The rights of indigenous peoples and the development process

Human Rights Quarterly

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 652-682

  Quane, Helen ^a  

^a SWANSEA UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY; HUMAN RIGHTS; INDIGENOUS POPULATION;

EID: 20044374582     PISSN: 02750392     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/hrq.2005.0024     Document Type: Review

References (255)

1. See, e.g., Press Release, European Union Council, The European Community's Development Policy: Statement by the Council and the Commission, adopted at the 2304th Council Meeting, 20, Doc. No. 12929/00 (10 Nov. 2000), available at ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/ docs/pressData/en/gena/12929.en0.html;
2. Department for International Development, Realising Human Rights for Poor People: Strategies for Achieving the International Development Targets (2000), available at www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/ tsphuman.pdf (hereinafter Human Rights for Poor People).
3. See also Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development and Programme of Action of the World Summit for Social Development, adopted 12 Mar. 1995, at Annex 1, 28-29, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.166/9 (1995), available at www.un.org/esa/socdev/wssd/agreements/;
4. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2000: Human Rights and Human Development (2000), available at www.undp.org/hdr2000/english/HDR2000.html.
5. This has been defined within the UN as "a conceptual framework for the process of human development that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights." See United Nations, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Human Rights in Development: Rights-based Approaches, available at www.unhchr.ch/ development/approaches-04.html.
6. For example, South Africa.
7. There were some notable exceptions, such as when development was recognized as a human right by the UN General Assembly. See Declaration on the Right to Development, G. A. Res. 41/128, U.N. GAOR, 41st Sess., Supp. No. 53, Annex, U.N. Doc. A/ RES/41/128 (1986), available at www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/74.htm.
8. See The World Bank Operational Manual, Operational Policies, Indigenous Peoples (Draft OP 4.10), available at www.lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/63By DocName/ RevisedDraftOperationalPolicyonIndigenousPeoplesRevisedDraftOP410/ $FILE/ Revised+Draft+OP+4.10+12-01-04.pdf;
9. Summary of Consultations with External Stakeholders regarding the World Bank Draft Indigenous Peoples Policy (Draft OP/BP 4.10), available at www.lnweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/sdvext.nsf/63ByDocName/ SummaryofExternalConsultation-English/$FILE /SumExtConsult-100802.pdf. (The World Bank Operational Model is hereinafter referred to as the Draft Indigenous Peoples Policy.)
10. See generally Press Release, European Union Council resolution, Indigenous Peoples within the Framework of the Development Cooperation of the Community and the Member States, EU Doc. No. 13461/98 (30 Nov. 1998), available at ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ gena/13461.EN8.htm.
11. See generally Asian Development Bank, Policy on Indigenous Peoples (1998), available at www.adb.org/Documents/Policies/ Indigenous_Peoples/IPPP.pdf.
12. For example, Canada and Finland.
13. Human Rights and Indigenous Issues: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, Rodolpho Stavenhagen, Submitted in Accordance with Commission Resolution 2001/57, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 59th Sess., Agenda Item 15, 6-79, U.N. Doc. E/ CN.4/2003/90 (2003).
14. Human Rights and Indigenous Issues: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, Rodolpho Stavenhagen, Submitted Pursuant to Commission Resolution 2001/65, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 58th Sess., Agenda Item 15, 34-37, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/ 2002/97 (2002).
15. See, e.g., Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 54th Sess., Agenda Item 25, 24, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1998/106 (1997) (hereinafter Working Group Report 1998/106).
16. See, e.g., Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 57th Sess., Agenda Item 15, 56, 86, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2001/85 (2001) (hereinafter Working Group Report 2001/85);
17. Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 56th Sess., Agenda Item 15, 55, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2000/84 (1999) (hereinafter Working Group Report 2000/84).
18. See Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, 72.
19. There are seventeen states.
20. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200 (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 27, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force 23 Mar. 1976) (hereinafter ICCPR).
21. I b i d. The ICCPR has been ratified by at least 149 states.
22. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.39/27, arts. 31-32 (1969), 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (entered into force 27 Jan. 1980), reprinted in 8 I.L.M. 679 (1969).
23. See generally S. James Anaya, Indigenous Peoples in International Law (1996);
24. Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Cynthia Price Cohen ed., 1998);
25. Operationalizing the Right of Indigenous Peoples to Self-Determination (Pecka Aikio & Martin Scheinin eds., 2000);
26. Indigenous Human Rights (Sam Garkawe et al. eds., 2001);
27. Peoples and Monitoring in International Law (Catherine Brölmann et al. eds., 1993);
28. Benedict Kingsbury, "Indigenous Peoples" in International Law: A Constructivist Approach to the Asian Controversy, 92 Am. J. Int'l' L. 414 (1998).
29. See Indigenous Peoples and the World Bank: Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (May 2003), available at www.bicusa.org/bicusa/ issues/misc_resources/1295.php.
30. Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32 of 3 Mar. 1995, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 52d Sess., Agenda Item 3, 4, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1996/84 (1996) (hereinafter Working Group Report 1996/84);
31. Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 53d Sess., Agenda Item 24, 3, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1997/102 (1996) (hereinafter Working Group Report 1997/102);
32. Working Group Report 1998/106, supra note 11, 4;
33. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, 4;
34. Working Group Report 2001/ 85, supra note 12, Annex 1;
35. Report of the Working Group Established in Accordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 59th Sess., Agenda Item 15, 3, 23 , U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2003/92 (2003) (hereinafter Working Group Report 2003/92).
36. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, 38;
37. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, Annex I;
38. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, Annex I;
39. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, Annex.
40. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, Annex II.
41. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, 27-28;
42. Working Group Report 1998/106, supra note 11, 37.
43. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, 29.
44. I b i d.
45. I b i d. 29, 67;
46. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, 228, 136, 138.
47. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, 27.
48. Draft Report: Articles 7, 8, and 11 [of the Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples], U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., 14, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2002/WG.15/ CRP.8 (2002) (hereinafter Draft Declaration).
49. Convention Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (ILO No. 169), adopted 27 June 1989, art. 1(2), 28 I.L.M. 1077 (entered into force 5 Sept. 1991),
50. reprinted in Ian Brownlie, Basic Documents in Human Rights 303 (3d ed. 1992) (hereinafter ILO Convention 169).
51. I b i d. art. 1(3).
52. I b i d. art. 1(1).
53. I b i d. art. 1(1)(b).
54. Study of the Problem of Discrimination against Indigenous Populations, Vol. 5: Conclusions, Proposals and Recommendations by Jose R. Martinez Cobo, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, U.N. ESCOR, Subcomm'n on Prev. of Discrim. & Protect. of Min., 34, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2 /1986/ 7. Add.4 (1987).
55. See U.N. Charter art. 1 2, signed 26 June 1945, 59 Stat. 1031, T.S. No. 993, 3 Bevans 1153 (entered into force 24 Oct. 1945);
56. ICCPR, supra note 15, art. 1;
57. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted 16 Dec. 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), U.N. GAOR, 21st Sess., Supp. No. 16, art. 1, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966),
58. 993 U.N.T.S. 3 (entered into force 3 Jan. 1976) (hereinafter ICESCR);
59. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, U.N. GAOR, World Conf. on Hum. Rts., 48th Sess., 22d plen. mtg., part 1, art 1, 2, U.N. Doc. A/ CONF.157/24 (1993),
60. reprinted in 32 I.L.M. 1661 (1993);
61. Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, 1971 I.C.J. (June 21), 52, available at www.icj-cij.org/ icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/ inamsummary7l0621.htm.
62. ICCPR, supra note 15, art. 1.
63. For example, the attempted secession of Katanga from the newly independent Congo from 1960-1963.
64. For a more detailed discussion of these instruments, see Helen Quane, The UN and the Evolving Right to Self-Determination, 47 Int'l & Comp. L. Q. 537, 537-48, 558-62 (1998).
65. See, e.g., Antonio Cassese, Self-Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reapraisal, 108-33 (1995);
66. James Crawford, The Right of Self-Determination in International Law: Its Development and Future, in Peoples' Rights 7, 57, 64-65 (Philip Alston ed., 2001);
67. Thomas M. Franck et al., Expert Opinion prepared in 1992 by T.M. Franck, R. Higgins, A. Pellet, M.N. Shaw and C. Tomuschat, "The Territorial Integrity of Québec in the Event of the Attainment of Sovereignty," reproduced in Anne F. Bayefsky, Self-Determination in Interntional Law: Quebec and Lessons Learned 241, 277-81(2000).
68. See, e.g., Crawford, supra note 38, at 57;
69. Thomas M. Franck: Opinion Directed at Question 2 of the Reference, reproduced in Bayefsky, supra note 38, at 75, 79;
70. Alain Pellet, Legal Opinion on Certain Questions of International Law Raised by the Reference, in Bayefsky, supra note 38, at 85, 120-21.
71. UN Charter, supra note 34, arts. 1(2), 55.
72. See, e.g., Yash Ghai, Public Participation and Monitorities 9 (2001).
73. See Philip Alston, Peoples' Rights: Their Rise and Fall, in Peoples' Rights, supra note 38, at 272-73;
74. Helen Quane, A Right to Self-Determination for the Kosovo Albanians? , 13 Leiden J.Int'l L. 219 (2000).
75. See, e.g., Report of the CSCE Meeting of Experts on National Minorities, Geneva 1991, Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 6-7 (1-19 July 1991), available at www.osce.org/docs/ english/1973-1990/other∃perts/gene91e.htm;
76. Document of the Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 35 (5-29 June 1990), available at www.osce.org/docs/ english/1990-1999/hd/cope90e.htm.
77. This is evident from the state reports submitted under the ICCPR, supra note 15;
78. see also Helen Quane, Rights-Based Approaches to Inter-Communal Conflict: An analysis of the International Community's Approach using Northern Ireland as a Case-Study, 180-81 (2002) (unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of London) (on file with author).
79. Quane, supra note 44 at 180-81, 233-36.
80. Technical Review of the United Nations Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, U.N. ESCOR, Comm'n on Hum. Rts., Subcomm'n on Prev. of Discrim. & Prot. of Min., 46th Sess., Agenda Item 15, 2, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/2/Add.1 (1994).
81. I b i d.
82. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, 49.
83. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, 22.
84. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, 45-46; Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20
85. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, 45, 312, 314, 317, 318, 320, 330, 332, 336;
86. Working Group Report 1998/106, supra note 11, 44;
87. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, 50, 53, 56, 61, 63, 64, 67, 70, 73, 74, 78, 80, 81;
88. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, 62, 64, 69, 70, 76, 82, 83, 85, 90, 92, 109.
89. Some states accept that if they commit gross violations of human rights or fail to represent indigenous peoples, then indigenous peoples do not have to respect the territorial integrity of the state and can secede. In these circumstances, indigenous peoples would have a right to external self-determination. See Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, Annex.
90. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, 47;
91. Working Group Report 1998/ 106, supra note 11, 44;
92. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶ 43;
93. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶ 71;
94. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 24.
95. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶ 53.
96. Working Group Report 1998/106, supra note 11, ¶ 44;
97. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶ 92, 96-97.
98. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 20.
99. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶ 330;
100. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶ 70;
101. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 20.
102. I b i d. ¶ 22, Annex.
103. I b i d. ¶ 19.
104. I b i d.
105. I b i d. ¶ 20.
106. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶ 338.
107. Canada, New Zealand, United States, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Finland, Colombia, Guatemala, Peru, Norway, Philippines, Bolivia, Venezuela, Fiji, Russian Federation, Mexico, Denmark, and Sweden. Australia has shifted from its original position that it could not accept Article 3 because it implied a right to independence to its current position that Article 3 needs to be more precise. See generally Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 22.
108. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶¶ 43-44;
109. Working Group Report 1998/106, supra note 11, ¶ 44;
110. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶¶ 49, 53, 81.
111. See also recent references by the UN Human Rights Committee to self-determination of indigenous peoples although one has to be cautious in attaching too much legal significance to these comments. Elizabeth Evatt, Realising Human Rights: Utilising UN Mechanisms, in Indigenous Human Rights, supra note 18, at 181, 191-93;
112. Benedict Kingsbury, Reconstructing Self-Determination: A Relational Approach, in Operationalizing the Right of Indigenous Peoples to Self-Determination, supra note 18, at 19, 31-33.
113. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶¶ 53, 81;
114. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶¶ 82, 83.
115. I b i d. ¶ 90.
116. Supra note 58, and accompanying text.
117. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 25.
118. See infra notes 89-94, and accompanying text.
119. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶¶ 83, 85;
120. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶ 93.
121. See World Bank, Summary of Consultations (2002), available at Inweb18.worldbank.org/ ESSD/sdvext.nsf/63ByDocName/ SummaryofExternalConsultation-English/$FILE/ SumExtConsult-100802.pdf.
122. These factors are based on the approach commonly adopted in international human rights instruments when faced with a conflict between competing rights and interests.
123. See, e.g., Human Rights for Poor People, supra note 1.
124. See ICCPR, supra note 15. Article 25 provides that Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without unreasonable restrictions: a. To take part in the conduct of public affairs, directly or through freely chosen representatives; b. To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors; c. To have access, on general terms of equality, to public service in his country.
125. See also Ghai, supra note 41, at 5.
126. See Marc J. Bossuyt, Guide to the "Travaux Preparatoires" of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Righs 470 (1987).
127. See Quane, supra note 44, at 433-34.
128. I b i d.
129. I b i d.
130. See General Comment Adopted by the Human Rights Committee Under Article 40, Paragraph 4, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, U.N. ESCOR, Hum. Rts. Comm., U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/ Rev.1/Add.7 (1996).
131. ICCPR, supra note 15, arts. 40, 41.
132. Report of the Human Rights Committee, U.N. GAOR, Hum. Rts. Comm., 47th sess., Suppl. no. 40, at 205, U.N. Doc. A/47/40 (1992).
133. See ILO Convention 169, supra note 29, arts. 2, 6, 7, 15, 16, 17.
134. I b i d. art. 6(1).
135. See Kristen Myntti, The Rights of Indigenous Peoples to Self-Determination and Effective Participation, in Operationalizing the Right of Indigenous Peoples to Self-Determination, supra note 18, at 85, 120.
136. ILO Convention 169, supra note 29, art. 7(1).
137. I b i d.
138. I b i d. art. 7(3).
139. Discussed in Kingsbury, supra note 18, at 439.
140. Draft Declaration, supra note 28, art. 19.
141. I b i d. art. 23.
142. I b i d.
143. I b i d. art. 30. See also art. 31.
144. I b i d.
145. I b i d.
146. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 79;
147. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 196-97, 199, 202, 204-05, 208-11, 214-16, 219, 221.
148. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 79.
149. I b i d. ¶ 80.
150. I b i d.
151. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 45.
152. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 280, 181;
153. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 46, Annex.
154. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 82.
155. U.N. Docs. E/CN.4/SR.133, at 6, E/CN.4/SR.257, at 3, E/CNA.4/SR.368, at 4, 7, 9-10, E/CN.4/SR.369, at 4, 5-6, E/CN.4/SR.370, at 6, 9, 10-11, E/ CN.4/SR.371, at 5-7. (Notes referring to these documents, taken from the London School of Economics Library in London, are on file with author.)
156. See infra notes 104-10, the state reports submitted by Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Mauritius, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Paraquay, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine, United States, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. The full references for these reports are listed in Quane, supra note 44, Bibliography.
157. See the reports submitted by Australia (UN Doc. CCPR/C/14/Add.1);
158. Bolivia (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/63/Add. 4), available at www.bayefsky.com/reports/bolivia_ccpr_c_63_add.4_1996.php;
159. Chile (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/58/Add.2);
160. Colombia (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/1/Add.50);
161. Ecuador (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/58/Add.9);
162. El Salvador (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/Add.8), available at www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C.51 Add.8.Sp? Opendocument;
163. Mexico (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/22/Add.1);
164. New Zealand (U.N. Doc. CCPP/C/10/Add.13);
165. Nicaragua (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/14/Add.2);
166. Paraguay (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/84/Add.3);
167. Peru (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/83/Add.1);
168. Sweden (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/58/Add.7);
169. United States (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/81/Add.4), available at www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/ da936c49ed8a9a8f8025655c005281cf?Opendocument;
170. and Venezuela (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/37/Add.14).
171. See the reports submitted by Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Peru, supra note 104;
172. Canada (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/64/Add.1);
173. and Colombia (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/37/Add.6).
174. See the reports submitted by Australia (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/42/Add. 2);
175. Guatemala (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/81/Add.7), available at www.unhchr.ch/ tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/CCPR.C. 81.Add.7.En?Opendocument;
176. and Venezuela supra note 104.
177. See the reports submitted by Colombia, supra note 105;
178. Paraguay, Peru and the United States, supra note 104;
179. New Zealand (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/37/Add.8);
180. Nicaragua (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/42/Add.8);
181. Norway (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/70/Add. 2);
182. and Sweden (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/95/Add.4), available at www.bayefsky.com/reports/sweden_ccpr_c_95_add.4_1994.php.
183. See the report submitted by Sweden, supra note 107.
184. See the report submitted by Colombia (U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/64/Add.3).
185. The discretionary character of the measures is evident in the reports submitted by Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Estonia, Finland, Iraq, Latvia, and Senegal, supra note 103.
186. General Comment Under Article 40, paragraph 4, of the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, U.N. GAOR, Hum. Rts. Comm., 50th Sess., 1314th mtg., addendum, at 2, 4, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/ Add.5 (1994).
187. I b i d. at 4.
188. I b i d. at 3-4.
189. Report of the Human Rights Committee: Communication No. 197/1985, adopted 27 Jul. 1988, U.N. GAOR, 43rd Sess., Annex VII, at 221, U.N. Doc. A/43/40 (1988) (hereinafter Communication No. 197/1985).
190. Report of the Human Rights Committee to the General Assembly: Communication No. 167/1984, adopted 26 Mar. 1990, U.N. GAOR, 45th Sess., Annex IX, at 1, 27, U.N. Doc. A/45/40, Vol. II (1989) (hereinafter Communication No. 167/1984).
191. See, for example, the position of the Maasi in Tanzania, described in Roger Plant, Land Rights and Minorities 27 (1994).
192. See Communication No. 197/1985, supra note 114, at 11, 12.
193. See also the individual opinion of Nisuke Ando in Communication No. 167/ 1984, supra note 115, at 28, to the effect that the right to enjoy one's culture should not be understood to imply that a traditional way of life must be preserved at all costs.
194. ILO Convention 169, supra note 29, art. 8(2).
195. See, e.g., id. arts. 4(1), 8(1).
196. I b i d. art. 13(1).
197. I b i d. art. 14(1).
198. I b i d. art. 15(1).
199. I b i d. art. 16.
200. I b i d. art. 14(2)(3).
201. I b i d. art. 15(2).
202. See also id. at arts. 16(2), 17(2) concerning consultation rights.
203. I b i d. art. 7.
204. I b i d. art. 8.
205. I b i d. art. 5.
206. I b i d. art. 13(1).
207. I b i d. arts. 14, 15
208. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶¶ 18, 57;
209. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 249, 264;
210. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶¶ 96, 99.
211. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 83;
212. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶ 107;
213. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 29, 32, 34.
214. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 83;
215. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 254, 271;
216. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶¶ 92, 93;
217. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶¶ 107, 109.
218. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 85.
219. Draft Declaration, supra note 28, art. 25-27.
220. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶ 247.
221. I b i d. ¶ 252.
222. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 72;
223. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 68, 75;
224. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶ 145;
225. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶¶ 29, 31.
226. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶¶ 145, 147;
227. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, ¶ 29.
228. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 84;
229. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 255, 260-61, 269;
230. Working Group Report 2000/84, supra note 12, ¶¶ 89, 91.
231. Working Group Report 2001/85, supra note 12, ¶ 111.
232. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 84.
233. Working Group Report 2003/92, supra note 20, at Annex.
234. ICCPR, supra note 15, art. 2(1).
235. See Plant, supra note 116, at 12.
236. I b i d. See also Kingsbury, supra note 18, at 443-45.
237. Plant, supra note 116, at 12.
238. Draft Declaration, supra note 28, art. 38.
239. Working Group Report 1996/84, supra note 20, ¶ 97;
240. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶¶ 300-01, 303-05.
241. Working Group Report 1997/102, supra note 20, ¶ 304.
242. See D.W. Bowett, The Law of International Institutions 60-61 (3d ed. 1975).
243. See the IRBD's Articles of Agreement, art. IV, sec. 10.
244. See also the IMF's Articles of Agreement, art. IV, § 3(b), available at web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/ 0,,contentMDK:20049603~pagePK:43912~menuPK:58863-piPK:36602,00.html.
245. See Katarina Tomaševski, Minority Rights in Development Aid Policies: An Issues Paper (2000), at 3, available at www.minorityrights.org/Dev/Mr_dev_2.pdf.
246. See id. at 4, 5 for the 1988 finding by the Bank's General Counsel.
247. Operational Directive on Indigenous Peoples (No. 4.20), World Bank Operations Manual (1991);
248. Operational Directive on Involuntary Resettlement (No. 4.30), World Bank Operations Manual (1990).
249. See, further, Plant, supra note 116, at 11-12;
250. Minorities and Development: Report of a Minority Rights Group Seminar (Minority Rights Group, 1995), at 10 (on file with author).
251. I b i d. at 10;
252. Kingsbury, supra note 18, at 443-44.
253. See Indigenous Peoples and the World Bank, supra note 19, at ¶ 4.
254. See Sérgio Pereira Leite, The International Monetary Fund and Human Rights, Le Monde, 4 Sept. 2001, available at www.imf.org/external/np/vc/2001/090401.htm;
255. Anne Orford, "Globalization" and the Right to Development, in People's Rights, supra note 38, at 127, 157.