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Values for the 7 torsion angles listed in Figure 1, as well as the distance from the pyridine nitrogen to the cationic center nitrogen (N1-N8), N1-NH distance and the height above the plane of the pyridine ring of the cationic center nitrogen are also provided. Note that low-energy conformations were identified that correspond to those examined by Elmore and Dougherty (Ref. 6). A1 (cis 7) corresponds to cis +A from that paper, while B1(cis 11), A1(trans 3) and B1(trans 1) correspond to cis +B, trans +A and trans +B, repectively
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Using Jaguar, full minimization at the DFT level (6-311G**) followed by further refinement (HF, CC-PVTZ(-f)) of all MM cis and trans nicotine conformations gave similar conformations to those found-by MM, but with a somewhat more limited range for the inter-ring torsion angle. An exhaustive search at the DFT level would have likely shown additional conformations
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49
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Note
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For aiMD trajectories carried out on protonated cis nicotine at 300 K (starting with cis A3), the conformation with the lowest energy (cis A1) was not found during 10 ps of dynamics. This implies a relatively large energy barrier between cis A1 and cis A3, making MD at elevated temperature necessary to thoroughly sample conformational space for the pyrrolidine ring
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Note
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It is of note that in a similar random search on cis nicotine, but using the MMFF force field27, A7 and B7 were also identified as the highest energy conformations of those found
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