Occurrence and origin of andalusite in peraluminous felsic igneous rocks

Journal of Petrology

Volumn 46, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 441-472

  Clarke, D Barrie ^a   Dorais, Michael ^b   Barbarin, Bernard ^c   Barker, Dan ^d   Cesare, Bernardo ^e   Clarke, Geoffrey ^f   El Baghdadi, Mohamed ^g   Erdmann, Saskia ^a   Förster, Hans Jürgen ^h   Gaeta, Mario ⁱ   Gottesmann, Bärbel ^h   Jamieson, Rebecca A ^a   Kontak, Daniel J ^j   Koller, Friedrich ^k   Gomes, Carlos Leal ^l   London, David ^m   Morgan VI, George B ^m   Neves, Luis J P F ⁿ   Pattison, David R M ^o   Pereira, Alcides J S C ⁿ   Pichavant, Michel ^p   Rapela, Carlos W ^q   Renno, Axel D ^r   Richards, Simon ^s   Roberts, Malcolm ^t   Rottura, Alessandro ^u   Saavedra, Julio ^v   Sial, Alcides Nobrega ^w   Toselli, Alejandro J ^x   Ugidos, Jose M ^y   Uher, Pavel ^z   Villaseca, Carlos ^aa   Visonà, Dario ^e   Whitney, Donna L ^ab   Williamson, Ben ^ac   Woodard, Henry H ^ad   more..

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITÉ BLAISE PASCAL   (France)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^g SULTAN MOULAY SLIMANE UNIVERSITY   (Morocco)

^h GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

ⁱ SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^j NOVA SCOTIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES   (Canada)

^k UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^l UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

^m UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^o UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^p UMR 7327   (France)

^q National University of La Plata Centro de Investigaciones Geologicas   (Argentina)

^r TU BERGAKADEMIE FREIBERG   (Germany)

^s UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

^t Western Cape Regional Office   (South Africa)

^u UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA   (Italy)

^v INSTITUTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y AGROBIOLOGÍA DE SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^w FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PERNAMBUCO   (Brazil)

^x UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TUCUMÁN   (Argentina)

^y UNIVERSITY OF SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^z Physics and Informatics   (Slovakia)

^aa UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID   (Spain)

^ab UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^ac DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCES   (United Kingdom)

^ad BELOIT COLLEGE   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Andalusite; Granite; Magmatic; Origin; Xenocrystic

Indexed keywords

ANDALUSITE; FELSIC ROCK; PETROLOGY;

EID: 20044379395     PISSN: 00223530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/petrology/egh083     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. 2O) = 1. Canadian Mineralogist 17, 549-560.
2. Acosta-Vigil, A., Pereira, M. D., Shaw, D. M. & London, D. (2001). Contrasting behaviour of boron during crustal anatexis. Lithos 56, 15-31.
3. 2O-saturated haplogranitic melts at 800°C and 200 MPa: constraints on diffusivities and the generation of peraluminous melts. Journal of Petrology 43, 1885-1908.
4. Acosta-Vigil, A., London, D., Morgan, G. B., VI & Dewers, T. A. (2003). Solubility of excess alumina in hydrous granitic melts in equilibrium with peraluminous minerals at 700-800°C and 200 MPa, and applications of the aluminum saturation index. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 146, 100-119.
5. Barker, D.S. (1987). Rhyolites contaminated with metapelite and gabbro, Lipari, Aeolian Islands, Italy: products of lower crustal fusion or of assimilation plus fractional crystallization? Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 97, 460-472.
6. Barrera, J. L., Bellido, F. & Klein, E. (1985). Contact metamorphism in synkinematic two-mica granites produced by younger granitic intrusions, Galicia, N. W. Spain. Geologie en Mijnbouw 64, 413-422.
7. Bouloton, J. (1992). Mise en évidence de cordiérite héritée des terrains traversés dans le pluton granitique des Oulad Ouaslam (Jebilet, Maroc). Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, 658-668.
8. Bouloton, J., El Amrani, I. E., El Mouraouah, A. & Montel, J. M. (1991). Les xénolites hyperalumineux des granites, d'après l'exemple du pluton superficiel des Oulad Ouslam (Jebilet, Maroc). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 312, 273-279.
9. Brigatti, M. F., Frigieri, P., Ghezzo, C. & Poppi, L. (2000). Crystal chemistry of Al-rich biotites coexisting with muscovites in peraluminous granites. American Mineralogist 85, 436-448.
10. Castelli, D. & Lombardo, B. (1988). The Gophu La and Western Lunana granites: Miocene muscovite leucogranites of the Bhutan Himalaya. Lithos 21, 211-225.
11. Cesare, B. (1994). Synmetamorphic veining: origin of andalusite-bearing veins in the Vedrette di Ries contact aureole, Eastern Alps, Italy. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 12, 643-653.
12. Cesare, B. & Gómez-Pugnaire, M. T. (2001). Crustal melting in the Alborán domain: constraints from the xenoliths of the Neogene Volcanic Province. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A 26(4-5), 255-260.
13. Cesare, B., Gómez-Pugnaire, M. T., Sanchez-Navas, A. & Grobety, B. (2002). Andalusite-sillimanite replacement (Mazarró n-SE Spain): microstructural and TEM study. American Mineralogist 87, 433-444.
14. 5 triple point. Geology 31, 573-576.
15. Chappell, B. W., White, A. J. R. & Williams, L. S. (1991). A transverse section through granites of the Lachlan Fold Belt. Second Hutton Symposium on Granites and Related Rocks. Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, Record 1991/22.
16. Chorlton, L. B. & Martin, R. F. (1978). The effect of boron on the granite solidus. Canadian Mineralogist 16, 239-244.
17. Clarke, D. B. (1981). The mineralogy of peralummous granites: a review. Canadian Mineralogist 19, 3-17.
18. Clarke, D. B. & Bogutyn, P. A. (2003). Oscillatory epitactic-growth zoning in biotite and muscovite from the Lake Lewis leucogranite, South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada. Canadian Mineralogist 41, 1027-1047.
19. Clarke, D. B., McKenzie, C. B., Muecke, G. K. & Richardson, S. W. (1976). Magmatic andalusite from the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 56, 279-287.
20. Clarke, D. B., Henry, A. S. & White, M. A. (1998). Exploding xenoliths and the absence of 'elephants' graveyards' in granite batholiths. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 1325-1343.
21. 2O space: controls on the peraluminosity of the South Mountain Batholith: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41 785-798.
22. Clemens, J. D. & Wall, V. J. (1981). Origin and crystallization of some peraluminous (S-type) granitic magmas. Canadian Mineralogist 19 111-131.
23. Clemens, J. D. & Wall, V. J. (1988). Controls on the mineralogy of S-type volcanic and plutonic rocks. Lithos 21, 53-66.
24. Corey, M. C. (1988). An occurrence of metasomatic aluminosilicates related to high alumina hydrothermal alteration within the South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia. Maritime Sediments and Atlantic Geology 24, 83-95.
25. D'Amico, C., Rottura, A., Bargossi, G. M. & Nannetti, M. C. (1982-1983 a). Magmatic genesis of andalusite in peraluminous granites. Examples from Eisgarn type granites in Moldanubikum. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia 38, 15-25.
26. D'Amico, C., Rottura, A., Maccarrone, E. & Puglisi, G. (1982-1983 b. Peraluminous granitic suite of Calabria Peloritani arc. Rendiconti della Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia 38, 35-52.
27. Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. & Zussman, J. (1982). Rock-Forming Minerals, Vol. 1A, Orthosilicates, 2nd edn. Harlow: Longman.
28. Didier, J. (1991). The main types of enclaves in the Hercynian granitoids of the Massif Central, France. In: Didier, J. & Barbarin, B. (eds) Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 47-61.
29. Ellis, D. J. & Obata, M. (1992). Migmatite and melt segregation at Cooma, New South Wales. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 83(1-2), 95-106.
30. Evensen, J. M., London, D. & Wendlandt, R. F. (1999). Solubility and stability of beryl in granitic melts. American Mineralogist 84 733-745.
31. Fernández-Catuxo, J., Corretgé, L. G. & Suárez, O. (1995). Influencia de los elementos menores en la estabilidad de la andalucita en rocas graníticas del Macizo Ibérico. Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Mineralogía 18, 55-71.
32. Ferrow, E. A., London, D., Goodman, K. S. & Veblen, D. R. (1990). Sheet silicates of the Lawler Peak granite, Arizona: chemistry, structural variations, and exsolution. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 105, 491-501.
33. Gaspar, L. M. & Inverno, C. M. C. (1998). P-enriched peraluminous leucogranites in Barra de Alva Escalhao, NE Portugal. A multistage anatectic complex. Acta Universitatis Carolinae-Geologica 42 35-40.
34. 3+ on aluminum silicate phase relations in north-central New Mexico, U.S.A. Journal of Petrology 26, 324-354.
35. Green, T. H. (1976). Experimental generation of cordierite- or garnet-bearing granitic liquids from a pelitic composition. Geology 4, 85-88.
36. Greenwood, H. J. (1976). Metamorphism at moderate temperatures and pressures. In: Bailey, D. K. & MacDonald, R. (eds) The Evolution of the Crystalline Rocks. London: Academic Press, pp. 187-259.
37. Halliday, A. N., Stephens, W. E. & Harmon, R. S. (1981). Isotopic and chemical constraints on the development of peraluminous Caledonian and Acadian granites. Canadian Mineralogist 19, 205-216.
38. Hills, E. S. (1938). Andalusite and sillimanite in uncontaminated igneous rocks. Geological Magazine 75, 296-304.
39. Holdaway, M. J. (1971). Stability of andalusite and the aluminosilicate phase diagram. American Journal of Science 271, 97-131.
40. Holdaway, M. J. & Mukhopadhyay, B. (1993). A re-evaluation of the stability relations of andalusite: thermochemical data and phase diagram for the aluminum silicate. American Mineralogist 78, 298-315.
41. Holland, T. & Powell, R. (1985). An internally consistent thermodynamic data set with uncertainties and correlations: 2. Data and results. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 3, 343-370.
42. Holland, T. & Powell, R. (2001). Calculation of phase relations involving haplogranitic melts using an internally consistent thermodynamic dataset. Journal of Petrology 42, 673-683.
43. Hollister, L. S. & Bence, A. E. (1967). Staurolite: sector compositional variations. Science 158, 1053-1056.
44. Holtz, F., Johannes, W. & Pichavant, M. (1992). Peraluminous granitoids: the effect of alumina on melt composition and coexisting minerals. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences 86 409-416.
45. 2O). American Mineralogist 80, 1229-1251.
46. 2O) = 5 kbars, an equilibrium problem. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 66, 295-303.
47. Johannes, W. & Holtz, F. (1996). Petrogenesis and Experimental Petrology of Granitic Rocks. Berlin: Springer, 335 pp.
48. Johnson, S. E. & Vernon, R. H. (1995). Stepping stones and pitfalls in the determination of an anticlockwise P-T-t- deformation path: the low-P, high-T Cooma Complex, Australia. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 13, 165-183.
49. Johnson, T. E., Brown, M. & Solar, G. S. (2003). Low-pressure subsolidus and suprasolidus phase equilibria in the MnNCKFMASH system: constraints on conditions of regional metamorphism in western Maine, northern Appalachians. American Mineralogist 88, 624-638.
50. 2O and petrogenetic implications. American Mineralogist 79, 504-512.
51. Kawakami, T. (2001). Boron depletion accompanied by the breakdown of tourmaline in the migmatite-zone of the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan; an implication for the formation of tourmaline leucogranites. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 33(6), 330.
52. Kawakami, T. (2002). Magmatic andalusite from the migmatite zone of the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, SW Japan, and its importance in constructing the P-T path. Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 97, 241-254.
53. 5 Polymorphs. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 22.
54. Kerrick, D. M. & Speer, J. A. (1988). The role of minor element solid solution on the andalusite-sillimanite equilibrium in metapelites and peraluminous granitoids. American Journal of Science 288 (2), 152-192.
55. Kontak, D. J., Martin, R. F. & Richard, L. (1996). Patterns of phosphorus enrichment in alkali feldspar, South Mountain Batholith, Nova Scotia, Canada. European Journal of Mineralogy 8, 805-824.
56. Kretz, R. (1983). Symbols for rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist 68, 277-279.
57. Kriegsman, L. M. (2001). Partial melting, partial melt extraction and partial back reaction in anatectic migmatites. Lithos 56, 75-96.
58. 5 'triple-point' rocks from the Proterozoic Priest pluton contact aureole, New Mexico. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 33(5), 11.
59. Leal Gomes, C. (1984). Ocorrencia de andaluzite em pegmatitos da regiãno de Arreigada, Paços de Ferreira, Porto. Memorias e Noticias, Publicacoes do Museu e Laboratorio Mineralogico e Geologico de Universidade de Coimbra 98, 175-194.
60. London, D. & Burt, D. M. (1982). Chemical models for lithium aluminosilicate stabilities in pegmatites and granites. American Mineralogist 67, 494-509.
61. London, D., Hervig, R. L. & Morgan, G. B., VI (1988). Melt-vapor solubilities and elemental partitioning in peraluminous granite-pegmatite systems; experimental results with Macusani glass at 200 MPa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 99, 360-373.
62. London, D., Wolf, M. B., Morgan, G. B., VI & Garrido, M. G. (1999). Experimental silicate-phosphate equilibria in peraluminous granitic magmas, with a case study of the Alburquerque batholith at Tres Arroyos, Badajoz, Spain. Journal of Petrology 40, 215-240.
63. London, D., Morgan, G. B., VI & Wolf, M. B. (2001). Amblygonite montebrasite solid solutions as monitors of fluorine in evolved granitic and pegmatitic melts. American Mineralogist 86, 225-233.
64. López Ruiz, J. & Rodríguez Badiola, E. (1980). La región volcánica neógena del sureste de Españ a. Estudios Geológicos 36, 5-63.
65. Lowenstern, J. B. & Sinclair, W. D. (1996). Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada. Geological Society of America, Special Papers 315, 291-303.
66. Manning, D. A. C. & Pichavant, M. (1983). The role of fluorine and boron in the generation of granitic melts. In: Atherton, M. P. & Gribble, C. D. (eds) Migmatites, Melting and Metamorphism. Nantwich: Shiva, pp. 94-109.
67. Martin, J. S. & Henderson, C. M. B. (1984). An experimental study of the effects of small amounts of lithium on the granite system. Progress in Experimental Petrology 6, 30-35.
68. Messina, A., Russo, S., Perrone, V. & Giacobbe, A. (1991). Geological and petrochemical study of the Sila Massif plutonic rocks (Northern Calabria, Italy). Bollettino della Societa Geoligica Italiana 110, 165-206.
69. Miller, C. F., Stoddard, E. F., Bradfish, L. J. & Dollase, W. A. (1981). Composition of plutonic muscovite: genetic implications. Canadian Mineralogist 19, 25-34.
70. Monier, G., Mergoil-Daniel, J. & Labernardiere, H. (1984). Générations successives de muscovites et feldspaths potassiques dans les leucogranite du massif de Millevaches (Massif Central français). Bulletin de Minéralogie 107, 55-68.
71. Montel, J. M., Didier, J. & Pichavant, M. (1991). Origin of surmicaceous enclaves in intrusive granites. In: Didier, J. & Barbarin, B. (eds) Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 509-528.
72. Morgan, G. B., VI, London, D. & Luedke, R. G. (1998). Petrochemistry of late Miocene peraluminous silicic volcanic rocks from the Morococala field, Bolivia. Journal of Petrology 39, 601-632.
73. Neves, L. J. P. F. (1997). Trace element content and partitioning between biotite and muscovite of granitic rocks: a study in the Viseu region (central Portugal). European Journal of Mineralogy 9, 849-857.
74. Neves, L. J. P. F., Godinho, M. M. & Pereira, A. J. S. C. (1999). O filão leucogranitico de Borralhal-Salgueiral (Viseu, Portugal Central): uma rocha HHP rica em fósforo e geoquimicamente especializada. Comunicacoes do Instituto Geologico e Mineiro 86 15-24.
75. Patinio Douce, A. E. (1992). Calculated relationships between activity of alumina and phase assemblages of silica-saturated igneous rocks; petrogenetic implications of magmatic cordierite, garnet and aluminosilicate. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 52, 43-63.
76. 5 triple point: constraints from the Ballachulish aureole, Scotland. Journal of Geology 100, 423-446.
77. 5 'triple-point' assemblages in muscovite + biotite + quartz-bearing metapelites, with implications. American Mineralogist 86, 1414-1422.
78. Pattison, D. R. M. & Tracy, R. J. (1991). Phase equilibria and thermobarometry of metapelites. In: Kerrick, D. M. (ed.) Contact Metamorphism. Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy 26, 105-206.
79. 2O;. constraints from natural assemblages and implications for the metapelitic petrogenetic grid. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, 99-118.
80. Pichavant, M. & Manning, D. (1984). Petrogenesis of tourmaline granites and topaz granites; the contribution of experimental data. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 35, 31-50.
81. Pichavant, M., Kontak, D. J., Herrera, J. V. & Clark, A. H. (1988). The Miocene-Pliocene Masucani volcanics, SE Peru I. Mineralogy and magmatic evolution of a two-mica aluminosilicate-bearing ignimbrite suite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 100, 300-324.
82. Rapela, C. W., Baldo, E. G., Pankhurst, R. J. & Saavedra, J. (2002). Cordieritite and leucogranite formation during emplacement of highly peraluminous magma; the El Pilon granite complex (Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina). Journal of Petrology 43, 1003-1028.
83. Richardson, S. W., Gilbert, M. C. & Bell, P. M. (1969). Experimental determination of kyanite-andalusite and andalusite-sillimanite equilibria; the aluminum silicate triple point. American Journal of Science 267, 259-272.
84. Rottura, A., Caggianelli, A., Campana, R. & Del Moro, A. (1993). Petrogenesis of Hercynian peraluminous granites from the Calabrian Arc, Italy. European Journal of Mineralogy 5, 737-754.
85. 5 polymorphs. American Mineralogist 71, 1366-1371.
86. Scaillet, B., Pichavant, M. & Roux, J. (1995). Experimental crystallization of leucogranite magmas. Journal of Petrology 36 663-705.
87. Shiba, M. (1988). Metamorphic evolution of the southern part of the Hidaka belt, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 6 273-296.
88. Spear, F. S., Kohn, M. J. & Cheney, J. T. (1999). P-T paths from anatectic pelites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134, 17-32.
89. 3 and MgO/(MgO + FeO) on mineral stability. Geological Materials Research 3(1).
90. Tischendorf, G., Gottesmann, B., Förster, H.-J. & Trumbull, R. B. (1997). On Li-bearing micas: estimating Li from electron microprobe analyses and an improved diagram for graphical representation. Mineralogical Magazine 61, 809-834.
91. 2O estimation from MgO data. Mineralogical Magazine 63, 57-74.
92. 2O. Geological Society of America, Memoir 74.
93. Vernon, R. H. (1982). Isobaric cooling of two regional metamorphic complexes related to igneous intrusions in Southeastern Australia. Geology 10, 76-81.
94. Vernon, R. H. & Collins, W. J. (1988). Igneous microstructures in migmatites. Geology 16, 1126-1129.
95. Vernon, R. H., Clarke, G. L. & Collins, W. J. (1990). Local, mid-crustal granulite facies metamorphism and melting: an example in the Mount Stafford area, central Australia. In: Ashworth, J. R. & Brown, M. (eds) High-temperature Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis. London: Unwin Hyman, pp. 272-315.
96. Vielzeuf, D. & Holloway, J. R. (1988). Experimental determination of the fluid-absent melting relations in the pelitic system. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 98, 257-276.
97. Visonà, D. & Lombardo, B. (2002). Two-mica and tourmaline leucogranites from the Everest-Makalu region (Nepal-Tibet). Himalayan leucogranite genesis by isobaric heating? Lithos 62, 125-150.
98. Voloshin, A. V. & Davidenko, I. V. (1973). Andalusite in granite pegmatites of the Kola Peninsula. Transactions (Doklady) of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Earth Science Sections 203, 116-117.
99. Walker, R. J., Hanson, G. N. & Papike, J. J. (1989). Trace element constraints on pegmatite genesis: Tin Mountain pegmatite, Black Hills, South Dakota. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 101, 290-300.
100. Wall, V. J., Clemens, J. D. & Clarke, D. B. (1987). Models for granitoid evolution and source compositions. Journal of Geology 95, 731-749.
101. Webster, J. D. (1997). Chloride solubility in felsic melts and the role of chloride in magmatic degassing. Journal of Petrology 38, 1793-1807.
102. Whitney, D. L. & Dilek, Y. (2000). Andalusite-sillimanite-quartz veins as indicators of low-pressure-high-temperature deformation during late-stage unroofing of a metamorphic core complex, Turkey. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 18, 59-66.
103. 2O on the melting temperature of albite and granite. American Journal of Science 262, 930-939.
104. 3 contents of co-existing andalusite and sillimanite in the Ryoke metamorphic rocks occurring in the Hiraoka-Kadoya area, central Japan. Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists, Petrologists and Economic Geologists 78, 246-254.
105. Zaleski, E. (1985). Regional and contact metamorphism within the Moy Intrusive Complex, Grampian Highlands, Scotland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 89, 296-306.
106. Zen, E-an (1988). Phase relations of peraluminous granitic rocks and their petrogenetic implications. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 16, 21-51.
107. Zen, E-an (1989). Wet and dry AFM mineral assemblages of strongly peraluminous granites. EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union 70, 109-110.