Ibutilide - Recent molecular insights and accumulating evidence for use in atrial flutter and fibrillation

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 655-669

  Doggrell, Sheila A ^a,b   Hancox, Jules C ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b Doggrell Biomedical Communications   (New Zealand)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Animal models; Antiarrhythmic; Arrhythmia; Atrial fibrillation; Clinical trials; HERG; Ibutilide; Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia; Trecetilide

Indexed keywords

1 [2 (6 METHYL 2 PYRIDYL)ETHYL] 4 (4 METHYLSULFONYLAMINOBENZOYL)PIPERIDINE; 1' (6 CYANO 1,2,3,4 TETRAHYDRO 2 NAPHTHYL) 3,4 DIHYDRO 6 METHANESULFONAMIDOSPIRO[2H 1 BENZOPYRAN 2,4' PIPERIDIN] 4 OL; AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLOFILIUM; DIGOXIN; DIHYDROPYRIDINE; DISOPYRAMIDE; DOFETILIDE; ENCAINIDE; FLECAINIDE; IBUTILIDE; IBUTILIDE FUMARATE; LIDOCAINE; PLACEBO; PROCAINAMIDE; PROPAFENONE; QUINIDINE; SEMATILIDE; SOTALOL; TRECETILIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTIVITY; BRADYCARDIA; CARDIOVERSION; CHANNEL GATING; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SENSITIVITY; DRUG STRUCTURE; FIRST PASS EFFECT; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART ATRIUM FLUTTER; HEART FAILURE; HEART HYPERTROPHY; HEART PROARRHYTHMIA; HEART REPOLARIZATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PATIENT MONITORING; PATIENT SELECTION; POTASSIUM CURRENT; QT PROLONGATION; RECEPTOR BINDING; REVIEW; SODIUM CURRENT; TORSADE DES POINTES;

ANIMALS; ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; ATRIAL FLUTTER; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; SULFONAMIDES;

EID: 20344379421     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.5.655     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. HO KK, PINSKY JL, KANNEL WB, LEVY D: The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1993) 22:6A-13A.
2. BENJAMIN EJ, WOLF PA, D'AGOSTINO RB et al.: Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death. The Framingham heart study. Circulation (1998) 98:946-952.
3. NATTEL S: New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on. Nature (2002) 415:219-226.
4. LLOYD-JONES DM, WANG TJ, LEIP EP et al.: Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation (2004) 110:1042-1046.
5. GO AS, HYLEK EM, PHILLIPS KA et al.: Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults: national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention: AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA (2001) 285:2370-2375.
6. WANG TJ, PARISE H, LEVY D et al.: Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA (2003) 292:2471-2477.
7. MATHEW JP, PARKS P, SAVINO JS et al.: Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA (1996) 276:300-306.
8. HART RG, HALPERIN JL: Atrial fibrillation and stroke: concepts and controversies. Stroke (2001)32: 803-808.
9. NACCARELLI GV, WOLBRETTE DL, BHATTA L et al.: A review of clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of newer antiarrhythmic drugs in atrial fibrillation. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. (2003) 9:215-222.
10. ECHT DS, LIEBSON PR, MITCHELL LB AND CAST INVESTIGATORS: Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide or placebo: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 324:781-788.
11. THE CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA SUPPRESSION TRIAL II INVESTIGATORS: Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. (1992) 327:227-233.
12. WALDO AL, CAMM AJ, DERUYTER H et al.: Effects of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. (The SWORD investigators). Lancet (1996) 348:7-12.
13. VISKIN S: Long QT syndromes and torsade de pointes. Lancet (1999) 354:1625-1633.
14. WITCHEL HJ, HANCOX JC: Familial and acquired long QT syndrome and the cardiac rapid delayed rectifier potassium current. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. (2000) 27:753-766.
15. + channels: friend and foe. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2001) 22:240-246.
16. HESTER JB, GIBSON JK, CIMINI MG: N-[(omega-amino-1-hydroxyalkyl)phenyl]methanesulfonamide derivatives with class III antiarrhythmic activity. J. Med. Chem. (1991) 34:308-315.
17. Kr) in AT-1 cells. Concentration-, time-, voltage-, and use-dependent effects. Circulation (1995) 91:1799-1806.
18. PERRY M, DE GROOT MJ, HELLIWELL R et al.: Structural determinants of HERG channel block by clofilium, and ibutilide. Mol. Pharmacol. (2004) 66: 240-249.
19. + current in guinea pig ventricular cells. J. Pharmacol, Exp. Ther. (1992) 262:99-108.
20. + current through a nifedipine inhibited inward channel. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1998) 286:9-22.
21. LEE KS, TSAI TD, LEE EW: Membrane activity of class III antiarrhythmic compounds; a comparison between ibutilide, d-sotalol, E-4031, sematilide and dofetilide. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1993) 234:43-53.
22. MITCHESON JS, PERRY MD: Molecular determinants of high-affinity drug binding to HERG channels. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Devel. (2003) 6:667-674.
23. Kr, and effects on myocardial refractoriness for class III antiarrhythmic agents. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1995) 25:336-340.
24. SATO N, TANAKA H, HABUCHI Y, GILES WR: Electrophysiological effects of ibutilide on the delayed rectifier K(+) current in rabbit sinoatrial and atrioventricular node cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (2000) 404:281-288.
25. YANG T, SNYDERS D, RODEN DM: Drug block of I(kr): model systems and relevance to human arrhythmias. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (2001) 38:737-744.
26. TWEEDIE D, HENDERSON C, KANE K: Glibenclamide, but not class III drugs, prevents ischaemic shortening of the refractory period in guinea-pig hearts. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1993) 240:251-257.
27. FRIEDRICHS GS, CHI L, BLACK SC et al.: Antifibrillatory effects of ibutilide in the rabbit isolated heart: mediation via ATP-dependent potassium channels. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1993) 266:1348-1354.
28. MITCHESON JS, CHEN J, LIN M, CULBERSON C, SANGUINETTI MC: A structural basis for drug-induced long QT syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97:12329-12333.
29. REIFFEL JA, BLITZER M: The actions of ibutilide and class Ic drugs on the slow sodium channel: new insights regarding individual pharmacologic effects elucidated through combination therapies. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. (2000) 5:177-181.
30. WOOD MA, FULLER I, HONG A: Effects of sodium channel blockade on ibutilide induced prolongation of repolarization in the isolated rabbit ventricle. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. (2000) 4:481-487.
31. WOOD MA, GILLINGAN DM, BROWN-MAHONEY C et al.: Clinical and electrophysiologic effects of calcium channel blockers in patients receiving ibutilide. Am. Heart J. (2002) 143:176-180.
32. MURRAY KT. Ibutilide. Circulation (1998) 97:493-487.
33. NACCARELLI GV, LEE KS, GIBSON JK, VANDERLUGT J: Electrophysiology and pharmacology of ibutilide. Am. J. Cardiol. (1996) 78:12-16.
34. ELLENBOGEN KA, CLEMO HF, STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA, VANDERLUGT JT: Efficacy of ibutilide for termination of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am. J. Cardiol. (1996) 78:42-45.
35. CIMINI MG, BRUNDEN MN, GIBSON JK: Effects of ibutilide fumarate, a novel antiarrhythmic agent, and its enantiomers on isolated rabbit myocardium. Eur. J. Pharmacol. (1992) 222:93-98.
36. HSU CY, WALTERS RR: Pharmacokinetics of ibutilide and its enantiomers in dogs. Chirality (1996) 8:18-23.
37. HUMPHREY SJ, SMITH MP, HSU CY, WALTERS RR: Cardiovascular effects of the R- and S-enantiomers of ibutilide in conscious beagle dogs. Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. (2001) 23:449-455.
38. KNOBLOCH K, BRENDEL J, PEUKERT S et al.: Electrophysiological and antiarrhythmic effects of the novel I (Kur) channel blockers, S9947 and S20951, on left versus right pig atrium in vivo in comparison with the I(Kr) blockers dofetilide, azimilide, d,l-sotalol and ibutilide. Naunyn Schmiebergs Arch. Pharmacol. (2002) 366:482-487.
39. OSHIKAWA N, WATANABE I, MASAKI R et al.: Frequency-dependent electrophysiological effects of ibutilide on human atrium and ventricle. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. (2001) 5:81-87.
40. STAMBLER BS, BECKMAN KJ, KADISH AH et al.: Acute hemodynamic effects of intravenous ibutilide in patients with or without reduced left ventricular fraction. Am. J. Cardiol. (1997) 80:458-463.
41. BUCHANAN LV, KABELL G, TURCOTTE UM, BRUNDEN MN, GIBSON JK: Effects of ibutilide on spontaneous and induced ventricular arrhythmias in 24-hour canine myocardial infarction: a comparative study with sotalol and encainide. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmarol. (1992) 19:256-263.
42. BUCHANAN LV, TURCOTTE UM, KABELL GG, GIBSON JK: Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiologic effects of ibutilide in a chronic canine model of atrial flutter. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1993) 22:10-14.
43. NABIH MA, PRCEVSKI P, FROMM BS et al.: Effect of ibutilide, a new class III agent, on sustained atrial fibrillation in a canine model of acute ischemia and myocardial dysfunction by microembolization. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. (1993) 16:1975-1983.
44. BUCHANAN LV, KABELL G, GIBSON JK: Acute intravenous conversion of canine atrial flutter: comparison of antiarrhythmic agents. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1995) 25:539-544.
45. BUCHANAN LV, LEMAY RJ, WALTERS RR et al.: Antiarrhythmic and electrophysiologic effect of intravenous ibutilide and sotalol in the canine sterile pericarditis model. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (1996) 7:113-119.
46. KHOURY DS, ASSAR MD, SUN H: Pharmacological enhancement of atrial defibrillation efficacy: role of ibutilide. J. Interv. Card. Electrophysiol. (1997) 1:291-298.
47. WESLEY RC, FARKHANI F, MORGAN D, ZIMMERMAN D: Ibutilide: enhanced defibrillation via plateau sodium current activation. Am. J. Physiol. (1993) 264:H1269-H1274.
48. VERECKEI A, GORSKI JC, UJHELYI M, MEHRA R, ZIPES DP: Intrapericardial ibutilide administration fails to terminate pacing-induced sustained atrial fibrillation in dogs. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (2004) 18:269-277.
49. VERECKEI A, WARMAN E, MEHRA R, ZIPES DP: Comparison of the effects on drug concentrations, electrophysiologic parameters, and termination of atrial fibrillation in dogs when procainamide and ibutilide are delivered into the right atrium versus intravenously. J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. (2001) 12:330-336.
50. LABHASETWAR V, STRICKBERGER SA, UNDERWOOD T, DAVIS J, LEVY RJ: Prevention of acute inducible atrial flutter in dogs by using an ibutilide-polymer-coated pacing electrode. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1998) 31:449-455.
51. CHEN YJ, HSIEH MH, CHIOU CW, CHEN SA: Electropharmacologic characteristics of ventricular proarrhythmia induced by ibutilide. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1999) 34:237-247.
52. HSIEH MH, CHEN YJ, LEE SH: Proarrhythmic effects of ibutilide in a canine model of pacing induced cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. (2000) 23:149-156.
53. CHUGH SS, JOHNSON SB, PACKER DL: Altered response to ibutilide in a heart failure model. Cardiovasc. Res. (2001) 49:94-102.
54. GUO GB, ELLENBOGEN KA, WOOD MA, STAMBLER BS: Conversion of atrial flutter by ibutilide is associated with increased atrial cycle length variability. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1996) 27:1083-1089.
55. STAMBLER BS, WOOD, MA, ELLENBOGEN KA et al.: Efficacy and safety of repeated intravenous doses of ibutilide for rapid conversion of atrial flutter or fibrillation. Circulation (1996) 94:1613-1621.
56. ABI-MANSOUR P, CARBERRY PA, McCOWAN RJ et al.: Conversion efficacy and safety of repeated doses of ibutilide in patients with atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Am. Heart J. (1998) 136:632-642.
57. STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA, ELLENBOGEN KA: Antiarrhythmic actions of intravenous ibutilide compared with procainamide during human atrial flutter and fibrillation Circulation (1997) 96:4298-4306.
58. ANTONICELLI R, TESTARMATA P, RECANATINI A: Ibutilide in rapid conversion of atrial flutter in octogenarians. Drugs Aging (2002) 19:787-791.
59. GOWDA RM, KHAN IA, PUNUKOLLU G et al.: Use of ibutilide for cardioversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter in elderly. Am. J. Ther. (2004) 11:95-97.
60. ELLENBOGEN KA, STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA et al.: Efficacy of intravenous ibutilide for rapid termination of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: a dose-response study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1996) 28:130-136.
61. ZAQQA M, AFSHAR H, RASEKH A et al.: Predictors of conversion to sinus rhythm using ibutilide for atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am. J. Cardiol. (2000) 185:112-114.
62. DAS MK, CHERIPARAMBIL K, BEDI A et al.: Cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide: when is it not effective? Clin. Cardiol. (2002) 25:411-415.
63. VANDRLUGT JT, MATTIONI T, DENKER S et al.: Efficacy and safety of ibutilide fumarate for the conversion of atrial arrhythmias after cardiac surgery. Circulation (1999) 100:369-375.
64. GLATTER K, YANG Y, CHATTERJEE K et al.: Chemical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation of flutter with ibutilide in patients receiving amiodarone therapy. Circulation (2001) 103:253-257.
65. VARRIALE P, SEDIGHI A, MIRZAITEHRANE M: Ibutilide for termination of atrial fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. (1999) 22:1267-1269.
66. SOBEL RM, DHRUVA NN: Termination of acute wide QRS complex atrial fibrillation with ibutilide. Am. J. Emerg. Med. (2000) 18:462-464.
67. SANTINI M, PIGNALBERI C, RICCI R, CALO L, SANTINI L: Effectiveness of ibutilide in cardioversion of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with dual chamber stimulation. J. Intern. Card. Electrophysiol. (2003) 9:15-20.
68. GLATTER KA, DOROSTKAR PC, YANG Y et al.: Electrophysiological effects of ibutilide in patients with accessory pathways. Circulation (2001) 104:1933-1999.
69. DOMANOVITS H, SCHILLINGER M, THOENNISEN J et al.: Termination of recent-onset atrial fibrillation/flutter in the emergency department: a sequential approach with intravenous ibutilide and external electrical cardioversion. Resuscitation (2000) 45:181-187.
70. VARRIALE P, SEDIGHI A: Acute management of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in the critical care unit: should it be ibutilide? Clin. Cardiol. (2000) 265:265-268.
71. CHILADAKIS JA, KALOGEROPOULOS A, PATSOURAS N, MANOLIS AS: Ibutilide added to propalerione for the conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2004) 44:859-863.
72. HONGO RH, THEMISTOCLAKIS S, RAVIELE A et al.: Use of ibutilide in cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter treated with class IC agents. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2004) 44:864-868.
73. HENNERSDORF MG, PERINGS SM, ZUHLKE C et al.: Conversion of recent-onset atrial fibrillation or flutter with ibutilide after amiodarone has failed. Intensive Care Med. (2002) 28:925-929.
74. STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA, ELLENBOGEN KA: Comparative efficacy of intravenous ibutilide versus procainamide for enhancing termination of atrial flutter by atrial overdrive pacing. Am. J. Cardiol. (1996) 77:960-966.
75. ORAL H, SOUZA JJ, MICHAUD GF et al.: Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pre-treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. (1999) 340:1849-1854.
76. LI H, NATALE A, TOMASSONI G et al.: Usefulness of ibutilide in facilitating successful external cardioversion of refractory atrial fibrillation. Am. J. Cardiol. (1999) 84:1096-1098.
77. STICHERLING G, OZAYDIN M, TADA H et al.: Comparison of verapamil and ibutilide for the suppression of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation after transthoracic cardioversion. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. (2002) 7:155-160.
78. MAZZA A, FERA MS, BISCEGLIA I et al.: Efficacy and safety of ibutilide versus transoesophageal atrial pacing for the termination of Type 1 atrial flutter. Europace (2004) 6:301-306.
79. EFREMIDIS M, SIDERIS A, BATRA R et al.: Facilitating internal cardioversion of chronic atrial fibrillation with ibutilide-predictors of atrial defibrillation-threshold decrease. Med. Sci. Monit. (2004) 10:CR258-263.
80. CHENG J, GLATTER K, YANG Y et al.: Electrophysiological response of the right atrium to ibutilide during typical atrial flutter. Circulation (2002) 106:814-819.
81. MURDOK DK, SCHUMOCK GT, KALIEBE J, OLSON K, GUENETTE AJ: Clinical and cost comparison of ibutilide and direct-current cardioversion for atrial fibrillation and flutter. Am. J. Cardiol. (2000) 85:505-506.
82. ZARKIN GA, BALA MV, CALINGAERT B, VANDERLUGT JT: The cost-effectiveness of ibutilide versus electrical cardioversion in the conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter to normal rhythm. Am. J. Manag. Care (1997) 3:1387-1394.
83. STAMBLER BS, WOOD MA, ELLENBOGEN KA: Antiarrhythmic actions of intravenous ibutilide compared with procainamide during human atrial flutter and fibrillation: electrophysiological determinants of enhanced conversion effect. Circulation (1997) 96:4298-4306.
84. VOLGMAN AS, CARBERRY PA, STAMBLER B et al.: Conversion efficacy and safety of intravenous ibutilide compared with intravenous procainamide in patients with atrial flutter or fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (1998) 31:1414-1419.
85. REISINGER J, GATTERER E, LANG W et al.: Flecainide versus ibutilide for immediate cardioversion of atrial fibrillation of recent onset. Eur. Heart J. (2004) 25:1318-1324.
86. SOUCIER R, SILVERMAN D, ABORDO M et al.: Propafenone versus ibutilide for post operative atrial fibrillation following cardiac surgery: neither strategy improves outcomes compared to rate control alone (the PIPAF study). Med. Sci. Monit. (2003) 9:PI19-PI23.
87. VOS MA, GOLITSYN SR, STRANGL K et al.: Superiority of ibutilide (a new class III agent) over DL-sotalol in converting atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Heart (1998) 79:568-575.
88. BERNARD EO, SCHMID ER, SCHMIDLIN D et al.: Ibutilide versus amiodarone in atrial fibrillation: a double-blinded, randomized study. Crit. Care Med. (2003) 13:1031-1034.
89. ORAL H, OZAYDIN M, TADA H et al.: Comparison of amiodarone versus ibutilide for the prevention of immediate recurrences of atrial fibrillation during pulmonary vein isolation. Am. J. Cardiol. (2002) 90:492-495.
90. MILLER MR, McNAMARA RL, SEGAL JB et al.: Efficacy of agents for pharmacological conversion of atrial fibrillation and subsequent maintenance of sinus rhythm: a meta-analysis of trials. J. Fam. Pract. (2000) 49:1033-1046.
91. KOWEY PR, VANDERLUGT JT, LUDERER JR: Safety and risk/benefit of ibutilide for acute conversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter. Am. J. Cardiol (1996) 78:46-52.
92. PHAM TV, ROSEN MR: Sex, hormones, and repolarization. Cardiovasc. Res. (2002) 53:740-751.
93. ABI-GERGES N, PHILP K, POLLARD C et al.: Sex differences in ventricular repolarization: from cardiac electrophysiology to Torsades de Pointes. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. (2004) 18:139-151.
94. GOWDA RM, KHAN IA, PUNUKOLLA. G et al.: Female preponderance in ibutilide-induced torsade de pointes. Int. J. Cardiol. (2004) 95:219-222.
95. JOHANSSON M, CARLSON L: Female gender does not influence the magnitude of ibutilide-induced repolarization delay and incidence of torsades de pointes in an in vivo model of the acquired long QT syndrome. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther. (2001) 6:247-254.
96. RODRIGUEZ I, KILBORN MJ, LIU XK, PEZZULLO JC, WOOSLEY RL: Drug-induced QT prolongation in women during the menstrual cycle. JAMA (2001) 285:1322-1326.
97. WOOD MA, STAMBLER BS, ELLENBOGEN KA et al.: Suppression of inducible ventricular tachycardia by ibutilide in patients with coronary artery disease. Am. Heart J. (1998) 135:1048-1054.
98. GAITA F, GIUSTETTO C, BIANCHI F et al.: Short QT Syndrome: Pharmacological Treatment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2004) 43: 1494-1499.
99. BRUGADA R, HONG K, DUMAINE R et al.: Sudden death associated with short QT syndrome linked to mutations in HERG. Circulation (2004) 109:30-35.
100. BELLOCQ C, VAN GINNEKEN ACG, BEZZINA C et al.: Mutation in the KCNQ1 Gene Leading to the Short QT Interval Syndrome. Circulation (2004) 109:2394-2397.
101. HARG P, MADSEN S, AMLIE JP: Severe ibutilide-induced arrhythmia in patients with heart failure. Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. (2001) 121:2834-2835.
102. KALIS JS, SPENCER AP, TSIKOURIS JP et al.: Impact of prophylactic i.v. magnesium on the efficacy of ibutilide for conversion of atrial fibrillation or flutter. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. (2003) 60:2308-2312.
103. GOWDA RM, PUNUKOLLU G, KHAN IA et al.: Ibutilide for pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter: impact of race on efficacy and safety. Am. J. Ther. (2003) 10:259-263.
104. BORIANI G, DIEMBERGER I, BIFFI M, MARTIGNANI C, BRANZI A: Pharmacological cardioversion of atrial fibrillation: current management and treatment options. Drugs (2004) 64:2741-2762.
105. HESTER JB, GIBSON JK, BUCHANAN LV et al.: Progress toward the development of a safe and effective agent for treating re-entrant cardiac arrhythmias: synthesis and evaluation of ibutilide analogues with enhanced metabolic stability and diminished proarrhythmic potential. J. Med. Chem. (2001) 44:1099-1115.
106. BUIST SC, HSU CY, WALTERS RR: Sensitive determination of a new antiarrhythmic agent, trecetilide in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J. Chromatogr. A. (1998) 828:259-265.
107. GUPTA AK, MAHESHWARI A, THAKUR RK, LOKHANDWALA YY: Newer antiarrhythmic drugs. Indian Heart J. (2001) 53:354-360.