Chromium toxicity in plants

Environment International

Volumn 31, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 739-753

  Shanker, Arun K ^a,d   Cervantes, Carlos ^b   Loza Tavera, Herminia ^c   Avudainayagam, S ^a  

^a TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b UNIVERSIDAD MICHOACANA DE SAN NICOLÁS DE HIDALGO   (Mexico)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^d NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE FOR AGROFORESTRY   (India)

Author keywords

Bioremediation; Chromium; Cr(III); Cr(VI); Crops; Heavy metals; Oxidative stress; Photosynthesis; Phytoremediation; Plants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Toxicity; Translocation; Uptake

Indexed keywords

BIOREMEDIATION; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENZYMES; METABOLISM; OXIDATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PLANTS (BOTANY); TOXICITY;

CHROMIUM TOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; GERMINATION; MINERAL NUTRITION;

CHROMIUM;

ANTIOXIDANT; CATALASE; CHROMIUM; GLUTATHIONE; IRON; MINERAL; NITRATE REDUCTASE; PEROXIDASE; PROTON TRANSPORTING ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; SULFATE; WATER;

BIOREMEDIATION; CHROMIUM; PLANT; TOXICITY;

BIOMASS PRODUCTION; BIOREMEDIATION; COMPARATIVE STUDY; GERMINATION; ION TRANSPORT; METABOLITE; METAL TOLERANCE; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYSIOLOGY; PHYTOREMEDIATION; PHYTOTOXICITY; PLANT; PLANT GROWTH; PLANT LEAF; PLANT METABOLISM; PLANT NUTRITION; PLANT ROOT; PLANT STEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOIL POLLUTION; WATER CONTAMINATION;

EID: 19444382162     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. D.C. Adriano Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment 1986 Springer Verlag New York 105 123
2. E. Alcantara, F.J. Romera, M. Canete, and M.D. De la Guardia Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of root Fe(III) reductase in Fe-deficient cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants J Exp Bot 45 1994 1983 1998
3. A.J. Anderson, D.R. Meyer, and F.K. Mayer Heavy metal toxicities: levels of nickel, cobalt and chromium in the soil and plants associated with visual symptoms and variation in growth of an oat crop Aust J Agric Res 24 1972 557 571
4. 210Po Environ Pollut 89 1995 47 53
5. J. Barcelo, C. Poschenriender, A. Ruano, and B. Gunse Leaf water potential in Cr(VI) treated bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plant Physiol Suppl 77 1985 163 164
6. J. Barcelo, C. Poschenrieder, and B. Gunse Water relations of chromium VI. treated bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender) under both normal and water stress conditions J Exp Bot 37 1986 178 187
7. J. Barcelo, C. Poschenrieder, M.D. Vazquez, B. Gunse, and J.P. Vernet Beneficial and toxic effects of chromium in plants: solution culture, pot and field studies Studies in Environmental Science No. 55, Paper Presented at the 5th International Conference on Environmental Contamination, Morges, Switzerland 1993
8. J. Barnhart Occurrences, uses, and properties of chromium Regul Toxicol Pharm 26 1997 S3 S7
9. L.L. Barton, G.V. Johnson, A.G. O'Nan, and B.M. Wagener Inhibition of ferric chelate reductase in alfalfa roots by cobalt, nickel, chromium, and copper J Plant Nutr 23 2000 1833 1845
10. M. Bassi, M.G. Corradi, and M.A. Favali Effect of chromium (VI) on two fresh water plants, Lemna minor and Pistia stratiotes II. Biochemical and physiological observations Cytobios 62 1990 101 109
11. T. Becquer, C. Quantin, M. Sicot, and J.P. Boudot Chromium availability in ultramafic soils from New Caledonia Sci Total Environ 301 2003 251 261
12. T.H. Behra, S.K. Panda, and H.K. Patra Chromium ion induced lipid peroxidation in developing wheat seedlings: role of growth hormones India J Plant Physiol 4 1999 236 238
13. A.K. Bera, Kanta-Bokaria, and K. Bokaria Effect of tannery effluent on seed germination, seedling growth and chloroplast pigment content in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) Environ Ecol 17 4 1999 958 961
14. P.A. Biacs, H.G. Daood, and I. Kadar Effect of Mo, Se, Zn, and Cr treatments on the yield, element concentration, and carotenoid content of carrot J Agric Food Chem 43 1995 589 591
15. C.C. Biddappa, and M.G. Bopaiah Effect of heavy metals on the distribution of P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients in the cellular constituents of coconut leaf J Plantation Crops 17 1989 1 9
16. N.R. Bishnoi, L.K. Chugh, and S.K. Sawhney Effect of chromium on photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings J Plant Physiol 142 1993 25 30
17. N.R. Bishnoi, A. Dua, V.K. Gupta, and S.K. Sawhney Effect of chromium on seed germination, seedling growth and yield of peas Agric Ecosyst Environ 47 1993 47 57
18. A. Bonet, C. Poschenrieder, and J. Barcelo Chromium III-iron interaction in Fe-deficient and Fe-sufficient bean plants. I. Growth and nutrient content J Plant Nutr 14 1991 403 414
19. B. Boonyapookana, E.S. Upatham, M. Kruatrachue, P. Pokethitiyook, and S. Singhakaew Phytoaccumulation and phytotoxicity of cadmium and chromium in duckweed Wolffia globosa Int J Phytoremed 4 2002 87 100
20. S.L. Brauer, and K.E. Wetterhahn Chromium (VI) forms thiolate complex with glutathione J Am Chem Soc 113 1991 3001 3007
21. S.L. Brauer, A.S. Hneihen, J.S. McBride, and K.E. Wetterhahn Chromium (VI) forms thiolate complexes with glutamylcysteine, N-acetylcysteine, and methyl ester of N-acetylcysteine Inorg Chem 35 1996 373 381
22. S.W. Breckle Growth under stress: heavy metals Y. Waisel A. Eshel U. Kafkafi Plant Root: The Hidden Half 1991 Marcel Dekker NY, USA 351 373
23. E.E. Cary, W.H. Allaway, and O.E. Olsen Control of chromium concentrations in food plants: 2. Chemistry of chromium in soils and its availability to plants J Agric Food Chem 25 1977 305 309
24. E.E. Cary, W.H. Allaway, and O.E. Olsen Control of chromium concentration in food plants: I. Absorption and translocation of chromium by plants J Agric Food Chem 25 1977 300 304
25. C. Cervantes, J.C. Garcia, S. Devars, F.G. Corona, H.L. Tavera, and J.Carlos Torres-guzman Interactions of chromium with micro-organisms and plants FEMS Microbiol Rev 25 2001 335 347
26. P. Chandra, S. Sinha, and U.N. Rai Bioremediation of Cr from water and soil by vascular aquatic plants E.L. Kruger T.A. Anderson J.R. Coats Phytoremediation of Soil and Water Contaminants ACS Symposium Series vol. 664 1997 American Chemical Society Washington, DC 274 282
27. R.L. Chaney, M. Malik, Y.M. Li, S.L. Brown, J.S. Angle, and A.J.M. Baker Phytoremediation of soil metals Curr Opin Biotechnol 8 1997 279 284
28. J. Chatterjee, and C. Chatterjee Phytotoxicity of cobalt, chromium and copper in cauliflower Environ Pollut 109 2000 69 74
29. Y.X. Chen, Z.X. Zhu, and Z.Y. He Pollution behaviour of organic Cr(III) complexes in soil-plant system Chin J Appl Ecol 5 1994 187 191
30. N.C. Chen, S. Kanazawa, T. Horiguchi, and N.C. Chen Effect of chromium on some enzyme activities in the wheat rhizosphere Soil Microorg 55 2001 3 10
31. H. Clijsters, and F. Van Assche Inhibition of photosynthesis by heavy metals Photosynth Res 7 1985 31 40
32. M.G. Corradi, A. Bianchi, and A. Albasini Chromium toxicity in Salivia sclarea: I. Effects of hexavalent chromium on seed germination and seedling development Environ Exp Bot 33 1993 405 413
33. F.T. Davies, J.D. Puryear, R.J. Newton, J.N. Egilla, and J.A.S. Grossi Mycorrhizal fungi enhance accumulation and tolerance of chromium in sunflower (Helianthus annuus) J Plant Physiol 158 2001 777 786
34. F.T. Davies, J.D. Puryear, R.J. Newton, J.N. Egilla, and J.A.S. Grossi Mycorrhizal fungi increase chromium uptake by sunflower plants: influence on tissue mineral concentration, growth, and gas exchange J Plant Nutr 25 2002 2389 2407
35. G.A. Desmet, de Ruyter, and A. Rigoet Absorption and metabolism of Cr(VI) by isolated chloroplasts Phytochemisty 14 1975 2585 2588
36. K.J. Dietz, N. Tavakoli, C. Kluge, T. Mimura, S.S. Sharma, and G.C. Harris Significance of the V-type ATPase for the adaptation to stressful growth conditions and its regulation on the molecular and biochemical level J Exp Bot 52 2001 1969 1980
37. V. Dixit, V. Pandey, and R. Shyam Chromium ions inactivate electron transport and enhance superoxide generation in vivo in pea (Pisum sativum L.cv. Azad) root mitochondria Plant Cell Environ 25 2002 687 690
38. C.D. Foy, R.L. Chaney, and M.C. White The physiology of metal toxicity in plants Ann Rev Plant Physiol 29 1978 511 566
39. D.L. Goldbold, and C. Kettner Use of root elongation studies to determine aluminium and lead toxicity in Piea abies seedlings J Plant Physiol 138 1991 231 235
40. S.E. Golovatyj, E.N. Bogatyreva, and S.E. Golovatyi Effect of levels of chromium content in a soil on its distribution in organs of corn plants Soil Res Fert 1999 197 204
41. V.P. Grubinger, W.H. Gutenmann, G.J. Doss, M. Rutzke, and D.J. Lisk Chromium in Swiss chard grown on soil amended with tannery meal fertilizer Chemosphere 28 1994 717 720
42. K. Gupta, R. Mehta, N. Kumar, and D.S. Dahiya Effect of chromium (VI) on phosphorus fractions in developing sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus L.) Crop Res 20 2000 46 51
43. E.A. Gwozdz, R. Przymusinski, R. Rucinska, and J. Deckert Plant cell responses to heavy metals: molecular and physiological aspects Acta Physiol Plant 19 1997 459 465
44. J. Hanus, and J. Tomas An investigation of chromium content and its uptake from soil in white mustard Acta Fytotech 48 1993 39 47
45. T. Hara, and Y. Sonoda Comparison of the toxicity of heavy metals to cabbage growth Plant Soil 51 1979 127 133
46. L. Hopkins, J. Malcolm, and Hawkesford S-supply, free sulphur and free amino acid pools in potato (Solanum tuberosum l. Cv Desiree) C. Brunold Sulphur Nutrition and Sulfur Assimilation in Higher Plants 2000 259 261
47. E.W.D. Huffman Jr., and H.W. Allaway Chromium in plants: distribution in tissues, organelles, and extracts and availability of bean leaf Cr to animals J Agric Food Chem 21 1973 982 986
48. E.W.D. Huffman Jr., and W.H. Allaway Growth of plants in solution culture containing low levels of chromium Plant Physiol 52 1973 72 75
49. M.Z. Iqbal, S. Saeeda, and Muhammad Shafiq Effects of chromium on an important arid tree (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) of Karachi city, Pakistan Ekol Bratislava 20 2001 414 422
50. R. Jain, S. Srivastava, V.K. Madan, and R. Jain Influence of chromium on growth and cell division of sugarcane Indian J Plant Physiol 5 2000 228 231
51. B.R. James The challenge of remediating chromium-contaminated soils Environ Sci Technol 30 1996 248A 251A
52. V. Jetly, and A.K. Srivastava Monitoring of chromium phytotoxicity in some crops: effect on seed germination and seedling growth Soc Adv Bot 23 1995 273 279
53. Q. Jin-Hong, Q.A. Zayed, Zhu YongLiang, Yu Mei, N. Terry, and J.H. Qian Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants: III. Uptake and accumulation of ten trace elements by twelve plant species J Environ Qual 28 1999 1448 1455
54. G.W. Joseph, R.A. Merrilee, and E. Raymond Comparative toxicities of six heavy metals using root elongation and shoot growth in three plant species The symposium on environmental toxicology and risk assessment, Atlanta, GA, USA 1995 26 29
55. N. Karagiannidis, and S. Hadjisavva Zinoviadi The mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae enhances growth, yield and chemical composition of a durum wheat variety in 10 different soils Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 52 1998 1 7
56. S. Karunyal, G. Renuga, and K. Paliwal Effects of tannery effluent on seed germination, leaf area, biomass and mineral content of some plants Bioresour Technol 47 1994 215 218
57. A.G. Khan Relationships between chromium bio magnification ratio, accumulation factor, and mycorrhizae in plants growing on tannery effluent-polluted soil Environ Int 26 2001 417 423
58. A.G. Khan, C. Kuek, T.M. Chaudhry, C.S. Khoo, and W.J. Hayes Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation Chemosphere 41 2000 197 207
59. S. Khan, S.M. Ullah, and K.S. Sarwar Interaction of chromium and copper with nutrient elements in rice (Oryza sativa cv. BR-11) Bull Inst Trop Agric, Kyushu Univ 23 2001 35 39
60. D.E. Kimbrough, Y. Cohen, A.M. Winer, L. Creelman, and C. Mabuni A critical assessment of chromium in the environment Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 29 1999 1 46
61. K. Kocik, and J. Ilavsky Effect of Sr and Cr on the quantity and quality of the biomass of field crops Production and utilization of agricultural and forest biomass for energy: Proceedings of a seminar held at Zvolen, Slovakia 1994 168 178
62. J. Kotas, and Z. Stasicka Commentary: chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation Environ Pollut 107 2000 263 283
63. Z. Krupa, and T. Baszynski Some aspects of heavy metals toxicity towards photosynthetic apparatus-direct and indirect effects on light and dark reactions Acta Physiol Plant 17 1995 177 190
64. A. McAuley, and M.A. Olatunji Metal ion oxidations in solution. Part XVIII. Characterization rates, and mechanisms of formation of the intermediates in the oxidation of thiols by chromium (VI) Can J Chem 55 1977 3328 3334
65. A. McAuley, and M.A. Olatunji Metal ion oxidations in solution. Part XIX. Redox pathways in the oxidation of penicillamine and glutathione by chromium (VI) Can J Chem 55 1977 3335 3340
66. S.P. McGrath The uptake and translocation of tri- and hexavalent chromium and effects on the growth of oat in flowing nutrient solution and in soil New Phytol 92 1982 381 390
67. B. Mei, J.D. Puryear, and R.J. Newton Assessment of Cr tolerance and accumulation in selected plant species Plant Soil 247 2002 223 231
68. S. Mishra, K. Shanker, M.M. Srivastava, S. Srivastava, R. Shrivastav, and S. Dass A study on the uptake of trivalent and hexavalent chromium by paddy (Oryza sativa): possible chemical modifications in rhizosphere Agric Ecosyst Environ 62 1997 53 58
69. R. Moral, J. Navarro Pedreno, I. Gomez, and J. Mataix Effects of chromium on the nutrient element content and morphology of tomato J Plant Nutr 18 1995 815 822
70. R. Moral, I. Gomez, J.N. Pedreno, and J. Mataix Absorption of Cr and effects on micronutrient content in tomato plant (Lycopersicum esculentum M.) Agrochimica 40 1996 132 138
71. P.B. Nichols, J.D. Couch, and S.H. Al Hamdani Selected physiological responses of Salvinia minima to different chromium concentrations Aquat Bot 68 2000 313 319
72. G. Noctor, A.C.M. Arisi, L. Jouanin, and C.H. Foyer Manipulation of glutathione and amino acids biosynthesis in the chloroplast Plant Physiol 118 1998 471 482
73. J.O. Nriagu Production and uses of chromium Chromium in natural and human environment 1988 John Wiley and Sons New York, USA 81 105
74. E. Ottabbong Chemistry of Cr in some Swedish soil. III. Assessment of Cr toxicity and Cr×P interactions in rye grass (Lolium perenne) Acta Agric Scand 39 1989 139 147
75. E. Ottabbong Chemistry of Cr in some Swedish soil: II. Fate and impact of added Cr on pH and stutus of soluble Mn in four soils Acta Agric Scand 39 1989 131 138
76. 4 on uptake and translocation of Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Al by rye grass (Lolium perenne) Acta Agric Scand 39 1989 149 157
77. S.K. Panda, and H.K. Patra Nitrate and ammonium ions effect on the chromium toxicity in developing wheat seedlings P Natl Acad Sci India B 70 2000 75 80
78. P.D. Parr, and F.G. Taylor Jr. Germination and growth effects of hexavalent chromium in Orocol TL (a corrosion inhibitor) on Phaseolus vulgaris Environ Int 7 1982 197 202
79. N.J.I. Pedreno, R. Gomez, G. Moral, J. Palacios, and J. Mataix Heavy metals and plant nutrition and development Recent Res Dev Phytochem 1 1997 173 179
80. J.R. Peralta, J.L. Gardea Torresdey, K.J. Tiemann, E. Gomez, S. Arteaga, and E. Rascon Uptake and effects of five heavy metals on seed germination and plant growth in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) L. B Environ Contam Toxicol 66 6 2001 727 734
81. S.V. Pillay Biochemical changes in Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit and Helianthus annuus L. in response to chromium treatment J Phytol Res 7 1994 165 167
82. C. Poschenrieder, B. Gunse, and J. Barcelo Chromium-induced inhibition of ethylene evolution in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves Physiol Plant 89 1993 404 408
83. M.N.V. Prasad Metal-biomolecule complexes in plants: occurrence, functions, and applications Analusis 26 1998 28
84. M.N.V. Prasad, M. Greger, and T. Landberg Acacia nilotica L. bark removes toxic elements from solution: corroboration from toxicity bioassay using Salix viminalis L. in hydroponic system Int J Phytoremed 3 2001 289 300
85. I.D. Pulford, C. Watson, and S.D. McGregor Uptake of chromium by trees: prospects for phytoremediation Environ Geochem Health 23 2001 307 311
86. V. Ramachandran, T.J. D'Souza, and K.B. Mistry Uptake and transport of chromium in plants J Nucl Agric Biol 9 1980 126 129
87. W.E. Rauser The structure and function of metal chelators produced by plants Cell Biol Biophys 31 1999 19 48
88. G.R. Rout, S. Samantaray, and P. Das Differential chromium tolerance among eight mungbean cultivars grown in nutrient culture J Plant Nutr 20 1997 473 483
89. G.R. Rout, S. Samantaray, and P. Das Chromium, nickel and zinc tolerance in Leucaena leucocephala (K8) Silvae Genet 48 1999 151 157
90. G.R. Rout, S. Sanghamitra, and P. Das Effects of chromium and nickel on germination and growth in tolerant and non-tolerant populations of Echinochloa colona (L.) Chemosphere 40 2000 855 859
91. O. Saltabas, and G. Akcin Removal of chromium, copper and nickel by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Toxicol Environ Chem 41 1994 131 134
92. S. Samantaray Biochemical responses of Cr-tolerant and Cr-sensitive mung bean cultivars grown on varying levels of chromium Chemosphere 47 2002 1065 1072
93. S. Samantaray, G.R. Rout, and P. Das Studies on differential tolerance of mungbean cultivars to metalliferous minewastes Agribiol Res 52 1999 193 201
94. S. Samantaray, G.R. Rout, and P. Das Induction, selection and characterization of Cr and Ni-tolerant cell lines of Echinochloa colona (L.) in vitro J Plant Physiol 158 2001 1281 1290
95. Schmöger, MEV. Phytochelatins: Complexation of Metals and Metalloids, Studies on the Phytochelatin Synthase. PhD Thesis, Munich University of Technology (TUM), Munich, Germany; 2001
96. A.K. Sen, N.G. Mondal, and S. Mandal Toxic effects of chromium (VI) on the plant Salvinia natans L. Environ Ecol 12 1994 279 283
97. H. Shahandeh, and L.R. Hossner Enhancement of Cr(III) phytoaccumulation Int J Phytoremed 2 2000 269 286
98. H. Shahandeh, and L.R. Hossner Plant screening for chromium phytoremediation Int J Phytoremed 2 2000 31 51
99. Shanker, AK. Physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of chromium toxicity and tolerance in selected crops and tree species. PhD Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 2003.
100. Shanker, AK. Plasma Membrane H+ ATPase and Fe(III) Reductase: Key Enzymes When Engineering Tolerance to Chromium Speciation Stress in Plants. Paper in BIOHORIZON 2004 6th National Symposium on Biochemical engineering and biotechnogy Held at Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 12th-13th March 2004.
101. A.K. Shanker, and G. Pathmanabhan Speciation dependant antioxidative response in roots and leaves of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv CO 27) under Cr(III) and Cr(VI) stress Plant Soil 265 2004 141 151
102. Shanker AK, Sudhagar R, Pathmanabhan G. Growth, Phytochelatin SH and antioxidative response of Sunflower as affected by chromium speciation. 2nd International Congress of Plant Physiology on sustainable plant productivity under changing environment, New Delhi, India, 2003a.
103. Shanker AK, Djanaguiraman M, Pathmanabhan G, Sudhagar R, Avudainayagam S. Uptake and phytoaccumulation of chromium by selected tree species. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment held in Bhopal, M.P. India, 2003b.
104. A.K. Shanker, M. Djanaguiraman, R. Sudhagar, C.N. Chandrashekar, and G. Pathmanabhan Differential antioxidative response of ascorbate glutathione pathway enzymes and metabolites to chromium speciation stress in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, cv CO 4) roots Plant Sci 166 2004 1035 1043
105. A.K. Shanker, M. Djanaguiraman, R. Sudhagar, Jayaram, and G. Pathmanabhan Expression of metallothionein 3 (MT3) like protein mRNA in Sorghum cultivars under chromium (VI) stress Curr Sci 86 7 2004 901 902
106. Shanker, AK, Ravichandran, V, Pathmanabhan, G. Phytoaccumulation of chromium by some multi purpose tree seedlings. Agroforestry Systems; in press.
107. D.C. Sharma, and S.C. Mehrotra Chromium toxicity effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv HD 2204) Indian J Environ Health 35 1993 330 332
108. D.C. Sharma, and R.C. Pant Chromium uptake and its effects on certain plant nutrients in maize (Zea mays L. cv Ganga 5) J Environ Sci Health A 29 1994 941 948
109. D.C. Sharma, and C.P. Sharma Chromium uptake and its effects on growth and biological yield of wheat Cereal Res Commun 21 1993 317 321
110. D.C. Sharma, and C.P. Sharma Chromium uptake and toxicity effects on growth and metabolic activities in wheat, Triticum aestivum L. cv. UP 2003 Indian J Exp Biol 34 1996 689 691
111. P.R. Shewry, and J.P. Peterson The uptake of chromium by barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) J Exp Bot 25 1974 785 797
112. P. Singaram Removal of chromium from tannery effluent by using water weeds Indian J Environ Health 36 1994 197 199
113. A.K. Singh Effect of trivalent and hexavalent chromium on spinach (Spinacea oleracea L) Environ Ecol 19 2001 807 810
114. R.A. Skeffington, P.R. Shewry, and P.J. Petersen Chromium uptake and transport in barley seedlings Hordeum vulgare Planta 132 1976 209 214
115. M.M. Srivastava, A. Juneja, S. Dass, R. Srivastava, S. Srivastava, and S. Mishra Studies on the uptake of trivalent and hexavalent chromium by onion (Allium cepa) Chem Speciat Bioavailab 6 1994 27 30
116. S. Srivastava, R. Nigam, S. Prakash, and M.M. Srivastava Mobilization of trivalent chromium in presence of organic acids: a hydroponic study of wheat plant (Triticum vulgare) B Environ Contam Toxicol 63 1999 524 530
117. S. Srivastava, S. Prakash, and M.M. Srivastava Chromium mobilization and plant availability-the impact of organic complexing ligands Plant Soil 212 1999 203 208
118. P. Sujatha, and A. Gupta Tannery effluent characteristics and its effects on agriculture J Ecotoxicol Environ Monit 6 1996 45 48
119. M.R. Suseela, S. Sinha, S. Singh, and R. Saxena Accumulation of chromium and scanning electron microscopic studies in scirpus lacustris l. treated with metal and tannery effluent Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 68 2002 540 548
120. S.R. Tang, B.M. Wilke, R.R. Brooks, and S.R. Tang Heavy-metal uptake by metal-tolerant Elsholtzia haichowensis and Commelina communis from China Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32 5-6 2001 895 905
121. L.S.D. Toppi, F. Fossati, R. Musetti, I. Mikerezi, and M.A. Favali Effects of hexavalent chromium on maize, tomato, and cauliflower plants J Plant Nutr 25 2002 701 717
122. A.K. Tripathi, Sadhna Tripathi, and S. Tripathi Changes in some physiological and biochemical characters in Albizia lebbek as bio-indicators of heavy metal toxicity J Environ Biol 20 1999 93 98
123. M.A. Turner, and R.H. Rust Effects of chromium on growth and mineral nutrition of soybeans Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 35 1971 755 758
124. Vajpayee, P, Rai, UN, Sinha, S, Tripathi, RD, Chandra, P. Bioremediation of tannery effluent by aquatic macrophytes. Bull Environ Cont Toxicol,, 1995; 55:546-53[23].
125. P. Vajpayee, S.C. Sharma, R.D. Tripathi, U.N. Rai, and M. Yunus Bioaccumulation of chromium and toxicity to photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase activity and protein content of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn Chemosphere 39 1999 2159 2169
126. P. Vajpayee, R.D. Tripathi, U.N. Rai, M.B. Ali, and S.N. Singh Chromium (VI) accumulation reduces chlorophyll biosynthesis, nitrate reductase activity and protein content in Nymphaea alba L Chemosphere 41 2000 1075 1082
127. P. Vajpayee, U.N. Rai, M.B. Ali, R.D. Tripathi, V. Yadav, and S. Sinha Chromium induced physiological changes in Vallisneria spiralis L and its role in phytoremediation of tannery effluent Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67 2 2001 246 256
128. F. Van Assche, and H. Clijsters Multiple effects of heavy metals on photosynthesis R. Marcelle Effects of stress on photosynthesis 1983 Nijhoff/Junk The Hague 371 382
129. M.D. Vazques, Ch. Poschenrieder, and J. Barcelo Chromium (VI) induced structural changes in bush bean plants Ann Bot 59 1987 427 438
130. R.A. Wahaab, H.J. Lubberding, G.J. Alaerts, and F. El Gohary Copper and chromium (III) uptake by duckweed Water Sci Technol 32 1995 105 110
131. A. Wallace, S.M. Soufi, J.W. Cha, and E.M. Romney Some effects of chromium toxicity on bush bean plants grown in soil Plant Soil 44 1976 471 473
132. S. Wolfgang Influence of chromium(III) on root-associated Fe(III) reductase in Plantago lanceolata L J Exp Bot 47 1996 805 810
133. P. Zaccheo, P.L. Genevini, and S. Cocucci Chromium ions toxicity on the membrane transport mechanism in segments of maize seedling roots J Plant Nutr 5 1982 1217 1227
134. P. Zaccheo, M. Cocucci, and S. Cocucci Effects of Cr on proton extrusion, potassium uptake and transmembrane electric potential in maize root segments Plant Cell Environ 8 1985 721 726
135. A. Zayed, and N. Terry Chromium in the environment: factors affecting biological remediation Plant Soil 249 2003 139 156
136. A. Zayed, C.M. Lytle, Q. Jin-Hong, N. Terry, and J.H. Qian Chromium accumulation, translocation and chemical speciation in vegetable crops Planta 206 1998 293 299
137. I.M. Zeid Responses of Phaseolus vulgaris to chromium and cobalt treatments Biol Plant 44 2001 111 115
138. E. Zlatareva, N. Nikolov, and A. Nikolaev Uptake of Cr(III) by alfalfa depending on pH and the level of pollution of the soil Pochvoznanie Agrokhimiya Ekologiya 34 1999 49 53
139. R. Zurayk, B. Sukkariyah, and R. Baalbaki Common hydrophytes as bioindicators of nickel, chromium and cadmium pollution Water Air Soil Pollut 127 2001 373 388