Layered science and science policies

Minerva

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 207-221

  Edqvist, Olle ^a  

^a Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20344390131     PISSN: 00264695     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1025509629159     Document Type: Review

References (21)

1. Helga Nowotny, Peter Scott, and Michael Gibbons, Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001), 230.
2. Michael Gibbons et al., The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies (London: Sage, 1994).
3. 'Research policy' is a term that is often used as an alternative to 'science policy'. However, I see research policy as a narrower concept. Research policy is about winning new scientific knowledge, while science policy indicates policy for the dissemination, use, and expansion of the body of knowledge. The terms are usually used for public funding of research, although properly speaking, they should not be limited to that area. Private funding also leads to policy, even if it is implicit.
4. Beatriz Ruivo, ' "Phases" or "Paradigms" of Science Policy?', Science and Public Policy, 21 (3), (June 1994), 157-164. Ruivo reviews the ideas of a number of researchers who have discussed the evolution of science policy, and finds a high degree of congruence in their understanding of changes in science policy, policy instruments, and the management of science.
5. However, it seems that Gibbons et al. count only the last period (the stage of 'Policy for Technological Innovation' or, as in Ruivo's terms, 'science as a source of strategic opportunity') as 'Mode 2'. See Gibbons et al., op. cit. note 2, 159.
6. Peter Galison, Image and Logic: A Material Culture of Microphysics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
7. Donald Stokes shows how science policy can be seen as a two-dimensional matrix, with relevance and scientific quality as the two axes. Quality can thus be associated with relevance. See Donald E. Stokes, Pasteur's Quadrant: Basic Science and Technological Innovation (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1997), 73.
8. See Svante Lindqvist, Technology on Trial: The Introduction of Steam Power Technology into Sweden, 1715-1736 (Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell International, 1984), 54-58.
9. Gunnar Eriksson, Kartläggarna: Naturvetenskapens tillväxt och tillämpningar i det industriella genombrottets Sverige, 1870-1914 (Umeå: Umeå Universitetsbibliotek, 1978).
10. Mats Fridlund, Den gemensamma utvecklingen: Staten, storföretagen och samarbetet kring den svenska elkrafttekniken (Stockholm: Symposion, 1999).
11. Thorsten Nybom (ed.), Universitet och samhälle: om forskningspolitik och vetenskapens samhälleliga roll (Stockholm: Tiden, 1989).
12. Tage Erlander 1955-1960 (Stockholm: Tiden, 1976), 26 (author's translation).
13. Ibid., 30.
14. Ibid., 32.
15. There are a certain number of research institutes, but they are much smaller than research institutes in other European countries.
16. Tage Erlander 1955-1960, 31.
17. Hans Weinberger, Nätverksentreprenören: en historia om teknisk forskning och industriellt utvecklings- arbete från den Malmska utredningen till Styrelsen för teknisk utveckling (Stockholm: Avd. för teknik- och vetenskapshistoria, Tekniska högskolan, 1997), 397-398.
18. Forskning och pengar (Stockholm: Swedish Government Official Report, SOU, 1996), 29.
19. Forskningspolitik (Stockholm: Swedish Government Official Report, SOU, 1998), 128).
20. Gibbons et al., op. cit. note 2, 155.
21. Ibid., 155.