Biodiversity credits: Creating missing markets for biodiversity

Environmental and Planning Law Journal

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2007, Pages 481-504

  Agius, Judson ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 20244364709     PISSN: 0813300X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Commonwealth of Australia, National Strategy for the Conservation of Australia's Biological Diversity, (Canberra, Department of Environment Sport and Territories, 1996), p 1.
2. Stoneham et al, Mechanisms for the Biodiversity Conservation on Private Land, Victorian Department of Natural Resources and Environment, July 2000,1.
3. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
4. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
5. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
6. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
7. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
8. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
9. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
10. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
11. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
12. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
13. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
14. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
15. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
16. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
17. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
18. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
19. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
20. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
21. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
22. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
23. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
24. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
25. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
26. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
27. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
28. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
29. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
30. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
31. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
32. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
33. See further, M Raff "Ten Principles of Quality in Environmental Impact Assessment" 14 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 207.
34. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
35. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
36. E Brown, The Law of the Sea, Vol I, Dartmouth Publishing Co Ltd, Aldershot, 1994, at 2-3.
37. Landholders are required under legislative requirements to seek approval from government authorities to clear native vegetation or to develop land. Notwithstanding this, the premise is generally true in practice that these constraints, while to some extent limiting the impacts of development, do not prevent biodiversity degradation or loss.
38. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
39. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
40. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
41. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
42. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
43. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
44. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
45. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
46. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
47. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
48. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
49. Personal Communication, Fraser, Department of Land and Water Conservation.
50. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
51. Planning and Environment Act 1987 (Vic) s 47(2).
52. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
53. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
54. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
55. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
56. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
57. Property Agreements under Pt 5 of the NVC Act are of this kind and may, with the consent of the landholder, be registered on the title and pass with the land.
58. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
59. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
60. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
61. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
62. See further, M Raff "Ten Principles of Quality in Environmental Impact Assessment" 14 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 207.
63. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
64. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
65. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
66. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
67. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
68. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
69. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
70. M Briody and T Prenzler, "The Enforcement of Environmental Protection Laws in Queensland: A Case of Regulatory Capture?" 15(1) EPLJ 54.
71. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
72. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
73. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
74. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
75. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
76. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
77. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
78. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
79. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
80. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
81. See further, M Raff "Ten Principles of Quality in Environmental Impact Assessment" 14 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 207.
82. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
83. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
84. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
85. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
86. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
87. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
88. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
89. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
90. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
91. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
92. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
93. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
94. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
95. See further, M Raff "Ten Principles of Quality in Environmental Impact Assessment" 14 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 207.
96. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
97. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
98. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
99. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
100. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
101. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
102. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
103. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
104. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
105. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
106. There other ways to create "missing markets" such as the selling of genetic resources for use in medicine.
107. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
108. The scheme would not include publicly owned land, as this may create a "glut" of credits in excess of the demand, particularly as most conservation reserves are in public hands and would likely generate a high number of credits. However, because of a presumption that public owned land will be managed to maximise biodiversity values, it may be necessary to include an obligation to purchase credits for any proposals that reduce biodiversity values on public land.
109. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
110. J Shields, "Biodiversity Credits: A System of Economic Rewards for Ecologically Sustainable Management", State Forests of NSW, (in press) Pacific Conservation Biology.
111. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
112. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
113. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.
114. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
115. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
116. See further, M Raff "Ten Principles of Quality in Environmental Impact Assessment" 14 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 207.
117. Property Law Act 1974 (Qld) s 4.
118. See further, M Raff "Ten Principles of Quality in Environmental Impact Assessment" 14 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 207.
119. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
120. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
121. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
122. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
123. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
124. In the Hunter Salinity Trading Scheme the number of trades is small and trading of credits takes place through the Department of Land and Water Conservation. NSW Environment Protection Authority, Hunter Salinity Trading Scheme.
125. The Murray Darling Basin Agreement 1992.
126. J Butcher, "The US & EU Trade Dispute Over GMO Soybeans", (1997) Case Number: 446 www.american.edu/projects/mandala/TED/soybean.htm
127. DWR, Security for Major Water Allocations: Issues Paper, Melbourne, Department of Water Resources, Victoria, 1986, p 1.