Education, Indoctrination, and Incitement: Palestinian Children on Their Way to Martyrdom

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Burdman, Daphne ^a,b,c  

^a American Board of Psychiatrists   (United States)

^b American Board of Pathologists   (United States)

^c HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1942540594     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550312331292977     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. See Mike Collett-White, Reuter report: 12 June 2001.
2. Raphael Israeli, (ed.), PLO in Lebanon: Selected Documents (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1983).
3. Daoud Kuttab, 'A Profile of the Stonethrowers', Journal of Palestine Studies 17/3 (1988) and Jonathan Kuttab, The Children's Revolt', Journal of Palestine Studies 17/4 (1988).
4. Daoud Kuttab, 'A Profile of the Stonethrowers', Journal of Palestine Studies 17/3 (1988) and Jonathan Kuttab, The Children's Revolt', Journal of Palestine Studies 17/4 (1988).
5. Personal discussion with Dr Yohanan Manor of CMIP (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace).
6. Interview with Ziad Sharia at Netherlands Representative Office to the Palestinian Authority at El Birrha, Ramalla, West Bank on 4 April 2000.
7. Press Release from Francois Zimeray, Member of European Parliament for France. Dec. 2001. Controversy about new books culminated in Amendment 177 to prevent funding of antipeace projects.
8. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
9. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
10. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
11. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
12. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
13. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
14. 'Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks' (Center for Monitoring the Impact of Peace, (CMIP) 25 Keren Hayesod Street, Jerusalem 94188, Israel and 477 Madison Avenue, 10th Floor, New York, N.Y. 10022, USA). Sept. 1998; CMIP is an Israeli NGO. The Report was based on 140 textbooks in use in 1998 in Palestinian Authority school textbooks, hereafter referred to as pre-2000 textbooks. These had originated from Egypt and Jordan in 1948, and since the Oslo Accords have been published for the present PA Ministry of Education by Jordanian authorities. Of the 140 books reviewed, 39 were selected for translation by four ex-Israel Defense Force official translators. The translated material was surveyed by then Director, Itamar Marcus, who indicates that items selected for inclusion were chosen from peace-sensitive themes and were representative of a larger body of material with similar messages. Traditional Islamic teaching was not under critique even when it portrayed Jews negatively. However, it was included when used as a basis for instilling explicit or hateful political expression as for example: 'Lessons to be learned... One must beware of the Jews, for they are treacherous and disloyal.' ['Islamic Education for Ninth Grade' #589. P79. Issued by the Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority]. Editing of the text material for the report was necessary for the sake of brevity without changing the context. On one occasion, during the preparation of a report for a foreign consulate, translations of excerpts from the CMIP Report were independently verified by this author (D.B.), using an independent translator. Tentative Quantitative Evaluation: seven of the textbooks as reported in a CMIP report were later analyzed quantitatively by me working independently, for the frequency of incitement statements which bears an approximate relationship to their representation in the textbooks. Islamic Education excerpts and Koranic injunctions were deliberately excluded. (See: Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks', http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000, listed under 'Professional Review of the Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guide.). The first of the new textbooks created by the Palestinian Authority Curriculum Committee itself were released Sept. 2000 and are to be introduced in staggered fashion over a period of five years. They are hereafter referred to as post-2000 books. Since then, two analytical reports have been published by CMIP. (See: Itamar Marcus, 'The New Palestinian Authority School Textbooks for Grades One and Six', CMIP). See also Arnon Groiss and Yohanan Manor, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks 2000-2001 and 2001-2002' (CMIP), Nov. 2001. See http://www.imra.org.il, search for CMIP Report 21 Nov. 2001. One of the post-2000 books was evaluated independently by D.B. for a foreign consulate. See Daphne Burdman, 'Analysis of a new textbook of the PalestinianAuthority', in Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Sept. 11 2000. Comparison of this latter with the CMIP report which became available later, for correspondence of the data obtained from our separate Arabic translators, revealed excellent correlation.
15. Itamar Marcus, 'Report: Palestinian Authority Teachers' Guides' (CMIP) March 2000.
16. For example see Itamar Marcus and Ruthie Blum, 'Palestinian Media Watch Special Report #32, http://www.pmw.org.il, search 'Wajdi a 14 year old ...'.
17. 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by and available from Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, N.J. 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com).
18. The videocassette assembled by Itamar Marcus, 'The Anatomy of Child Self-Sacrifice', is available from Palestinian Media Watch, 59 King George Street, Jerusalem, Israel. www.pmw.org.il
19. See Burdman (note 7).
20. See Marcus (note 7) and Groiss and Manor (note 7).
21. Personal discussion with Dr Yohanan Manor Vice-Chairman of CMIP.
22. See note 8.
23. Regarding usage of 'suicide squad' in the English translation: this is the literal translation of the Arabic MAGMU'A INTIHARYA (Egyptian style Arabic would be MAJMU'A INTIHARYA) as affirmed by four separate translators. Use of the word 'suicide' in this context has been objected to as not in keeping with the Islamist philosophy of self-sacrifice for a noble cause, that is, martyrdom. Islamists consider the act of suicide as due to despicable weakness and mental instability, and reject it as insulting and defiling to the self-sacrificial act of the martyr. A possible explanation of the use of the word 'suicide', and review of the translation, was proposed by Raphael Israeli, an expert on Islam, who noted that since the film clip from PA television appeared 7 July 1998 during Fatah preeminence the use of the word 'suicide' at that time may have been less examined and its apparent pejorative aspects less considered, (even though Islam abhors suicide in keeping with the other monotheistic religions). However, from the inception of the 2000 intifada, with increasing prominence of primarily religious-inspired Hamas, and its strictly religious Islamic interpretation of 'martyrdom' as 'sacrifice', this terminology, which additionally serves to provide a more inspiring mass appeal, has been adopted by and become part of the previously essentially nationalist, PA-Fatah armamentarium.
24. For numbers involved in military-style camps for children, see http://www.imra.org.il, search 13 April 2001. See John Burns, 'Palestinian Summer Camp Offers the Games of War', New York Times (3 Aug. 2000); Nadav Shragai, 'The Roots of Palestinian Hatred', Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv: 13 May 2001); Jon Dougherty & David Kupelian, 'Children of the Jihad. Palestinian Kids Raised for War', in WorldNetDaily.com 18/04/01; 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, NJ 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com). Regarding raw tapings of Palestinian classrooms in action, personal communication with David Bedein, Director, Israel Resource News Agency/The Center for Near East Policy Research (Beit Agron Int'I Press Centre, 37 Hillel St., PO Box 2265, Jerusalem, Israel).
25. For numbers involved in military-style camps for children, see http://www.imra.org.il, search 13 April 2001. See John Burns, 'Palestinian Summer Camp Offers the Games of War', New York Times (3 Aug. 2000); Nadav Shragai, 'The Roots of Palestinian Hatred', Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv: 13 May 2001); Jon Dougherty & David Kupelian, 'Children of the Jihad. Palestinian Kids Raised for War', in WorldNetDaily.com 18/04/01; 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, NJ 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com). Regarding raw tapings of Palestinian classrooms in action, personal communication with David Bedein, Director, Israel Resource News Agency/The Center for Near East Policy Research (Beit Agron Int'I Press Centre, 37 Hillel St., PO Box 2265, Jerusalem, Israel).
26. For numbers involved in military-style camps for children, see http://www.imra.org.il, search 13 April 2001. See John Burns, 'Palestinian Summer Camp Offers the Games of War', New York Times (3 Aug. 2000); Nadav Shragai, 'The Roots of Palestinian Hatred', Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv: 13 May 2001); Jon Dougherty & David Kupelian, 'Children of the Jihad. Palestinian Kids Raised for War', in WorldNetDaily.com 18/04/01; 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, NJ 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com). Regarding raw tapings of Palestinian classrooms in action, personal communication with David Bedein, Director, Israel Resource News Agency/The Center for Near East Policy Research (Beit Agron Int'I Press Centre, 37 Hillel St., PO Box 2265, Jerusalem, Israel).
27. For numbers involved in military-style camps for children, see http://www.imra.org.il, search 13 April 2001. See John Burns, 'Palestinian Summer Camp Offers the Games of War', New York Times (3 Aug. 2000); Nadav Shragai, 'The Roots of Palestinian Hatred', Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv: 13 May 2001); Jon Dougherty & David Kupelian, 'Children of the Jihad. Palestinian Kids Raised for War', in WorldNetDaily.com 18/04/01; 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, NJ 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com). Regarding raw tapings of Palestinian classrooms in action, personal communication with David Bedein, Director, Israel Resource News Agency/The Center for Near East Policy Research (Beit Agron Int'I Press Centre, 37 Hillel St., PO Box 2265, Jerusalem, Israel).
28. For numbers involved in military-style camps for children, see http://www.imra.org.il, search 13 April 2001. See John Burns, 'Palestinian Summer Camp Offers the Games of War', New York Times (3 Aug. 2000); Nadav Shragai, 'The Roots of Palestinian Hatred', Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv: 13 May 2001); Jon Dougherty & David Kupelian, 'Children of the Jihad. Palestinian Kids Raised for War', in WorldNetDaily.com 18/04/01; 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, NJ 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com). Regarding raw tapings of Palestinian classrooms in action, personal communication with David Bedein, Director, Israel Resource News Agency/The Center for Near East Policy Research (Beit Agron Int'I Press Centre, 37 Hillel St., PO Box 2265, Jerusalem, Israel).
29. For numbers involved in military-style camps for children, see http://www.imra.org.il, search 13 April 2001. See John Burns, 'Palestinian Summer Camp Offers the Games of War', New York Times (3 Aug. 2000); Nadav Shragai, 'The Roots of Palestinian Hatred', Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv: 13 May 2001); Jon Dougherty & David Kupelian, 'Children of the Jihad. Palestinian Kids Raised for War', in WorldNetDaily.com 18/04/01; 'Jihad for Kids!', videocassette produced by Peace for Generations (P.O.Box 55, Union, NJ 07083-0055, USA, peace4gen@aol.com). Regarding raw tapings of Palestinian classrooms in action, personal communication with David Bedein, Director, Israel Resource News Agency/The Center for Near East Policy Research (Beit Agron Int'I Press Centre, 37 Hillel St., PO Box 2265, Jerusalem, Israel).
30. Human Rights Watch. 'Erased in A Moment: Suicide Bombing Attacks Against Israeli Civilians. Part IV. LEGAL STANDARDS', www.hrw.org, Report released on 1 Nov. 2002. It is to be noted that quoted sources define 'children' as those under age 18, in conformity with UN General Assembly 'Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child'.
31. See note 11.
32. Fouad Moughrabi, 'A Nation at Risk: The Impact of Violence on Palestinian Children', in http://www.gcmhp.net/File_files/NationAtRisk.html.
33. Spokesperson Information Branch, list of Suicide Bombers, by my request of 3 Nov. 2002.
34. Human Rights Watch Report, Appendix One: Chronology of Attacks, www.hrw.org.
35. Human Rights Watch Report, Part V. STRUCTURES AND STRATEGIES OF THE PERPETRATOR ORGANIZATIONS. Therein see 'Recruitment and Use of Children', http://www.hrw.org.
36. Ariel Merari. Tamar Prat, David Tal, 'The Palestinian Intifada: An Analysis of a Popular Uprising after Seven Months', in Terrorism and Political Violence 1/2 (April 1989) pp. 177-201.
37. See Daoud Kuttab (note 3).
38. Itamar Marcus, 'Arafat tells young children to be Shahids ['Martyrs']', http://www.pmw.org.il 21 Aug. 2002.
39. Nasra Hassan quoted by Daniel Pipes. 'Arafat's Suicide Factory', New York Post, 9 Dec., 2001.
40. IDF Spokesperson Information Branch, 'Background Information' Aggregate of statistical sheets on Suicide Bombers of Hamas, of Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, of Islamic Jihad, and of Fatah, giving a total of 125 Suicide Bombers: updated to May 2002. IDF Spokesperson announcement of 29 Nov. 2002, indicated 15 suicide attacks averted in past one week, as reported by imra@netvision.net.il, 29 Nov. 2002.
41. Arutz-7reporting on 'Coalition Against Terrorism'. See 〈arutz-7@IsraelNationalNews.com〉 or 〈www.cat2002.org〉
42. This material published with the permission of Itamar Marcus from PMW covers some content of Special Report #32 referred to in note 9.
43. See note 9.
44. Eyad Elsarraj, 'Palestinian Children and Violence', Palestine-Israel Journal 4/1 (1997) pp.12-15.
45. See Robert E Schell and Elizabeth Hall, Developmental Psychology Today (New York: Random House 1983), pp.71-3 citing Klaus Riegel who in an 'American Dialectical View' proposes that following Piaget's fourth stage of formal operations, a fifth stage follows in which the person can further develop to accept contradiction as both essential and constructive in what he calls the stage of dialectical operations.
46. See note 33, p.72, and p.437.
47. Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism (University of California Press 2002). See Introduction p.xv for concepts of Jihad and neo-Jihad. For further in-depth explanation see pp.54-56. See also Avraham Sela (ed.), Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd 1999). It is to be emphasized that the worldwide population (now 1.2 billion) Muslims have not related to nor put into practice over many hundreds of years, these militant Koranic directives to violence and martyrdom which were resurrected since the 1960s by Islamic extremists (now termed 'Islamists' to delineate them from the mainstream).
48. Bassam Tibi, The Challenge of Fundamentalism (University of California Press 2002). See Introduction p.xv for concepts of Jihad and neo-Jihad. For further in-depth explanation see pp.54-56. See also Avraham Sela (ed.), Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East (Jerusalem: Jerusalem Publishing House Ltd 1999). It is to be emphasized that the worldwide population (now 1.2 billion) Muslims have not related to nor put into practice over many hundreds of years, these militant Koranic directives to violence and martyrdom which were resurrected since the 1960s by Islamic extremists (now termed 'Islamists' to delineate them from the mainstream).
49. Outstanding in the history of the area during the past one hundred years were the encroachment of Western nations as traders, the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the inheritance of its mantle of government by the West in the form of British and French mandates, a growing Zionist community in Palestine, and the concurrent growth of Pan-Arabism, displacement of local populations (many fled, others who were considered dangerous behind Israeli lines had to leave) during the 1947 War of Independence, Palestinian nationalism growing due to disillusionment with Pan-Arabism, and relocation of many persons into refugee camps where they have remained in order to retain the Right of Return accorded to refugee status. See Said Aburish, Children of Bethany (London, Bloomsbury 1991), and Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-49 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1989).
50. Outstanding in the history of the area during the past one hundred years were the encroachment of Western nations as traders, the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the inheritance of its mantle of government by the West in the form of British and French mandates, a growing Zionist community in Palestine, and the concurrent growth of Pan-Arabism, displacement of local populations (many fled, others who were considered dangerous behind Israeli lines had to leave) during the 1947 War of Independence, Palestinian nationalism growing due to disillusionment with Pan-Arabism, and relocation of many persons into refugee camps where they have remained in order to retain the Right of Return accorded to refugee status. See Said Aburish, Children of Bethany (London, Bloomsbury 1991), and Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem 1947-49 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1989).
51. For different aspects of this subject see Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process' (Israel: Ariel Centre for Policy Research Publishers 1999), and Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press 1997).
52. For different aspects of this subject see Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process' (Israel: Ariel Centre for Policy Research Publishers 1999), and Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press 1997).
53. See 'Jews, Israel and Peace in the Palestinian Authority Textbooks and High School Final Examinations: A Complementary Report, Oct. 2002'. http://www.edume.org; also, Palestinian National Education for Second Grade, p.21 in Marcus, Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks (Jerusalem: CMTP 1998) p. 16.
54. See 'Jews, Israel and Peace in the Palestinian Authority Textbooks and High School Final Examinations: A Complementary Report, Oct. 2002'. http://www.edume.org; also, Palestinian National Education for Second Grade, p.21 in Marcus, Report: Palestinian Authority School Textbooks (Jerusalem: CMTP 1998) p. 16.
55. See note 7.
56. For 'operant conditioning' see Rita Atkinson, Richard Atkinson & Ernest Hilgard, Introduction to Psychology (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. Inc. 8th Edition, 1983) pp.200-8. For 'social learning theory' see pp.318-21.
57. See Atkinson (note 40) p.320.
58. See note 41. See also 'Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties' (Bethesda: National Institutes of Mental Health Report 1982).
59. See note 41. See also 'Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the eighties' (Bethesda: National Institutes of Mental Health Report 1982).
60. Herbert Fensterheim and Herbert Birch, 'A Case Study of Group Ideology and Individual Adjustment', Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45 (1950) pp.710-20.
61. Raija-Leena Punamaki, Childhood Under Conflict. The Attitudes and Emotional Life of Israeli and Palestinian Children (Finland: Tampere Peace Research Institute Report No. 32, 1987), p.29.
62. Lewis Wolberg, M.D. in The Technique of Psychotherapy Part 1, p.29 (New York: Grune and Stratton Inc. 1977).
63. Regarding therapeutic effects of entry, see Marc Galanter, M.D., Ed. CULTS, And New Religious Movements: A Report of the American Psychiatric Association (Washington: American Psychiatric Association 1989) p.128. Regarding failures of deprogramming see p.241.
64. Regarding alienated youth seeking groups see Jerrold Post, 'Rewarding Fire with Fire: Effects of Retaliation on Terrorist Group Dynamics,' Terrorism 10 (1987) pp.23-36.
65. For discussion on coercion versus persuasion see Price, Gickstein, Horton and Bailey, Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston 1982) pp.510-11, in which are also cited Thomas Szasz, 'Patty Hearst's conversion: Some call it brainwashing' The New Republic 174 (1976) pp.10-12 and R. J. Lifton, Thought reform and the psychology of totalism: A study of brainwashing in China (New York: Norton 1963).
66. For discussion on coercion versus persuasion see Price, Gickstein, Horton and Bailey, Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston 1982) pp.510-11, in which are also cited Thomas Szasz, 'Patty Hearst's conversion: Some call it brainwashing' The New Republic 174 (1976) pp.10-12 and R. J. Lifton, Thought reform and the psychology of totalism: A study of brainwashing in China (New York: Norton 1963).
67. For discussion on coercion versus persuasion see Price, Gickstein, Horton and Bailey, Principles of Psychology (New York: Holt, Rhinehart, and Winston 1982) pp.510-11, in which are also cited Thomas Szasz, 'Patty Hearst's conversion: Some call it brainwashing' The New Republic 174 (1976) pp.10-12 and R. J. Lifton, Thought reform and the psychology of totalism: A study of brainwashing in China (New York: Norton 1963).
68. Regarding 'persuasion' changing attitudes, see note 48, Price, Glickstein, Horton & Bailey, pp.504-5; regarding evidence of usage of 'coercion' see also the following sources: Elsaraj (note 32); reference from official PA newspaper Al HayatAl Jadeda 27 Oct. 2000 at www.pmw.org.il/advisory- 071100.htm; http://www.jordantimes.com/Wed/news/news5.htm. This also quoted in Agence French-Presse.
69. Regarding 'persuasion' changing attitudes, see note 48, Price, Glickstein, Horton & Bailey, pp.504-5; regarding evidence of usage of 'coercion' see also the following sources: Elsaraj (note 32); reference from official PA newspaper Al HayatAl Jadeda 27 Oct. 2000 at www.pmw.org.il/advisory- 071100.htm; http://www.jordantimes.com/Wed/news/news5.htm. This also quoted in Agence French-Presse.
70. Ernest Hilgard, Introduction to Psychology (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 12th Edition, 1996) p.212. He also cites J. C. Ruch, A. H. Morgan & E. R. Hilgard, 'Behavioral predictions from hypnotic responsiveness scores when obtained with and without prior induction procedures', Journal of Abnormal Psychology 82 (1973) pp.543-6
71. Ernest Hilgard, Introduction to Psychology (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 12th Edition, 1996) p.212. He also cites J. C. Ruch, A. H. Morgan & E. R. Hilgard, 'Behavioral predictions from hypnotic responsiveness scores when obtained with and without prior induction procedures', Journal of Abnormal Psychology 82 (1973) pp.543-6
72. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
73. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
74. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
75. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
76. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
77. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
78. Various authors emphasize that light trance is effective including Lewis Wolberg, The Technique of Psychotherapy', Part Two (New York: Grune & Stratton 1977) p.794. Orne states that the 'hypnotic subject appeal's to be in a state of relaxed wakefulness, but not asleep'. See Martin Orne and David Dinges, in Harold Kaplan and Benjamin Sadock (eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry/V (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins 1989) p. 1502. Also, for sources of these definitions see Robert London and Leslie Fortran, 'Hypnosis In Clinical Practice'. Internal Report, New York University Post-Graduate Medical School (New York, Oct. 1977); Diana Elton, Gordon Stanley and Graham Burrows citing 'British Medical Association Report Supplement 1', (1955) p.191, in Psychological Control of Pain (New York: Grune & Stratton 1983) p. 113; Ernest Hilgard cited by Elton et al. in 'Psychological Control of Pain', ibid, p.115; and Milton Erickson, 'Hypnosis in painful terminal illness', American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 1 (1958) pp.117-21.
79. Regarding the concept of suspension of critical judgment please see note 51, Namely Orne quoted in Kaplan and Sadock, p.1514; and Herbert Spiegel, Eye-roll levitation method: Manual for hypnotic induction profile (New York: Soni Medica 1974).
80. See Wolberg (note 51) p.791 and p.794 regarding induction in children by watching an imaginary TV screen.
81. See Willliam Sargant, Battle For The Mind (London and Kent: Invicta Press 1985) pp.92-100, regarding drumming, and regarding what is described as spiritual awakening.
82. See Sargant (note 54) p.79, p.84, and p.92 regarding the place of physiological changes induced by emotions. Also, in this regard this author, Daphne Burdman, a psychiatrist, notes in the clinical psychiatric-diagnostic category of 'panic attack', that the spontaneous eruption of panic is frequently followed by intense fear of returning to the location where the panic attack occurred, by a process of aversive conditioning to the surrounding environment at that moment of hyperactivity of the emotions and of the autonomie nervous system, although the location in itself is irrelevant. Incremental extension of this process leads in some individuals to the crippling condition of agoraphobia.
83. See Wolberg (note 51) p.793.
84. See Moughrabi (note 20); and also Jemal Kanan cited by Moughrabi (note 20). See also Eyad Elsarraj (note 32).
85. Samir Qouta, 'Trauma, Violence and Mental Health: The Palestinian Experience', Ph.D thesis, Vrije University, Amsterdam, 2000. See also Samir Qouta Presentation Revised 16 Aug. 2000 www.gcmhp.net.
86. Samir Qouta, 'Trauma, Violence and Mental Health: The Palestinian Experience', Ph.D thesis, Vrije University, Amsterdam, 2000. See also Samir Qouta Presentation Revised 16 Aug. 2000 www.gcmhp.net.
87. Elsarraj was concerned about the long-term effects of military-type activity on children (note 32), while Qouta after careful investigation considered there to be definite deleterious longterm effects. See note 58.
88. See Elsarraj (note 32).
89. Ofra Ayalon, 'Community Healing for Children Traumatized by War', International Review of Psychiatry 10/3 (Aug. 1998) pp.224-33. Also cited in Moughrabi (note 20).
90. Ofra Ayalon, 'Community Healing for Children Traumatized by War', International Review of Psychiatry 10/3 (Aug. 1998) pp.224-33. Also cited in Moughrabi (note 20).
91. See Moughrabi (note 20).
92. Marina Adjukovic cited in Moughrabi (note 20), regarding the war in Croatia.
93. Mona Macksoud cited in Moughrabi (note 20), regarding use of psychometric screening scales already translated into Arabic by Macksoud and used successfully by her in Lebanon.
94. 'Crisis Intervention Project' in Gaza Community Health Program, www.gcmhp.net.
95. See Ofra Ayalon (note 61). Also cited in Moughrabi (note 20).
96. Brian Barber, 'Palestinian Children and Adolescents during and after the Intifada', Palestine-Israel Journal 411 (1997) pp.23-33.
97. See Elsarraj (note 32).
98. See Galanter (note 46) p.241.
99. See Sargant (note 54).
100. Bernard Saper, 'On Learning Terrorism', Terrorism 11 (1988), pp. 13-27.
101. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
102. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating
103. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
104. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
105. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
106. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
107. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
108. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
109. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
110. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
111. A representative selection of commentaries and analyses are to be found among the following references: Lee Hockstader, 'Israel Not On Map in Palestinian Textbooks', Washington Post (3 Sept. 2000); Deborah Sontag, '"A" is for Arafat, "B" is for Bethlehem, Skip Zion', New York Times (7 Sept. 2000); David Bedein, 'Muhammad and Meira Begin First Grade', Israel Resource Review, http://www.IsraelBehindTheNews.com, search Aug. 31 2000; J Taraby, 'Palestinian Schoobooks Under Fire', Associated Press Staffer, in Israel Resource Review (4 Oct. 2000) Website ibid; N. Brown. 'Palestinian Authority Textbooks: Another View', Israel Resource Review (3 Dec 2001), Website ibid and nbrown@gwu.edu; M. Kaiman & R. Krause, 'New Schoolbooks Omit Israel: Report on New Palestinian School Textbooks', National Post of Canada. Reuters (25 Nov. 2001); Press Release, 'Jews, Israel and Peace in Palestinian School Textbooks in the Years 2000-2001', http.//www.imra.org.il, search for Shikaki poll (21 Nov. 2001); Ramzzi Rihan, The Palestinian Educational Development Plan' Palestine-Israel Journal 8/2 (2001) pp.19-33; Raphael Israeli, 'Education, Identity, State Building and the Peace Process: Educating Palestinian Children in the Post-Oslo Era', Terrorism and Political Violence 12/1 (Spring 2000) pp.79-94; Shlomo Sharan, 'Israel and the Jews in the Schoolbooks of the Palestinian Authority', Policy Paper 58 (Israel: The Ariel Center for Policy Research Publishers June 1999); Fouad Moughrabi, 'Politics of Palestinian Textbooks', Journal of Palestine Studies 31/2 (2001) p.519.
112. See in Khalil Bargouti (distributing on behalf of Fouad Moughrabi), 'On "Curriculum Propaganda" and what Palestinian Kids Learn' (khalil@stanford.edu) 12 April 2001, or directly (fouad@qattanfoundation.org).
113. See Zimeray (note 6).
114. See Hockstader (note 72).
115. Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research, Opinion Poll No. 6, http.//www.imra. org.il, search for Shikaki poll.
116. When questioned in March 2000, a donor nation Representative to the PA showed us the intended curriculum for the following year, supplied to him by the PA Ministry of Education, in which topics were subsumed under broad headings giving no indication of the actual content of the material to be taught. Documented in letter sent by author Dr Daphne Burdman, (31 Aug. 2000) to Miriam Gonzalez Durantez, Member of the Cabinet of the Rt. Hon. Christopher Patten, Commissioner for External Relations of the European Commission of the European Union.
117. Ministry for Foreign Affairs (of The Netherlands). Education: a basic human right. Development cooperation and basic education: policy, practice and implementation. Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Postbus 20061/2500 EB Den Hague. Jan. 2000.
118. Successive meetings with five donor nation Representatives to the PA were unsuccessful in eliciting concern about possible policy changes, except in the case of Italy. This was documented in a letter from author Daphne Burdman to Commissioner for External Relations of the European Commission Christopher Patten, sent 4 July 2000. (Italy later rescinded a $5,000,000 grant destined for PA education).
119. See also Daphne Burdman. 'The Continuing EU Role in PA Education', Israel Resource Review, http://israelbehindthe news.com/Archives/Nov-26-01.htrn, and Daphne Burdman, 'A Telling interview from April 2000 Concerning UNRWA Education', Israel Resource Review, http://israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/May- 13-02.htm.
120. See also Daphne Burdman. 'The Continuing EU Role in PA Education', Israel Resource Review, http://israelbehindthe news.com/Archives/Nov-26-01.htrn, and Daphne Burdman, 'A Telling interview from April 2000 Concerning UNRWA Education', Israel Resource Review, http://israelbehindthenews.com/Archives/May- 13-02.htm.
121. Natan Sharansky, 'A road map that leads straight back to Oslo', Jerusalem Post, 24 Oct. 2002.
122. Itamar Marcus (at CMIP and thereafter at PMW) was an Israeli representative at the Trilateral Commission Against Incitement and Violence.