A reassessment of trajectory options for human missions to Mars

Collection of Technical Papers - AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference

Volumn 2, Issue , 2004, Pages 836-871

  Landau, Damon F ^a,b   Longuski, James M ^a,b  

^a PURDUE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Purdue University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; COST EFFECTIVENESS; EARTH (PLANET); MASS TRANSFER; SPACE RESEARCH; TRAJECTORIES;

INTERPLANETARY SPACE; MARS MISSION; MASS FLOW; TIME-OF-FLIGHT (TOF);

MARTIAN SURFACE ANALYSIS;

EID: 19644399648     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.2514/6.2004-5095     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (71)

1. Von Braun, W., The Mars Project, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL, 1953.
2. Ehricke, K. A., Whitlock, C. M., Chapman, R. L., and Purely, C. H., "Calculations on a Manned Nuclear Propelled Space Vehicle," ARS Report 532-57, 1957.
3. Irving, J. H. and Blum, E. K., "Comparative Performance of Ballistic and Low-Thrust Vehicle for Flight to Mars," Vistas in Astronautics, Vol. II, Pergamon Press, 1959, pp. 191-218.
4. Himmel, S. C., Dugan, J. F., Luidens, R. W., and Weber, R. J., "A Study of Manned Nuclear-Rocket Missions to Mars," Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 20, July 1961, pp. 18, 19, 51-58.
5. Gillespie, R. W., Ragsac, R. V., Ross, S. E., "Prospects for Early Manned Interplanetary Flights," Astronautics and Aerospace Engineering, Vol. 1, August 1963, pp. 16-21.
6. Von Braun, W., "The Next 20 Years of Interplanetary Exploration," Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 3, November 1965, pp. 24-34.
7. Hoffman, S. J., Friedlander, A. L., and Nock, K. T., "Transportation Mode Performance Comparison for a Sustained Manned Mars Base," AIAA Paper 86-2016, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, Williamsburg, VA, Aug. 18-20, 1986.
8. Cohen, A., The 90 Day Study on the Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1989.
9. Braun, R. D. and Blersch, D. J., "Propulsive Options for a Manned Mars Transportation System," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1993, pp. 85-92.
10. Walberg, G., "How Shall We Go to Mars? A Review of Mission Scenarios," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1993, pp. 129-139.
11. Niehoff, J. C. and Hoffman, S. J., "Pathways to Mars: An Overview of Flight Profiles and Staging Options for Mars Missions," AAS Paper 95-478, Science and Technology Series of the American Astronautical Society, Vol. 86, San Diego, CA, Univelt, Inc., 1996, pp. 99-125.
12. Zubrin, R., The Case for Mars, Simon and Schuster, Inc., New York, NY, 1996.
13. Hoffman, S. and Kaplan, D., eds., "Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team," NASA SP 6107, 1997.
14. Drake, B. G., ed., "Reference Mission Version 3.0 Addendum to the Human Exploration of Mars: The Reference Mission of the NASA Mars Exploration Study Team," Exploration Office Document EX 13-98-036, June 1998, see also http://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/HumanExplore/Exploration/EXLibrary/docs/MarsRef/ addendum/index.htm.
15. Donahue, B. B. and Cupples, M. L., "Comparative Analysis of Current NASA Human Mars Mission Architectures," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2001, pp. 745-751.
16. Landau, D. F. and Longuski, J. M., "Comparative Assessment of Human Missions to Mars," AAS Paper 03-513, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4-7, 2003.
17. Sohn, R. L., "Venus Swingby Mode for Manned Mars Missions," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets Vol. 1, No. 5, 1964, pp. 565-567.
18. Titus, R. R., "FLEM-Flyby-Landing Excursion Mode," AIAA Paper 66-36, Aerospace Sciences Meeting, New York, NY, July 26-29, 1965.
19. Deerwester, J. M. and Dhaem, S. M., "Systematic Comparison of Venus Swingby Mode with Standard Mode of Mars Round Trips," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets Vol. 4, July 1967, pp. 904-911.
20. Gillespie, R. W. and Ross, S., "Venus-Swingby Mode and Its Role in the Manned Exploration of Mars," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets Vol. 4, February 1967, pp. 170-175.
21. Casalino, L., Colasurdo, G., Pastrone, D., "Optimization Procedure for Preliminary Design of Opposition-Class Mars Missions," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 21, No. 1, 1998, pp. 134-140.
22. Breakwell, J. V., Gillespie, R. W., and Ross, S. E., "Researches in Interplanetary Flight," ARS Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2, 1961, pp.201-207.
23. Knip, G. and Zola, C. L., "Three-Dimensional Trajectory Analysis for Round-Trip Mission to Mars," NASA TN-D-1316, 1962.
24. Ross, S., "Planetary Flight Handbook," NASA SP-35, 1963.
25. Lee, V. A. and Wilson, S. W., "A Survey of Ballistic Mars-Mission Profiles," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1967, pp. 129-142.
26. Young, A. C., Mulqueen, J. A., and Skinner, J. E., "Mars Exploration, Venus Swingby and Conjunction Class Mission Modes, Time Period 2000-2045," NASA TM-86477, 1984.
27. Gravier, J. P., Marchal, C., Culp, R. D., "Optimal Trajectories Between Earth and Mars in Their True Planetary Orbits," Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, Vol. 9, February 1972, pp. 120-136.
28. Hoffman, S. J., McAdams, J. V., and Niehoff, J. C., "Round Trip Trajectories for Human Exploration of Mars," AAS Paper 89-201, 1989.
29. Soldner, J. K., "Round Trip Mars Trajectories: New Variations on Classic Mission Profiles," AIAA Paper 90-2932, August 1990.
30. George, L. E. and Kos, L. D., "Interplanetary Mission Design Handbook: Earth-to Mars Mission Opportunities and Mars-to-Earth Return Opportunities 2009-2024," NASA TM-1998-208533, 1998.
31. Munk, M. M., "Departure Energies, Trip Times, and Entry Speeds for Human Mars Missions," American Astronautical Society, AAS Paper 99-103, 1999.
32. Miele, A. and Wang, T., "Optimal Transfers from an Earth Orbit to a Mars Orbit," Acta Astronautica, Vol. 45, No. 3, 1999, pp. 119-133.
33. Penzo, P. and Nock, K., "Earth-Mars Transportation Using Stop-Over Cyclers," AIAA Paper 2002-4424, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Monterey, CA, August 2-5 2002.
34. th International Astronautical Federation, Rome, 1956.
35. Battin, R. H, "The Determination of Round-Trip Planetary Reconnaissance Trajectories," Journal of Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 26, No. 9, 1959, pp. 545-567.
36. Ruppe, H. O., "Interplanetary Flight," Handbook of Astronautical Engineering, H. H. Koelle, ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 9.32-9.44, 1961.
37. Hénon, M., "Interplanetary Orbits which Encounter the Earth Twice," Bulletin Astronomique, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1968, pp.377-393.
38. Wolf, A., A., "Free Return Trajectories for Mars Missions," AAS Paper 91-123, AAS/AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting, San Diego, CA, February 11-13, 1991.
39. Patel, M. R., Longuski, J. M., and Sims, J. A., "Mars Free Return Trajectories," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets Vol. 35, No. 3, 1998, pp. 350-354.
40. Miele, A., Wang, T., and Mancuso, S., "Optimal Free-Return Trajectories for Moon Missions and Mars Missions," Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 48, Nos. 2-3, 2000, pp.183-206.
41. Okutsu, M. and Longuski, J. M., "Mars Free-Returns via Gravity Assist from Venus," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets Vol. 39, No. 1, 2002, pp. 31-36.
42. Bishop, R. H., Byrnes, D. V., Newman, D. J., Carr, C. E., and Aldrin, B.,"Earth-Mars Transportation Opportunities: Promising Options for Interplanetary Transportation," American Astronautical Society, AAS Paper 00-255, The Richard H. Battin Astrodynamics Conference, College Station, TX, March 20-21, 2000.
43. Aldrin, B., Byrnes, D., Jones, R., and Davis, H., "Evolutionary Space Transportation Plan for Mars Cycling Concepts," AIAA Paper 2001-4677, Albuquerque, NM, August 2001.
44. Hollister, W. M, "Castles in Space," Astronautica Acta, Vol. 14, No. 2, 1969, pp. 311-316.
45. Rall, C. S. and Hollister, W. M., "Free-Fall Periodic Orbits Connecting Earth and Mars," AIAA Paper 71-92, 1971.
46. Byrnes, D. V., Longuski, J. M., and Aldrin, B., "Cycler Orbit Between Earth and Mars," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 30, No. 3, May-June 1993, pp. 334-336.
47. Byrnes, D. V., McConaghy, T. T, and Longuski, J. M., "Analysis of Various Two Synodic Period Earth-Mars Cycler Trajectories," AIAA Paper 2002-4423, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Monterey, CA, August 5-8, 2002.
48. Chen, K. J., McConaghy, T. T., Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., "A Powered Earth-Mars Cycler with Three Synodic-Period Repeat Time," AAS Paper 03-510, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4-7, 2003.
49. McConaghy, T. T., Yam, C. H., Landau, D. F., and Longuski, J. M., "Two-Synodic-Period Earth-Mars Cyclers with Intermediate Earth Encounter," AAS Paper 03-509, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Big Sky, MT, August 4-7, 2003.
50. Moekel, W. E., "Fast Interplanetary Missions with Low-Thrust Propulsion Systems," NASA TR-R-79, 1961.
51. Melbourne, W. G. and Sauer, C. G., "Optimum Interplanetary Rendezvous with Power-Limited Vehicles," AIAA Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1963, pp. 54-60.
52. Zola, C. L., "A Method for Approximating Propellant Requirements of Low-Thrust Trajectories," NASA TN-D-3400, 1966.
53. Ragsac, R. V., "Study of Electric Propulsion for Manned Mars Missions," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 4, April 1967, pp. 462-468.
54. Kawaguchi, J., Takiura, K., and Matsuo, H., "On the Optimization and Application of Electric Propulsion to Mars and Sample and Return Mission," AAS Paper 94-183, AAS/AIAA Spaceflight Mechanics Meeting, Cocoa Beach, FL, February 1994.
55. Chang-Diaz, F. R., Hsu, M. M., Braden, E., Johnson, I., Yang, T. F., "Rapid Mars Transits with Exhaust Modulated Plasma Propulsion," NASA TP-3539, 1995.
56. Tang, S. and Conway, B. A., "Optimization of Low-Thrust Interplanetary Trajectories Using Collocation and Nonlinear Programming," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1995, pp. 599-604.
57. Gefert, L. P., Hack, K. J., and Kerslake, T. W., "Options for the Human Exploration of Mars using Solar Electric Propulsion," STAIF, Proceedings of the Conferences on Applications of Thermophysics in Microgravity and on Next Generation Launch Systems, and 16th Symposium on Space Nuclear Power and Propulsion, Albuquerque, NM, January 31-February 4, 1999, pp. 1275-1280.
58. Williams, S. N. and Coverstone-Carrol, V., "Mars Missions Using Solar- Electric Propulsion," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2000, pp.71-77.
59. McConaghy, T. T., Debban, T. J., Petropoulus, A. E., and Longuski, J. M., "An Approach to Design and Optimization of Low-thrust Trajectories with Gravity Assists," AAS Paper 01-468, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Quebec City, QC, Canada, July-Aug. 2001.
60. Whiffen, G. J. and Sims, J. A., "Application of the SDC Optimal Control Algorithm to Low-Thrust Escape and Capture Trajectory Optimization," AAS Paper 02-208, AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Conference, San Antonio, TX, January 27-30, 2002.
61. Braun, R. D., Powell, R. W., and Hartung, L. C., "Effect of Interplanetary Options on a Manned Mars Aerobrake Configuration," NASA TP-3019, Aug. 1990.
62. Striepe, S. A., Braun, R. D., Powell, R. W., and Fowler, W. T., "Influence of Interplanetary Trajectory Selection on Earth Atmospheric Velocity of Mars Missions," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1993, pp. 420-425.
63. Striepe, S. A., Braun, R. D., Powell, R. W., and Fowler, W. T., "Influence of Interplanetary Trajectory Selection on Mars Atmospheric Velocity," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 30, No. 4, 1993, pp. 426-430.
64. Lyne, J. E., Wercinski, P., Walberg, G., and Jits, R., "Mars Aerocapture Studies for the Design Reference Mission," AAS Paper 98-110, AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting, Monterey, CA, February 9-11, 1998.
65. 65 Optimization Toolbox User's Guide, The MathWorks, Inc., 2004.
66. Gill, P. E., Murray, W., and Saunders, M. A., "SNOPT: An SQP Algorithm for Large-Scale Constrained Optimization," SIAM Journal on Optimization, Vol. 12, 2002, pp. 979-1006.
67. D'Amario, L., A., Byrnes, D. V., Sackett, L. L., and Stanford, R. H., "Optimization of Multiple Flyby Trajectories," AAS Paper 79-162, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Provincetown, MA, June 25-27, 1979.
68. Sauer, C. G., "Optimization of Interplanetary Trajectories with Unpowered Planetary Swingbys," AAS Paper 87-424, AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics Specialist Conference, Kalispell, MT, August 10-13 1987.
69. Lawden, D. F., Optimal Trajectories for Space Navigation, Butterworths, London 1963.
70. Jezewski, D.J., "Primer Vector Theory and Applications," NASA TR-R-454, November 1975.
71. Tsiolkovsky, K. E., "Exploration of the Universe with Reaction Machines," The Science Review, #5, St. Petersburg, Russia, 1903.