. R., McSWAIN, J. L., BOWMAN, A. S. & ESSENBERG, R. C. (1995). Tick salivary gland physiology. Annual Review of Entomology 40, 245-267.
120. SCHRIEFER, M. E. (1991). Vitellogenesis in Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae): a model for analysis of endocrine regulation in ixodid ticks. PhD Dissertation, Old Dominion University & East Virginia Medical School, Norfolk.
121. SHANBAKY, N. M. & KHALIL, G. M. (1975). The sub-genus Persicargus (Ixodoidea: Argasidae: Argas). 22. The effect of feeding on hormonal control of egg development in Argas (Persicargas) arboreus. Experimental Parasitology 37, 361-366.
122. SHANBAKY, N. M., MANSOUR, M. M., MAIN, A. J., EL-SAID, A. & HELMY, N. (1990). Hormonal control of vitellogenesis in Argas (Argas) hermanni (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 27, 968-974.
123. SHEPHERD, J., OLIVER, J. H. Jr. & HALL, J. D. (1982). A polypeptide from male accessory glands which triggers maturation of tick spermatozoa. International Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction 5, 129-137.
124. SLINGER, A. J. & ISAAC, R. E. (1988). Ecdysteroid titers during embryogenesis of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Journal of Insect Physiology 34, 1119-1125.
125. SMITH, W. A., VARGHESE, A. H., HEALY, M. S. & LOU, K. J. (1996). Cyclic AMP is a prerequisite messenger in the action of big PTTH in the prothoracic glands of pupal Manduca sexta. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 26, 161-170.
126. SOLLER, M., BOWNES, M. & KUBLI, E. (1999). Control of oocyte maturation in sexually mature Drosophila females. Developmental Biology 208, 337-351.
127. SOLOMON, K. R., MANGO, C. K. A. & OBENCHAIN, F. D. (1982). Endocrine mechanisms in ticks: effects of insect hormones and their mimics on development and reproduction. In Physiology of Ticks (ed. Obenchain, F. D. & Galun, R.), pp. 399-438. Oxford, Pergamon.
128. SONENSHINE, D. E. (1986). Tick pheromones: an overview. In Morphology, Physiology, and Behavioural Biology of Ticks (ed. Sauer, J. R. & Hair, J. A.), pp. 342-360. Chichester, Ellis Horwood.
129. SONENSHINE, D. E. (1991). Biology of Ticks, Vol. 1. New York, Oxford University Press.
130. SONENSHINE, D. E., ROE, R. M., VENKATESH, K., APPERSON, C., WINDER, B., SCHRIEFER, M. E. & BAEHR, J. C. (1989). Biochemical evidence of the occurrence of a juvenoid in ixodid ticks. In Host Regulated Developmental Mechanisms In Vector Arthropods (ed. Borovsky, D. & Spielman, A.), pp. 9-17. Vero Beach, University of Florida Press, IFAS.
131. STAUFFER, A. & CONNAT, J.-L. (1990). Anterioposterior gradient during nymphal-adult moulting cycle of the tropical bont tick, Amblyomma variegatum (Acarina: Ixodidae). Correlations between ecdysteroid titers and integument structure. Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology 198, 309-321.
132. STREY, O. F., TEEL, P. D. & LONGNECKER, M. T. (2001). Effects of pyriproxyfen on off-host water-balance and survival of adult lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 38, 589-595.
133. TAYLOR, D., CHINZEI, Y., ITO, K., HIGUCHI, N. & ANDO, K. (1991a). Stimulation of vitellogenesis by pyrethroids in mated and virgin female adults, and fourth instar females of Ornithodoros moubata. Journal of Medical Entomology 28, 322-329.
134. TAYLOR, D., CHINZEI, Y., MIURA, K. & ANDO, K. (1991b). Vitellogenin synthesis, processing and hormonal regulation in the tick, Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae). Insect Biochemistry 21, 723-733.
135. TAYLOR, D., NAKAJIMA, Y. & CHINZEI, Y. (2000). Ecdysteroids and vitellogenesis in the soft tick, Ornithodoros moubata (Acari: Argasidae). In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on "Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens: Into the 21st Century" (ed. Kazimírová, M., Labuda, M. & Nuttall, P. A.), pp. 223-227. Bratislava, Slovak Republic, Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences.
136. TAYLOR, D., SONENSHINE, D. E. & PHILLIPS, J. S. (1991c). Ecdysteroids as a component of the genital sex pheromone in two species of hard ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say) and Dermacentor andersoni Stiles (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 12, 275-296.
137. THUMMEL, C. S. (2001) Molecular mechanisms of developmental timing in C. elegans and Drosophila. Developmental Cell 1, 453-465.
138. THUMMEL, C. S. (2002). Ecdysone-regulated puff genes 2000. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 32, 113-120.
139. TOMASCHKO, K.-H. (1994). Ecdysteroids from Pycnogonium litorale (Arthropoda, Pantopoda) act as chemical defense against Carcinus maenas (Crustacea, Decapoda). Journal of Chemical Ecology 20, 1445-1455.
140. VENKATESH, K., ROE, R. M., APPERSON, C. S., SONENSHINE, D. E., SCHRIEFER, M. E. & BOLAND, L. M. (1990). Metabolism of juvenile hormone during adult development of Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 27, 36-42.
141. WAINWRIGHT, G. & REES, H. H. (2001). Hormonal regulation of reproductive development in crustaceans. In Environment and Animal Development (ed. Atkinson, D. & Thorndyke, M.), pp. 71-84. Oxford, Bios.
142. WEISS, B. L. & KAUFMAN, W. R. (2001). The relationship between 'critical weight' and 20-hydroxyecdysone in the female ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Journal of Insect Physiology 47, 1261-1267.
143. WHITEHEAD, D. L., OSIR, E. W., OBENCHAIN, F. D. & THOMAS, L. S. (1986). Evidence for the presence of ecdysteroids and preliminary characterization of their carrier proteins in the eggs of the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Neumann). Insect Biochemistry 19, 112-133.
144. WIGGLESWORTH, K. P., LEWIS, D. & REES, H. H. (1985). Ecdysteroid titre and metabolism to novel apolar derivatives in adult female Boophilus microplus (Ixodidae). Archives of Insect Biochemisty and Physiology 2, 39-54.
145. WRIGHT, J. E. (1969). Hormonal temination of larval diapause in Dermacentor albipictus. Science 163, 390-391.
146. ZHU, X. X. & OLIVER, J. H. Jr. (2001). Cockroach allatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the synganglion (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 25, 1005-1013.
147. ZHU, X. X., OLIVER, J. H. Jr. & DOTSON, E. M. (1991a). Immunocytochemical localization of an insulin-like substance in the synganglion of the tick, Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 13, 153-159.
148. ZHU, X. X., OLIVER, J. H. Jr. & DOTSON, E. M. (1991b). Epidermis as the source of ecdysone in an argasid tick. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 88, 3744-3747.
149. ZHU, X. X., OLIVER, J. H. Jr., DOTSON, E. M. & REN, H. L. (1994). Correlation between ecdysteroids and cuticulogenesis in nymphs of the tick Ornithodoros parkeri (Acari: Argasidae). Journal of Medical Entomology 31, 479-485.