Seawater desalination using renewable energy sources

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 242-281

  Kalogirou, Soteris A ^a  

^a HIGHER TECHNICAL INSTITUTE   (Cyprus)

Author keywords

Desalination; Geothermal energy; Phase change processes; Photovoltaics; Renewable energy; Reverse osmosis; Solar collectors; Solar ponds; Solar stills; Wind energy

Indexed keywords

BRINES; GEOTHERMAL ENERGY; HEAT LOSSES; HIGH TEMPERATURE EFFECTS; MEMBRANES; PHASE EQUILIBRIA; PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS; RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES; REVERSE OSMOSIS; SEAWATER; SOLAR COLLECTORS; SOLAR ENERGY; SOLAR PONDS; WIND POWER;

PHASE CHANGE PROCESSES; SEAWATER DESALINATION; SOLAR STILLS; VAPOR COMPRESSION;

DESALINATION;

EID: 19944413050     PISSN: 03601285     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.03.001     Document Type: Article

References (278)

1. E. Delyannis Historic background of desalination and renewable eneries Solar Energy 75 5 2003 357 366
2. J.K. Major Water wind and animal power J. McNeil An encyclopaedia of the history of technology 1990 Rutledge, R. Clay Ltd Great Britain, Bungay 229 270
3. A. Delyannis Introduction to chemical technology. History of chemistry and technology (in Greek) Athens 1960 410 [chapter 1]
4. M. Berthelot Georges Steinheil Collection des Anciens Alchemists Greecs (Collections of the Ancient Greek Alchemists), Paris 1888
5. E. Delyannis, and V. Belessiotis The history of renewable energies for water desalination Desalination 128 2000 147 159
6. Meteorological 1962 Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA p. 127. [Book I (Chapter 91]]
7. The Works of Aristotle. In: Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 1, Book II, 354(25) and 358(15); 1956. p. 464.
8. G.N. Tiwari, H.N. Singh, and R. Tripathi Present status of solar distillation Solar Energy 75 5 2003 367 373
9. M.A.S. Malik, G.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar, and M.S. Sodha Solar distillation 1985 Pergamon Press Oxford
10. A. Bittel Zur Geschichte multiplikativer Trennverfahren Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik 31 6 1959 365 424
11. A. Mouchot La chaleur solaire et ses applications industrielles (Solar heat and its industrial applications) 1879 Gauthier-Villars Paris p. 233 and 238
12. Nebbia G, Nebbia-Menozzi G. A short history of water desalination. Acqua Dolce dal Mare, 11 Inchiesta Inter., Milano; 18-19 April 1966. p. 129-72.
13. Wheeler NW, Evans WW. Evaporating and distilling with solar heat. US Patent No. 102.633; 1870.
14. J. Harding Apparatus for solar distillation Proc Inst Civil Eng, London 73 1883 284 288
15. M. Telkes Solar stills In: Proceedings of world symposium on applied solar energy; 1956 p. 73-9
16. Abbot CG. Title unknown. Smithsonian Inst. Mish. Coll. Publ. No. 3530; 1930. 98(5).
17. Abbot CG. Solar distilling apparatus. US Patent No. 2,141.330; 27 December, 1938.
18. K.G. Trofimov The use of solar energy in the national economy 1930 Uzbek SSR State Press Tashkent
19. A.N. Tekutchev Physical basis for the construction and calculation of a solar still with fluted surface Trans Uzbekistan State Univ Samarkand 1938 2
20. M. Telkes Distilling water with solar energy Report to solar energy conversion committee 1943 MIT Press Cambridge, MA
21. Delano WRP. Process and apparatus for distilling liquids. US Patent 2.402.737; 25 June, 1946.
22. Delano WRP. Solar still with no fogging window. US Patent 2.413.101; 24 December, 1946.
23. Delano WRP, Meisner WE. Solar distillation apparatus. US Patent 2.405.118; 5 August, 1946.
24. Telkes M. Solar distiller for life rafts. US Office Technical Service, Report No. 5225 MIT, OSRD. Final Report to National Defense Resarch Communication; 1945. 11.2: 24.
25. M. Telkes Solar distillation produces fresh water from seawater MIT Solar Energy Convers Project 22 1951 24
26. M. Telkes Fresh water from seawater by solar distillation Ind Eng Chem 45 5 1953 1080 1114
27. Telkes M. Research for methods on solar distillation. OSW Report No. 13, PB. 161388; 1956. p. 66.
28. Talbert SG, Eibling JA, Lof GOG. Manual on solar distillation of saline water. R&D Progress Report No. 546. US Department of the Interior, Battelle Memorial Instiute, Columbus Laboratories; 1970. p. 270.
29. University of California, 1970-1985 Annual reports and progress reports 1985 Water Resources Center, Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Berkley, CA
30. CSIRO. An improved diffusion still. Australian Patent No. 65.270/60; 1960.
31. V.A. Baum Technical characteristics of solar stills of the greenhouse type (in Russian) Thermal power engineering, utilization of solar energy vol. 2 1960 Academy of Science USSR, Moscow p. 122-32
32. Baum VA. Solar distillers. UN Conference on New Sources of Energy; 1961. Paper 35/S/119:43.
33. V.A. Baum, and R. Bairamov Prospects of solar stills in Turkmenia Solar Energy 10 1 1966 38 40
34. A. Delyannis Solar stills provide island inhabitants with water Sun at Work 10 1 1967 6 8
35. A. Delyannis The Patmos solar distillation plant Solar Energy 11 1968 113 115
36. A. Delyannis, and E. Delyannis Recent solar desalination developments Desalination 45 1983 361 369
37. S.M.A. Moustafa, and G.H. Brusewitz Direct use of solar energy for water desalination Solar Energy 22 1979 141 148
38. M.W. Tleimat Freezing methods K.S. Spiegler A.D.K. Laird Principles of desalination. Part B 2nd ed 1980 Academic Press New York 359 400
39. S. Parekh, M.M. Farid, R.R. Selman, and S. Al-Hallaj Solar desalination with humidification-dehumidification technique - a comprehensive technical review Desalination 160 2003 167 186
40. L. Garcia-Rodriguez Renewable energy applications in desalination: state of the art Solar Energy 75 5 2003 381 393
41. H. El-Dessouky, and H. Ettouney MSF development may reduce desalination costs Water Wastewater Int 2000 20 21
42. Desalination Guide Using Renewable Energies, THERMIE Programme, CRES, Greece, ISBN 960-90557-5-3; 1998.
43. E. Tzen, and R. Morris Renewable energy sources for desalination Solar Energy 75 5 2003 375 379
44. Y.A. Cengel, Y. Cerci, and B. Wood Second law analysis of separation processes of mixtures Proc. ASME Adv Energy Syst Div 39 1999 537 543
45. Y. Cerci Exergy analysis of a reverse osmosis desalination plant Desalination 142 3 2002 257 266
46. I.M. Klotz, and R.M. Rosenberg Chemical thermodynamics: basic theory and methods 5th ed 1994 Wiley New York
47. Y.A. Cengel, and M.A. Boles Thermodynamics: an engineering approach 3rd ed 1998 McGraw-Hill New York
48. O.A. Hamed, A.M. Zamamiri, S. Aly, and N. Lior Thermal performance and exergy analysis of a thermal vapour compression desalination system Energy Convers Manage 37 4 1996 379 387
49. K.S. Spiegler, and Y.M. El-Sayed The energetics of desalination processes Desalination 134 1-3 2001 109 128
50. C. Mustacchi, and V. Cena Solar desalination - design, performances, economics Sogesta 1981
51. J.A. Eibling, S.G. Talbert, and G.O.G. Lof Solar stills for community use - digest of technology Solar Energy 13 2 1971 263 276
52. F. Daniels Direct use of the sun's energy 6th ed 1974 Yale University Press New Haven/London [chapter 10]
53. A. Delyannis, and E. Delyannis Solar distillation plant of high capacity In: Proceedings of fourth international symposium on fresh water from sea vol. 4 1973 p. 487
54. A.A. Delyannis Solar stills provide an island's inhabitants with water Sun at Work 10 1 1965 6
55. A. Delyannis, and E. Piperoglou The Patmos solar distillation plant: technical note Solar Energy 12 1 1968 113 114
56. A.A. Delyannis, and E.A. Delyannis Solar desalting J Chem Eng 19 1970 136
57. M.A.S. Malik, G.N. Tiwari, A. Kumar, and M.S. Sodha Solar distillation 1982 Pergamon Press Oxford, UK
58. G.N. Tiwari Contemporary physics - solar energy and energy conservation In: Recent advances in solar distillation 1992 Wiley New Delhi, India [chapter II]
59. S.A. Kalogirou Solar distillation systems: a review In: Proceedings of first international conference on energy and the environment, Limassol, Cyprus vol. 2 1997 p. 832-8
60. S.D. Gomkale Solar distillation as a means to provide Indian villages with drinking water Desalination 69 2 1988 171 176
61. E.S.H. Fath Solar distillation: a promising alternative for water provision with free energy, simple technology and a clean environment Desalination 116 1998 45 56
62. J.F. Kreider, and F. Kreith Solar energy handbook 1981 McGraw-Hill New York
63. B.W. Tleimat Solar distillation: the state of the art, technology for solar energy utilisation 1978 United Nations New York p. 113-8
64. S.N. Rai, and G.N. Tiwari Single basin solar still coupled with flat plate collector Energy Convers Manage 23 3 1982 145 149
65. J. Fernandez, and N. Chargoy Multistage, indirectly heated solar still Solar Energy 44 4 1990 215 223
66. A.S. Lawrence, and G.N. Tiwari Theoretical evaluation of solar distillation under natural circulation with heat exchanger Energy Convers Manage 30 3 1990 205 213
67. G.M. Zaki, A. Al-Turki, and M. AI-Fatani Experimental investigation on concentrator assisted solar stills Int J Solar Energy 11 1992 193
68. A.I. Kudish, E.G. Evseev, G. Walter, and T. Priebe Simulation study on a solar desalination system utilizing an evaporator/condenser chamber Energy Convers Manage 44 10 2003 1653 1670
69. B.W. Tleimat, and E.D. Howe Nocturnal production of solar distiller Solar Energy 10 2 1966 61 66
70. J.W. Bloemer, J.R. Irwin, J.A. Eibling, and G.O.G. Lof A practical basin type solar still Solar Energy 9 4 1965 197 200
71. A.I. Kudish A low cost design solar desalination unit Energy Convers Manage 22 3 1982 269 274
72. P.I. Cooper The maximum efficiency of single-effect solar stills Solar Energy 15 1973 205 217
73. G.N. Tiwari, K.A. Mukherjee, and Y.P. Yadav Comparison of various designs of solar stills Desalination 60 2 1986 191 202
74. Y.P. Yadav, and G.N. Tiwari Monthly comparative performance of solar stills of various designs Desalination 67 1987 565 578
75. J.A. Clark The steady-state performance of a solar still Solar Energy 44 1 1990 43 49
76. G.N. Tiwari, A. Kupfermann, and S. Agrawal A new design of double condensing chamber solar still Desalination 114 2 1997 153 164
77. J.P. Coffey Vertical solar distillation Solar Energy 17 6 1975 375 378
78. T. Kiatsiriroat, S.C. Bhattacharya, and P. Wibulswas Transient simulation of vertical solar still Energy Convers Manage 27 2 1987 247 252
79. T. Kiatsiriroat Review of research and development on vertical solar stills ASEAN J Sci Technol Dev 6 1 1989 15
80. B.W. Tleimat, and E.D. Howe Comparison of plastic and glass condensing covers for solar distillers In: Proceedings of solar energy society, annual conference, Arizona 1967
81. S. Suneja, and G.N. Tiwari Optimization of number of effects for higher yield from an inverted absorber solar still using the Runge-Kutta method Desalination 120 3 1999 197 209
82. E.C. Barrera Double effect spherical solar still Sun World 17 1 1993
83. J. Franco, and L. Saravia A new design for a passive atmospheric multistage still Renew Energy 4 1 1994 119 122
84. R.S. Adhikari, A. Kumar, and G.D. Sodha Simulation studies on a multi-stage stacked tray solar still Solar Energy 54 5 1995 317 325
85. H.E.S. Fath Improvement of basin solar still productivity by purging its vapor to a second effect still Desalination 107 3 1996 223 233
86. H. Tanaka, T. Nosoko, and T. Nagata A highly productive basin-type-multiple-effect coupled solar still Desalination 130 3 2000 279 293
87. H. Tanaka, T. Nosoko, and T. Nagata Parametric investigation of a basin-type-multiple-effect coupled solar still Desalination 130 3 2000 295 304
88. A.K. Rajvanshi Effects of various dyes on solar distillation Solar Energy 27 1981 51 65
89. V.A. Akinsete, and C.U. Duru A cheap method of improving the performance of roof type solar stills Solar Energy 23 3 1979 271 272
90. P.C. Lobo, and S.R. Araujo A simple multi-effect basin type solar still SUN, Proceedings of the international solar energy society vol. 3 1978 Pergamon Press Oxford, UK/New Delhi, India, p. 2026-30
91. A.A. Al-Karaghouli, and W.E. Alnaser Experimental comparative study of the performances of single and double basin solar-stills Appl Energy 77 3 2004 317 325
92. A.A. Al-Karaghouli, and W.E. Alnaser Performances of single and double basin solar-stills Appl Energy 78 3 2004 347 354
93. G. Frick, and J. von Sommerfeld Solar stills of inclined evaporating cloth Solar Energy 14 4 1973 427 431
94. M.S. Sodha, A. Kumar, G.N. Tiwari, and R.C. Tyagi Simple multiple-wick solar still: analysis and performance Solar Energy 26 2 1981 127 131
95. G.N. Tiwari Demonstration plant of multi-wick solar still Energy Convers Manage 24 4 1984 313 316
96. S. Satcunanathan, and H.P. Hanses An investigation of some of the parameters involved in solar distillation Solar Energy 14 1973 353 363
97. M.F.A. Goosen, S.S. Sablani, W.H. Shayya, C. Paton, and H. Al-Hinai Thermodynamic and economic considerations in solar desalination Desalination 129 2000 63 89
98. A. Boeher Solar desalination with a high efficiency multieffect process offers new facilities Desalination 73 1989 197 203
99. N. Hussain, and A. Rahim Utilisation of new technique to improve the efficiency of horizontal solar desalination still Desalination 138 2001 121 128
100. A. El-Bahi, and D. Inan A solar still with minimum inclination, coupling to an outside condenser Desalination 123 1999 79 83
101. B. Bouchekima, B. Gros, R. Ouahes, and M. Diboun Brackish water desalination with heat recovery Desalination 138 2001 147 155
102. M.T. Chaibi Analysis by simulation of a solar still integrated in a greenhouse roof Desalination 128 2000 123 138
103. S. Kumar, and G.N. Tiwari Optimisation of collector and basin areas for a higher yield active solar still Desalination 116 1998 1 9
104. M.S. Sodha, and R.S. Adhikari Techno-economic model of solar still coupled with a solar flat-plate collector Int J Energy Res 14 5 1990 533 552
105. K. Voropoulos, E. Mathioulakis, and V. Belessiotis Experimental investigation of a solar still coupled with solar collectors Desalination 138 2001 103 110
106. Y.P. Yadav Transient performance of a high temperature distillation system M. Balaban Desalination and water re-use Proceedings of the 12th international symposium, Rugby, UK vol. 2 1991 244
107. P.I. Cooper Digital simulation of transient solar still processes Solar Energy 12 3 1969 313 331
108. B. Frick Some new considerations about solar stills In: Proceedings of international solar energy congress, Melbourne 1970 p. 395
109. Cooper PI. The transient analysis of glass covered solar still. PhD Thesis. University of Western Australia, Australia; 1970.
110. J.K. Nayak, G.N. Tiwari, and M.S. Sodha Periodic theory of solar still Int J Energy Res 4 1980 41
111. M.S. Sodha, A. Kumar, G.N. Tiwari, and G.C. Pandey Effect of dye on thermal performance of solar still Appl Energy 7 1-3 1980 147 162
112. Y.P. Yadav, and B.P. Yadav Transient analytical solution of a solar still integrated with a tubular solar energy collector Energy Convers Manage 39 9 1998 927 930
113. M.M. El-Sayed Comparison of transient performance predictions of a solar operated diffusion type still with a roof type still Solar Energy Eng Trans ASME 105 1983 23
114. G.N. Tiwari, and Madhuri Effect of water depth on daily yield of still Desalination 61 1 1987 67 75
115. S. Toure, and P. Meukam A numerical model and experimental investigation for a solar still in climatic conditions in Abidjan (Cote D'Ivoire) Renew Energy 11 3 1997 319 330
116. G.O.G. Lof, J.A. Eibling, and J.W. Bloemer Energy balances in solar distillation J Am Inst Chem Eng 7 4 1961 641
117. E. Sartori On the nocturnal production of a conventional solar still using solar pre-heated water In: Advances in solar energy technology vol. 2 1987 Pergamon Press New York p. 1427
118. V.B. Sharma, and S.C. Mullick Estimation of heat transfer coefficients, the upward heat flow and evaporation in a solar still Solar Energy Eng Trans ASME 113 1991 36
119. R.V. Dunkle Solar water distillation; the roof type still and a multiple effect diffusion still, international developments in heat transfer ASME In: Proceedings of international heat transfer part V 1961 University of Colorado p. 895
120. S. Kumar, and G.N. Tiwari Estimation of convective mass transfer in solar distillation systems Solar Energy 57 6 1996 459 464
121. G.N. Tiwari Solar Energy 2002 Narosa Publishing House New Delhi, India
122. G.N. Tiwari, and M.A. Noor Characterization of solar still Int J Solar Energy 18 1996 147
123. H.S. Soliman Effect of wind on solar distillation Solar Energy 13 4 1972 403 415
124. A.A. El-Sebai Effect of wind speed on active and passive solar stills Energy Convers Manage 45 7-8 2004 1187 1203
125. H.P. Garg, and H.S. Mann Effect of climatic, operational and design parameters on the year round performance of single sloped and double sloped solar still under Indian and arid zone condition Solar Energy 18 2 1976 159 163
126. P.I. Cooper Solar distillation, Solar energy progress in Australia and New Zealand In: Publication of the Australian and New Zealand Section of Solar Energy vol. 8 1969 p. 45
127. Y.P. Yadav, and G.N. Tiwari Demonstration plant of fibre reinforced plastic multiwick solar still: an experimental study Solar Wind Technol 6 6 1989 653 666
128. S.A. Lawrence, S.P. Gupta, and G.N. Tiwari Effect of heat capacity on the performance of solar still with water flow over the glass cover Energy Convers Manage 30 3 1990 277 285
129. P. Wibulswas, and S. Tadtium Improvement of a basin type solar still by means of a vertical back wall In: International symposium workshop on renewable energy sources, Lahore 1984 Elsevier Amsterdam
130. A. Tamini Performance of a solar still with reflectors and black dye Int J Solar Wind Technol 4 4 1987 443 446
131. S.T. Ahmed Study of single effect solar still with an internal condenser Int J Solar Wind Technol 5 6 1988 637 643
132. A.A. Fatani, and G.M. Zaki Analysis of roof type solar stills with assisting external condensers Int J Solar Energy 17 1 1995 27
133. A.K. Rajvanshi, and C.K. Hsieh Effect of dye on solar distillation: analysis and experimental evaluation In: Proceedings of international congress of ISES, Georgia vol. 20 1979 p. 327
134. S. Lawrence, S. Gupta, and G.N. Tiwari Experimental validation of thermal analysis of solar still with dye Int J Solar Energy 6 1988 291
135. M.M. Naim, and M.A. Kawi Non-conventional solar stills with energy storage element Desalination 153 1-3 2002 71 80
136. M.M. Naim, and M.A. Kawi Non-conventional solar stills with charcoal particles as absorber medium Desalination 153 1-3 2002 55 64
137. A. Bassam, K.A. Hijleh, and H.M. Rababa Experimental study of a solar still with sponge cubes in basin Energy Convers Manage 44 9 2003 1411 1418
138. V. Bapeshwar, and G.N. Tiwari Effect of water flow over the glass on the performance of a solar still coupled with a flat plate collector Int J Solar Energy 2 1984 277
139. G.N. Tiwari, and B. Prasad Thermal modelling of concentrator assisted solar distillation with water flow over the glass cover Int J Solar Energy 18 3 1996 173
140. A. Bassam, K.A. Hijleh, and H.A. Mousa Water film cooling over the glass cover of a solar still including evaporation effects Energy 22 1 1997 43 48
141. H.S. Kwatra Performance of a solar still: predicted effect of enhanced evaporation area in yield and evaporation temperature Solar Energy 56 3 1996 261 266
142. E.D. Howe, and B.W. Tleimat Twenty years of work on solar distillation at the University of California Solar Energy 16 2 1974 97 105
143. A.I. Kudish, and J. Gale Solar desalination in conjunction with controlled environment agriculture in arid zone Energy Convers Manage 26 1986 201
144. E.E. Delyannis, and A. Delyannis Economics of solar stills Desalination 52 2 1985 167 176
145. G.N. Tiwari, and Y.P. Yadav Economic analysis of large-scale solar distillation plant Energy Convers Manage 25 14 1985 423 425
146. K. Mukherjee, and G.N. Tiwari Economic analysis of various designs of conventional solar stills Energy Convers Manage 26 2 1986 155 157
147. E. Barrera A technical and economical analysis of solar water still in Mexico Renew Energy 2 4-5 1992 489 495
148. Zein M, Al-Dallal. Solar desalination correlation with meteorological parameters. In: Second Arab international conference; 1984. p. 288.
149. Y.M. El-Sayed, and R.S. Silver Fundamentals of distillation K.S. Spiegler A.D.K. Laird Principles of desalination 1980 2nd ed 55 109
150. S. Kalogirou Survey of solar desalination systems and system selection Energy - The Int J 22 1 1997 69 81
151. R.M. Morris, and W.T. Hanbury Renewable energy and desalination - a review Proceedings of the new technologies for the use of renewable energy sources in water desalination, Sec. I, Athens, Greece 1991 p. 30-50
152. Tata A. Solar assisted desalination pilot plant. Snia Techint SpA; 1980.
153. S.M.A. Moustafa, D.I. Jarrar, and H.I. Mansy Performance of a self-regulating solar multistage flush desalination system Solar Energy 35 4 1985 333 340
154. Kalogirou S. The application of solar desalination for water purification in Cyprus. PhD Thesis. The University of Glamorgan; 1995.
155. Zarza E, Ajona JI, Leon J, Genthner K, Gregorzewski A. Solar thermal desalination project at the Plataforma Solar De Almeria. In: Proceedings of the biennial congress of the international solar energy society, Denver, CO, USA, vol. 1, part II; 1991. p. 2270-5.
156. E. Zarza, J.I. Ajona, J. Leon, K. Genthner, A. Gregorzewski, and G. Alefeld Solar thermal desalination project at the Plataforma Solar De Almeria Proceedings of the new technologies for the use of renewable energy sources in water desalination, Athens, Greece 1991 (Sect. III). p. 62-81
157. A.M. El-Nashar Optimising the operating parameters of a solar desalination plant Solar Energy 48 4 1992 207 213
158. A.M. El-Nashar, and A.A. Al-Baghdadi Exergy losses in multiple-effect stack seawater desalination plant Desalination 116 1998 11 24
159. C. Mustacchi, and V. Cena Solar water distillation, technology for solar energy utilisation 1978 United Nations New York p. 119-24
160. A. Eggers-Lura Solar energy in developing countries 1979 Pergamon Press Oxford p. 35-40
161. L. Dresner Hyperfiltration (revere osmosis) K.S. Spiegler A.D.K. Laird Principles of desalination, Part B 2nd ed 1980 Academic Press New York 401 560
162. W. Luft Five solar energy desalination systems Int J Solar Energy 1 1982 21
163. J. Grutcher Desalination a PV oasis Photovolt Int June/July 1983 24
164. S. Adam, R.C. Cheng, D.X. Vuong, and K.L. Wattier Long Beach's dual-stage NF beats single-stage SWRO Desalination Water Reuse 13 3 2003 18 21
165. H. Tabor Solar energy technologies for the alleviation of fresh-water shortages in the Mediterranean basin, Euro-Med Solar Proceedings of the mediterranean business seminar on solar energy technologies, Nicosia, Cyprus 1990 p. 152-8
166. L.H. Shaffer, and M.S. Mintz Electrodialysis K.S. Spiegler A.D.K Laird Principles of desalination, Part A 2nd ed 1980 Academic Press New York 257 357
167. E. Delyannis, and V. Belessiotis A historical overview of renewable energies In: Proceedings of mediterranean conference on renewable energy sources for water production 1996 p. 13-9
168. E. Delyannis, and A. El-Nashar A short historical review of renewable energies In: encyclopedia of desalination and water resources renewable energy systems, DESWARE, on line, Paper DESWARE DAA 10-002 1998 p. 35
169. A. Mouchot Resultat des experiences faites en divers points de l'Algerie, pour l' emploi industrielle de la chaleur solaire (Results of some experiments in Algeria, for industrial use of solar energy) Comptes Rendu Acad Sci 86 1878 1019 1021
170. A. Mouchot Utilization industrielle de la chaleur solaire (industrial utilization of solar energy) Comptes Rendu Acad Sci 90 1880 1212 1213
171. R.C. Jordan, and W.E. Ibele Mechanical energy from solar energy In: Proceedings of the world symposium on applied solar energy 1956 p. 81-101
172. S. Kalogirou Solar energy collectors and applications Prog Energy Combust Sci 30 3 2004 231 295
173. S. Kalogirou The potential of solar industrial process heat applications Appl Energy 76 4 2003 337 361
174. J.A. Duffie, and W.A. Beckman Solar engineering of thermal processes 2nd ed 1991 Wiley New York
175. J.F. Kreider, and F. Kreith Solar energy handbook 1981 McGraw-Hill New York
176. B. Norton Solar energy thermal technology 1992 Springer-Verlag London
177. C. Onwubiko Effect of evaporation on the characteristic performance of the salt-gradient solar pond Solar engineering, Proceedings of ASME Solar energy division, Sixth annual conference, Las Vegas NV 1984 p. 6-11
178. Elata C, Levien O. Hydraulics of the solar ponds. International association for hydraulic research, eleventh international congress. Leningrad Report Nos 2, 3; 1966. p. 1-14.
179. H. Tabor Solar ponds Solar Energy 27 3 1981 181 194
180. R. Matz, and E.M. Feist The application of solar energy to the solution of some problems of electrodialysis Desalination 2 1 1967 116 124
181. A.B. Meinel, and M.P. Meinel Applied solar energy - an introduction 1976 Addison-Wesley New York
182. L. Kazmerski Photovoltaics: a review of cells and module technologies Renew Sustain Energy Rev 1 1-2 1997 71 170
183. E. Lysen Photovoltaics: an outlook for the 21st century Renew Energy World 6 1 2003 43 53
184. B. Soerensen Renewable energy 1979 Academic Press London
185. B. Soerensen History of, and recent progress in, wind energy utilization Annu Rev Energy Environ 20 1995 387 424
186. M.F. Merriam Characteristics and uses of wind machines W.C. Dicknson P.N. Cheremisinoff Solar energy technology handbook. Part A: engineering fundamentals 1980 Marcel Dekker New York 665 718
187. Darious GJM. US Patent 1.850.018; 1931.
188. D.M. Dodge, and R.W. Thresler Wind technology today Adv Solar Energy 5 1989 306 395
189. J. Beurskens, and A. Garrad Wind energy Proc Eurosun'96 Conf, Freiburg, Germany 4 1996 1373 1388
190. T. Ackermann, and L. Soder An overview of wind-energy status 2002 Renew Sustain Energy Rev 6 2002 67 128
191. A.A.M. Sayigh The reality of renewable energy Renew Energy 2004 10 15
192. C. Popiel, J. Wojtkowiak, and B. Biernacka Measurements of temperature distribution in ground Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 25 2001 301 309
193. E. Barbier Geothermal energy technology and current status: an overview Renew Sustain Energy Rev 6 2002 3 65
194. E. Barbier Nature and technology of geothermal energy Renew Sustain Energy Rev 1 1-2 1997 1 69
195. A. Baldacci, P.D. Burgassi, M.H. Dickson, and M. Fanelli Non-electric utilization of geothermal energy in Italy A.A.M. Sayigh World renewable energy congress V, part I, 20-25 September, 1998 1998 Pergamon Press Florence, Italy p. 2795
196. G. Florides, and S. Kalogirou Ground heat exchangers - a review Proceedings of third international conference on heat power cycles, Larnaca, Cyprus on CD-ROM 2004
197. A.K. Rajvanshi A scheme for large scale desalination of seawater by solar energy Solar Energy 24 1980 551 560
198. M. Hermann, J. Koschikowski, and M. Rommel Corrosion-free solar collectors for thermally driven seawater desalination In: Proceedings of the EuroSun conference on CD-ROM, 19-22 June 2000, Copenhagen, Denmark 2000
199. M. Rommel, M. Hermann, and J. Koschikowski The SODESA project: development of solar collectors with corrosion-free absorbers and first results of the desalination pilot plant Mediterranean Conference on Policies and Strategies for Desalination and Renewable Energies, 21-23 June, Santorini, Greece 2000
200. M. Rommel, M. Kohl, W. Graf, C. Wellens, F. Brucker, and K. Lustig Corrosion-free collectors with selectively coated plastic absorbers Desalination 109 2 1997 149 155
201. M. Rommel Solar thermally driven desalination systems with corrosion-free collectors Renew Energy 14 1-2 1998 275 280
202. Ajona JI. ACE-20 Spanish parabolic trough collector. In: Proceedings of the sixth international symposium on solar thermal concentrating technologies, vol. I, September 28-October 2, 1992. Madrid, Spain: Ministerio de Industria y Energia, CIEMAT; 1992.
203. O. Miyatake, Y. Koito, K. Tagawa, and Y. Maruta Transient characteristics and performance of a novel desalination system based on heat storage and spray flashing Desalination 137 2001 157 166
204. T. Szacsvay, P. Hofer-Noser, and M. Posnansky Technical and economic aspects of small-scale solar-pond-powered seawater desalination systems Desalination 122 1999 185 193
205. U. Fisher Solar Pond as an energy source for desalination Proc of ISES Solar World Congress on CD-ROM, Jerusalem, Israel 1999 1999 1228 1232
206. E.E. Delyannis Status of solar assisted desalination: a review Desalination 67 1987 3 19
207. M.J. Safi Performance of a flash desalination unit intended to be coupled to a solar pond Renew Energy 14 1-4 1998 339 343
208. H. Lu, J.C. Walton, and A.H.P. Swift Zero discharge desalination Int Desalination Water Reuse Q 10 3 2000 35 43
209. G. Caruso, and A. Naviglio A desalination plant using solar heat as s heat supply, not affecting the environment with chemicals Desalination 122 1999 225 234
210. European Commission. Desalination guide using renewable energies; 1998.
211. W. Bucher Renewable energy sources and seawater desalination: an assessment of methods and potential In: ASRE 89, international conference on applications of solar and renewable energy, Cairo, March 19-22 1998
212. M.C. Tleimat, and E.D. Howe Use of energy from salt gradient solar ponds for reclamation of agricultural drainage water in California: analysis and cost prediction Solar Energy 42 4 1989 339 349
213. D. Hoffman The application of solar energy for large scale seawater desalination Desalination 89 2 1992 115 183
214. D.D. Engdahl Technical information record on the salt gradient solar pond system at the Los Banos Demonstration Desalting Facility 1987
215. M.J. Safi, and A. Korchani Cogeneration applied to water desalination: simulation of different technologies Desalination 125 1999 223 229
216. K. Rheinlander, and F. Lippke Electricity and potable water from a solar tower power plant Renew Energy 14 1-4 1998 23 28
217. P. Glueckstern Potential uses of solar energy for seawater desalination Desalination 101 1 1995 11 20
218. A.M. El-Nashar Abu Dhabi solar distillation plant Desalination 52 1985 217 234
219. A. Hanafi Design and performance of solar MSF desalination system Desalination 82 1-3 1991 165 174
220. M.S. Abu-Jabal, I. Kamiya, and Y. Narasaki Proving test for a solar-powered desalination system in Gaza-Palestine Desalination 137 2001 1 6
221. E. Zarza Moya Solar thermal desalination project: first phase and results and second phase description Secretaria General Tecnicadel, CIEMAT, Madrid 1991
222. E. Zarza Moya Solar thermal desalination project, phase II: results and final project report Secretaria General Tecnicadel, CIEMAT, Madrid 1995
223. Kyritsis S. Proceedings of the Mediterranean Conference on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Production. European Commission, EURORED Network, CRES, EDS, Santorini, Greece; 10-12 June, 1996. p. 265-70.
224. Valverde Muela V. Planta Desaladora con Energia Solar de Arinaga (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). Departamento de Investigacion y Nuevas Fuentes. Centro de Estudios de la Energia; April, 1982.
225. A.A. Madani Economics of desalination systems Desalination 78 1990 187 200
226. F. Palma Seminar on new technologies for the use of renewable energies in water desalination, Athens, 1991 Commission of the European Communities, DG XVII for Energy, CRES (Centre for Renewable Energy Sources) 1991
227. R. Manjares, and M. Galvan Solar multistage flash evaporation (SMSF) as a solar energy application on desalination processes. Description of one demonstration project Desalination 31 1-3 1979 545 554
228. G. Rodriguez, M. Rodriguez, J. Perez, and J. Veza A systematic approach to desalination powered by solar, wind and geothermal energy sources In: Proceedings of the mediterranean conference on renewable energy sources for water production. European Commission, EURORED Network, CRES, EDS, Santorini, Greece, 10-12 June 1996 p. 20-5
229. W.D. Childs, A.E. Dabiri, H.A. Al-Hinai, and H.A. Abdullah VARI-RO solar powered desalting technology Desalination 125 1999 155 166
230. S.A. Kalogirou Effect of fuel cost on the price of desalination water: a case for renewables Desalination 138 2001 137 144
231. E. Tzen, K. Perrakis, and P. Baltas Design of a stand-alone PV-desalination system for rural areas Desalination 119 1998 327 334
232. Z. Al Suleimani, and N.R. Nair Desalination by solar powered reverse osmosis in a remote area of Sultanate of Oman Appl Energy 64 2000 367 380
233. M. Thomson, and D. Infield A photovoltaic-powered seawater reverse-osmosis system without batteries Desalination 153 1-3 2003 1 8
234. S.M. Hasnain, and S.A. Alajlan Coupling of PV-powered RO brackish water desalination plant with solar stills Desalination 116 1 1998 57 64
235. Maurel A. Desalination by reverse osmosis using renewable energies (solar-wind) cadarche centre experiment. Seminar on New Technologies for the Use of Renewable Energies in Water Desalination, Athens, 26-28 September 1991. Commission of the European Communities, DG XVII for Energy, CRES (Centre for Renewable Energy Sources); 1991. Session II: p. 17-26.
236. G. Kvajic Solar power desalination, PV-ED system Desalination 39 1981 175
237. H.M.N. AlMadani Water desalination by solar powered electrodialysis process Renew Energy 28 2003 1915 1924
238. M.R. Adiga, S.K. Adhikary, P.K. Narayanan, W.P. Harkare, S.D. Gomkale, and K.P. Govindan Performance analysis of photovoltaic electrodialysis desalination plant at Tanote in Thar Desert Desalination 67 1987 59 66
239. O. Kuroda, S. Takahashi, S. Kubota, K. Kikuchi, Y. Eguchi, and Y. Ikenaga An electrodialysis seawater desalination system powered by photovoltaic cells Desalination 67 1987 33 41
240. N. Ishimaru Solar photovoltaic desalination of brackish water in remote areas by electrodialysis Desalination 98 1-3 1994 485 493
241. G. Doucet Energy for tomorrow's world Renew Energy 2001 2001 19 22
242. L. Garcia-Rodriguez, T. Romero, and C. Gomez-Camacho Economic analysis of wind-powered desalination Desalination 137 2001 259 265
243. C.T. Kiranoudis, N.G. Voros, and Z.B. Maroulis Wind energy exploitation for reverse osmosis desalination plants Desalination 109 2 1997 195 209
244. S.M. Habali, and I.A. Saleh Design of stand-alone brackish water desalination wind energy system for Jordan Solar Energy 52 6 1994 525 532
245. Heukelom P, Kursten JPJ, Van Der PS. Wind powered desalination with possible combinations of autonomous diesel operation; Economic feasibility and technical optimisation. In: Seminar on new technologies for the use of renewable energies in water desalination, Athens, 26-28 September 1991. Commission of the European Communities, DG XVII for Energy, CRES (Centre for Renewable Energy Sources); 1991. Session II: p. 37-48.
246. Gonzalez, A. Proyecto de Desalinizacion por Energia Eolica en Fuerteventura. Curso: Tratamiento de Aguas Mediante Energias Renovables, 2 al 4 de junio de 1993. Madrid: CIEMAT; 1993.
247. Ehmann H, Cendagorta M. Mediterranean conference on renewable energy sources for water production. European Commission, EURORED Network, CRES, EDS, Santorini, Greece; 10-12 June, 1996. p. 84-7.
248. M.S. Miranda, and D. Infield A wind-powered seawater reverse-osmosis system without batteries Desalination 153 1-3 2003 9 16
249. R. Robinson, G. Ho, and K. Mathew Development of a reliable low-cost reverse osmosis desalination unit for remote communities Desalination 86 1 1992 9 26
250. ITC (Canary Islands Technological Institute). AEROGEDESA precommercial brochure; 2002.
251. ITC (Canary Islands Technological Institute). DESSOL precommercial brochure; 2002.
252. Kostopoulos C. Proceedings of the mediterranean conference on renewable energy sources for water production. European Commission, EURORED Network, CRES, EDS, Santorini, Greece; 10-12 June, 1996. p. 20-5.
253. Stahl M. Small wind powered RO seawater desalination plant design, erection and operation experience. Seminar on new technologies for the use of renewable energies in water desalination, Athens, 26-28 September, 1991. Commission of the European Communities, DG XVII for Energy, CRES (Centre for Renewable Energy Sources); 1991. Session. II: p. 27-36.
254. R. Vujcic, and M. Krneta Wind-driven seawater desalination plant for agricultural development on the islands of the county of split and Dalmatia Renewable Energy 19 2000 173 183
255. ITC (Canary Islands Technological Institute). Memoria de gestion [in Spanish]; 2001.
256. C.C.K. Lui, J.W. Park, R. Migita, and G. Qin Experiments of a prototype wind-driven reverse osmosis desalination system with feedback control Desalination 150 2002 277 287
257. A. Karameldin, A. Lotfy, and S. Mekhemar The Red Sea area wind-driven mechanical vapour compression desalination system Desalination 153 1-3 2003 47 53
258. Bier C, Coutelle R, Gaiser P, Kowalczyk D, Plantikow U. Sea-water desalination by wind-powered mechanical vapour compression plants. Seminar on New Technologies for the Use of Renewable Energies in Water Desalination. Athens, 26-28 September, 1991. Commission of the European Communities, DG XVII for Energy, CRES (Centre for Renewable Energy Sources); 1991. Session II, p. 49-64.
259. U. Plantikow Wind-powered MVC seawater desalination-operational results Desalination 122 1999 291 299
260. J. Veza, B. Penate, and F. Castellano Electrodialysis desalination designed for wind energy (on-grid test) Desalination 141 2001 53 61
261. D. Manolakos, G. Papadakis, D. Papantonis, and S. Kyritsis A simulation-optimisation programme for designing hybrid energy systems for supplying electricity and fresh water through desalination to remote areas. Case study: Merssini village, Donousa Island, Aegean Sea, Greece Energy 26 2001 679 704
262. G. Petersen, S. Fries, J. Mohn, and A. Muller Wind and solar-powered reverse osmosis desalination units - description of two demonstration projects Desalination 31 1-3 1979 501 509
263. D. Weiner, D. Fisher, B. Katz, E.J. Moses, and G. Meron Operation experience of a solar and wind-powered desalination demonstration plant Desalination 137 2001 7 13
264. A. Al Malki, M. Al Mari, and H. Al Jabri Experimental study of using renewable energy in the rural areas of Oman Renewable Energy 14 1-4 1998 319 324
265. A. Ophir Desalination plant using low grade geothermal heat Desalination 40 1-2 1982 125 132
266. L. Awerbuch, T.E. Lindemuth, S.C. May, and A.N. Rogers Geothermal energy recovery process Desalination 19 1-3 1976 325 336
267. W.J. Boegli, S.H. Suemoto, and K.M. Trompeter Geothermal-desalting at the East Mesa test site Desalination 22 1-3 1977 77 90
268. Karytsas C. Low enthalpy geothermal energy driven sea-water desalination plant on Milos Island - a case study. Mediterranean Conference on Renewable Energy Sources for Water Production. European Commission, EURORED Network, CRES, EDS, Santorini, Greece; 10-12 June, 1996. p. 128-31.
269. C. Karytsas Geothermal energy driven desalination plants Geothermal Resour Council Bull 27 4 1998 111 115
270. K. Bourouni, R. Martin, and L. Tadrist Analysis of heat transfer and evaporation in geothermal desalination units Desalination 122 1999 301 313
271. K. Bourouni, M.T. Chaibi, and T. Tadrist Water desalination by humidification and dehumidification of air: state of the art Desalination 137 2001 167 176
272. K. Bourouni, J.C. Deronzier, and L. Tadrist Experimentation and modelling of an innovative geothermal desalination unit Desalination 125 1999 147 153
273. B. Bouchekima Renewable energy for desalination: a solar desalination plant for domestic water needs in arid areas of South Algeria Desalination 153 1-3 2003 65 69
274. I. Houcine, F. Benjemaa, M.H. Chahbani, and M. Maalej Renewable energy sources for water desalting in Tunisia Desalination 125 1-3 1999 123 132
275. G. Fiorenza, V.K. Sharma, and G. Braccio Techno-economic evaluation of a solar powered water desalination plant Energy Convers Manage 44 4 2003 2217 2240
276. E. Tzen, K. Perrakis, and P. Baltas Design of a stand alone PV-desalination system for rural areas Desalination 119 1-3 1998 327 333
277. A. Hanson, W. Zachritz, K. Stevens, L. Mimbella, R. Polka, and L. Cisneros Distillate water quality of a single-basin solar still: laboratory and field studies Solar Energy 76 5 2004 635 645
278. A. Porteous Saline water distillation processes 1975 Longman Essex