Scaling of park trail length and visitation with park area: Conservation implications

Animal Conservation

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 135-141

  McKinney, Michael L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; PROTECTED AREA; TOURISM;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 19644366519     PISSN: 13679430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1367943005001939     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Belnap, J. (1998). Choosing indicators of natural resource condition: a case study in Arches National Park, Utah, USA. Environ. Mgmt. 22: 635-642.
2. Chace, J. F., Walsh, J. J., Cruz, A., Prather, J. W. & Swanson, H. M. (2003). Spatial and temporal activity patterns of the brood parasitic brown-headed cowbird at an urban/wildland interface. Landscape Urban Plan. 64: 179-190.
3. Cole, D. N., Watson, A. E., Hall, T. E. & Spildie, D. R. (1997). High-use destinations in wilderness: social and biophysical impacts, visitor responses, and management options. USDA Forest Serv. Intermountain Res. Pap. 496: 1-44.
4. Diamond, J. M. (1975). The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural preserves. Biol. Conserv. 7: 129-146.
5. Fairbanks, W. S. & Tullous, R. (2002). Distribution of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana Ord) on Antelope Island State Park, Utah, USA, before and after establishment of recreational trails. Nat. Areas J. 22: 277-282.
6. Fletcher, R. J., McKinney, S. T. & Bock, C. E. (1999). Effects of recreational trails on wintering diurnal raptors along riparian corridors in a Colorado grassland. J. Raptor Res. 33: 233-239.
7. Harcourt, A. H., Parks, S. A. & Woodroffe, R. (2001). Human density as an influence on species/area relationships: double jeopardy for small African reserves? Biodiv. Conserv. 10: 1011-1026.
8. Liddle, M. (1997). Recreation Ecology. New York: Chapman & Hall.
9. Mandelbrot, B. B. (1982). The Fractal Dimensions of Nature. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
10. McKinney, M. L. (1984). Allometry and heterochrony in an Eocene echinoid lineage. Paleobiology 10: 407-419.
11. McKinney, M. L. (1999). High rates of extinction and threat in poorly studied taxa. Conserv. Biol. 13: 565-573.
12. McKinney, M. L. (2002). Influence of settlement time, human population, park shape and age, visitation and roads on the number of alien plant species in protected areas in the USA. Diver. Distrib. 8: 311-318.
13. Miller, S. G., Knight, R. L. & Miller, C. K. (1998). Influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities. Ecol. Applic. 8: 162-169.
14. Parks, S. A. & Harcourt, A. H. (2002). Reserve size, local human density, and mammalian extinctions in US protected areas. Conserv. Biol. 16: 800-808.
15. Phillips, J. S. (1993). Interpreting fractal dimensions of river networks. In: Fractals in Geography: 142-157. Lam, N. & DeCola, L. (Eds). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
16. SAS (Statistical Analysis Software) (1990). SAS User's Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.
17. Schwartz, M. W. (1999). Choosing the appropriate scale of reserves for conservation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30: 83-108.
18. Shafer, C. L. (1990). Nature Reserves: Island Theory and Conservation Practice. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
19. Shafer, C. L. (1995). Values and shortcomings of small reserves. BioScience 45: 80-88.
20. Sutherland, R. A., Bussen, J. O., Plondke, D. L., Evans, B. M. & Ziegler, A. D. (2001). Hydrophysical degradation associated with hiking-trail use: a case study of Hawai'iloa Ridge Trail, O'ahu, Hawai'i. Land Degrad. Develop. 12: 71-86.
21. Tyser, R. W. & Worley, C. A. (1992). Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Conserv. Biol. 6: 253-262.
22. Vickers, B. (Ed.). (1999). Tennessee Statistical Abstract. Knoxville, TS: University of Tennessee.