The Wenlock Cyrtograptus species of the Builth Wells district, central Wales

Palaeontology

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 223-263

  Williams, Mark ^a   Zalasiewicz, Jan ^b  

^a BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biostratigraphy; Cyrtograptus; Graptolites; Silurian; Systematics; Wenlock

Indexed keywords

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY; GRAPTOLITE; TAXONOMY;

BUILTH WELLS; EURASIA; EUROPE; POWYS; UNITED KINGDOM; WALES; WESTERN EUROPE;

CLADIUM; CYRTOGRAPTUS; CYRTOGRAPTUS CENTRIFUGUS; CYRTOGRAPTUS ELLESAE; CYRTOGRAPTUS INSECTUS; CYRTOGRAPTUS LINNARSSONI; CYRTOGRAPTUS LUNDGRENI; CYRTOGRAPTUS MURCHISONI; CYRTOGRAPTUS PERNERI; CYRTOGRAPTUS RAMOSUS; CYRTOGRAPTUS RIGIDUS; MONOCLIMACIS; MONOGRAPTUS; PRISTIOGRAPTUS;

EID: 1942536040     PISSN: 00310239     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00372.x     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. AVERIANOV, B. 1929. Graptoloidea der obersilurischen Schiefer aus Ost-Turkestan. Bulletins du Comité Géologique, 48, 101-124, pls 34-35.
2. AVERIANOV, B. 1931. Graptoloidea from the shales of the Ura-Tiube region and the Zeravshan Valley, Turkestan. Transactions of the Geological and Prospecting Service of the USSR, 101, 3-24, pls 34-35.
3. BAILY, W. H. 1861. Graptolites from Co. Meath. Journal of the Geological Society of Dublin, 9, 300-306.
4. BASSETT, M. G., COCKS, L. R. M., HOLLAND, C. H., RICKARDS, R. B. and WARREN, P. T. 1975. The type Wenlock Series. Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, 75/13, 1-19.
5. BERRY, W. B. N. and MURPHY, M. A. 1975. Silurian and Devonian graptolites of central Nevada. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 110, 1-109.
6. BETTLEY, R. M., FORTEY, R. A. and SIVETER, D. J. 2001. High-resolution correlation of Anglo-Welsh middle to upper Ordovician sequences and its relevance to international chronostratigraphy. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 158, 937-952.
7. BJERRESKOV, M. 1975. Llandoverian and Wenlockian graptolites from Bornholm. Fossils and Strata, 8, 1-93, pls 1-13.
8. BJERRESKOV, M. 1986a. Silurian graptolites from N Greenland. 181-189. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society, Special Publication, 20, 277 pp.
9. BJERRESKOV, M. 1986b. Silurian graptolites from deep well Maglarp 1, Scania, Sweden. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 108, 1-12.
10. BJERRESKOV, M. 1992. Upper Llandovery and Wenlock Cyrtograptus from the Silurian Peary Land Group, North Greenland. Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse, Bulletin, 163, 1-31.
11. BOUČEK, B. 1931a. Sur la présence de la zone à Cyrtograptus rigidus Tullb. et d'autres zones dans le Gothlandien de la Bohême. Věstník Státního Geologického Ústavu Ceskoslovenské Republiky, 7, 85-98. [In Czech and French].
12. BOUČEK, B. 1931b. Communication préliminaire sur quelques nouvelles espèces de Graptolites provenant du Gothlandien de la Bohême. Věstník Státního Geologického Ústavu Československé Republiky, 7, 293-313. [In Czech and French].
13. BOUČEK, B. 1933. Monographie der obersilurischen Graptoliten aus der Familie Cyrtograptidae. Práce Geologicko-Paleontologického Ústavu Karlovy University v Praze zar., 1933, Č1, 1-84, pls 1-7.
14. BOUČEK, B. and PŘIBYL, A. 1952. Nové poznatky o cyrtograptidech z českého siluru a jejich stratigrafickém významu. Rozpravy 2. Třídy České Akademie Věda Uměni, 62, 1-24.
15. BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY in press. Builth Wells, England and Wales Sheet 196. Solid and drift. 1:50,000. British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham.
16. CARRUTHERS, W. 1867. On Graptolites. 538-541. In MURCHISON, R. I. Siluria. Fourth edition. London, 566 pp.
17. CARRUTHERS, W. 1868. A revision of the British graptolites, with descriptions of new species, and notes on their affinities. Geological Magazine, 5, 64-74, 125-133.
18. CHOPEY-JONES, A., WILLIAMS, M. and ZALASIEWICZ, J. 2003. Biostratigraphy, palaeobiogeography and morphology of the Llandovery (Silurian) graptolites Campograptus lobiferus (M'Coy) and Campograptus harpago (Törnquist). Scottish Journal of Geology, 39, 71-85.
19. COCKS, L. R. M. 2000. The early Palaeozoic geography of Europe. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 157, 1-10.
20. COCKS, L. R. M. and RICKARDS, R. B. 1969. Five boreholes in Shropshire and the relationships of shelly and graptolitic facies in the Lower Silurian. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 124 (for 1968), 213-238.
21. COPE, R. N. 1954. Cyrtograptids and retiolitids from County Tipperary. Geological Magazine, 91, 319-324.
22. DAVIES, J. R., FLETCHER, C. J. N., WATERS, R. A., WOODHALL, D. G. and ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. 1997. Geology of the country around Llanilar and Rhayader. Memoir of the British Geological Survey, Sheets 178 & 179 (England & Wales). HMSO, London, 267 pp.
23. DENG BAO 1979. On the occurrence of Cyrtograptus (graptolite) from Ziyang, Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 18, 308-310. [In Chinese, English abstract].
24. DENG BAO 1986. On the morphological characteristics of the spiralis group and the stratigraphic significance of the appearance of Cyrtograptus. 191-195. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 20, 277 pp.
25. ELLES, G. L. 1900. The zonal classification of the Wenlock Shales of the Welsh Borderland. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 53, 370-414.
26. ELLES, G. L. and WOOD. M. R. 1901-18. A monograph of British graptolites. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 1-539, pls 1-102.
27. FU LIPU 1985. Early Wenlockian and latest Llandoverian Cyrtograptus in Ziyang, Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 24, 322-331.
28. FU LIPU 1986. Graptolite zones of upper Ordovician to middle Silurian age in a continuous section at Ziyang, Shaanxi, China. 131-134. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 20, 277 pp.
29. FU LIPU and SONG LISHENG 1986. Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Silurian in Ziyang region. Bulletin of the Xi-an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, 14, 1-198. [In Chinese, English summary].
30. GOLDMAN, D., MITCHELL, C. E. and JOY, M. P. 1999. The stratigraphic distribution of graptolites in the classic upper middle Ordovician Utica Shale of New York State: an evolutionary succession or a response to relative sea-level change? Paleobiology, 25, 273-294.
31. GORTANI, M. 1923. Faune Paleozoiche della Sardegna. Parte 1. Le graptoliti di Goni. Palaeontographia Italica, 28 (for 1922), 41-67.
32. HOLM, G. 1890. Gotlands Graptoliter. Bihang till Kungl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handingar, 16, Afd. 4, No. 7, 1-34 pp.
33. HOWE, M. P. A. 1983. Measurement of thecal spacing in graptolites. Geological Magazine, 120, 635-638.
34. HOWE, M. P. A. 1999. The Silurian fauna (graptolite and nautiloid) of the Niarbyl Formation, Isle of Man. 177-187. In WOODCOCK, N. H., QUIRK, D. G., FITCHES, W. R. and BARNES, R. P. (eds). In sight of the suture: the Palaeozoic geology of the Isle of Man in its lapetus Ocean context. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 160, 370 pp.
35. HUO SHI-CHENG and SHU DE-GAN 1986. The Silurian graptolite-bearing strata in China. 173-179. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 20, 277 pp.
36. HUO SHI-CHENG, FU LIPU and SHU DEGAN. 1986. A mathematical study of the Cyrtograptus sakmaricus lineage with discussions of the evolutionary trends in this lineage. 197-201. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 20, 277 pp.
37. JONES. O. T. 1947. The geology of the Silurian rocks west and south of the Carneddau range, Radnorshire. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 103, 1-36.
38. LAPWORTH, C. 1873. Notes on the British graptolites and their allies. 1. On an improved classification of the Rhabdophora. Geological Magazine, 10, 500-504, 555-560.
39. LAPWORTH, C. 1880a. On the geological distribution of the Rhabdophora. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 5, 45-62.
40. LAPWORTH, C. 1880b. On new British graptolites. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 5, 5, 149-177.
41. LAURSEN, D. 1940. Cyrtograptusskifrene paa Bornholm, 1, Øleaa. Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse, Raekke 2, 64, 1-30.
42. LEGRAND, P. 1994. Sea level and faunal change during the late Wenlock and earliest Ludlow (Silurian): a point of view from the Algerian Sahara. Historical Biology, 7, 271-290.
43. LENZ, A. C. 1978. Llandoverian and Wenlockian Cyrtograptus, and some other Wenlockian graptolites from Northern and Arctic Canada. Geobios, 11, 623-653.
44. LENZ, A. C. 1980. Wenlockian graptolite reference section, Clearwater Creek, Nahanni National Park, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 1075-1086.
45. LENZ, A. C. 1988. Upper Llandovery and Wenlock graptolites from Prairie Creek, southern Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 25, 1955-1971.
46. LENZ, A. C. and MELCHIN, M. J. 1989. Monograptus spiralis and its phylogenetic relationship to early cyrtograptids. Journal of Paleontology, 63, 341-348.
47. LENZ, A. C. and MELCHIN, M. J. 1990. Wenlock (Silurian) graptolite biostratigraphy of the Cape Phillips Formation, Canadian Arctic Islands. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 27, 1-13.
48. LENZ, A. C. and MELCHIN, M. J. 1991. Wenlock (Silurian) graptolites, Cape Phillips Formation. Canadian Arctic Islands. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82, 211-237.
49. LOYDELL, D. K. 1993. Upper Aeronian and lower Telychian (Llandovery) graptolites from western mid-Wales. Part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 147, 56-80, pls 2-5.
50. LOYDELL, D. K. 1998. Early Silurian sea-level changes. Geological Magazine, 135, 447-471.
51. LOYDELL, D. K. and CAVE, R. 1994. Distinguishing between the Wenlock graptolite biozonal indices Cyrtograptus centrifugus and Cyrtograptus murchisoni. Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 68, 437-441.
52. LOYDELL, D. K. and CAVE, R. 1996. The Llandovery-Wenlock boundary and related stratigraphy in eastern mid-Wales with special reference to the Banwy River section. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 34, 39-64.
53. LOYDELL, D. K., KALJO, D. and MÄNNIK, P. 1998. Integrated biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian of the Ohesaare core, Saaremaa, Estonia. Geological Magazine, 135, 769-783.
54. MÜNCH, A. 1952. Die Graptolithen aus dem anstehenden Gotlandium Deutschlands und der Tschechoslowakei. Geologica, 7, 1-157, 62 pls.
55. NI YUNAN and LIN YAOKUN 2000. Wenlock graptolites from the upper Jenhochiao Formation of Shidian, western Yunnan, China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica, 39, 343-355. [In Chinese, English summary].
56. PAŠKEVIČIUS, J. 1979. Biostratigraphy and graptolites of the Lithuanian Silurian. Mokslas publisher, Vilnius, 267 pp.
57. PAŠKEVIČIUS, J. 1986. Assemblages of Silurian graptolites in various facies of the East Baltic region. 237-245. In HUGHES, C. P. and RICKARDS, R. B. (eds). Palaeoecology and biostratigraphy of graptolites. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 20, 277 pp.
58. PAVLIDES, L. and BERRY, W. B. N. 1966. Graptolite-bearing Silurian rocks of the Houlton-Smyrna Mills area, Aroostook County, Maine. US Geological Survey, Professional Paper, 550-B, B51-B61.
59. PICKERING, K. T. and SMITH, A. G. 1995. Arcs and backarc basins in the early Paleozoic Iapetus Ocean. The Island Arc, 4, 1-67.
60. RICKARDS, R. B. 1965. New Silurian graptolites from the Howgill Fells (northern England). Palaeontology, 8, 247-271.
61. RICKARDS, R. B. 1967. The Wenlock and Ludlow succession in the Howgill Fells (north-west Yorkshire and Westmoreland). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 123, 215-249.
62. RICKARDS, R. B. 1969. Wenlock graptolite zones in the English Lake District. Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, 1654, 61-65.
63. RICKARDS, R. B. 1976. The sequence of Silurian graptolite zones in the British Isles. Geological Journal, 11, 153-187.
64. RICKARDS, R. B., HUTT, J. E. and BERRY, W. B. N. 1977. Evolution of the Silurian and Devonian graptolites. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, 28, 1-120.
65. SCHAUER, M. 1968. Zur Taxionomie und Stratigraphie der Gattung Cyrtograptus (Graptolithina). Freiberger Forschungshefte, C221, 33-41.
66. ŠTORCH, P. 1994a. Graptolite biostratigraphy of the Lower Silurian (Llandovery and Wenlock) of Bohemia. Geological Journal, 29, 137-165.
67. ŠTORCH, P. 1994b. Llandovery-Wenlock boundary beds in the graptolite-rich sequence of the Barrandian area (Bohemia). Journal of the Czech Geological Society, 39, 163-182.
68. STRACHAN, I. 1969. A redescription of W. Carruther's type graptolites. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology, 17, 183-206.
69. STRACHAN, I. 1997. A bibliographic index of British graptolites (Graptoloidea). Part 2. Monograph of the Palaeontographical Society, London, 151, 41-155.
70. TELLER, L. 1969. The Silurian biostratigraphy of Poland based on graptolites. Acta Geologica Polonica, 19, 393-501.
71. TELLER, L. 1976. Morphology of some Upper Wenlockian Cyrtograptinae from Zawada 1 profile (NE Poland). Acta Geologica Polonica, 26, 469-484.
72. TELLER, L. 1986. Morphology of selected Monograptidae from the Wenlock of NE Poland. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 192, 51-73.
73. THORSTEINSSON, R. 1955. The mode of cladial development in Cyrtograptus. Geological Magazine, 92, 37-49.
74. TOMCZYK, H. 1956. Wenlock and Ludlow in the Kielce syncline of the Świȩty Krzyź mountains. Prace Instytut Geologiczny, 16, 105-129.
75. TOMCZYK, H., URBANEK, A. and TELLER, L. 1991. Hemichordata. 378-427. In PAJCHLOVA, M. (ed.). Budowa geologiczna Polski (3), Atlas Skamienialości przewodnich i charakterystycznych (Ia), Paleozoik starszy. Publishing House Wydawnictwa Geologiczne. Warsaw, 413 pp.
76. TULLBERG, S. A. 1883. Skånes graptoliter. II. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Afhandlinger och Uppsatser, Series C, 55, 1-43
77. UNDERWOOD, C. J. 1995. Interstipe webbing in the Silurian graptolite Cyrtograptus murchisoni. Palaeontology, 38, 619-625.
78. URBANEK, A. and TELLER, L. 1997. Graptolites and stratigraphy of the Wenlock and Ludlow series in the East European Platform. Palaeontologia Polonica, 56, 23-57.
79. VERNIERS, J. 1999. Calibration of Chitinozoa versus graptolite biozonation in the Wenlock of Builth Wells district (Wales, UK), compared with other areas in Avalonia and Baltica. Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana, 38, 1-22.
80. WARREN, P. T. 1971. The sequence and correlation of graptolite faunas from the Wenlock-Ludlow rocks of North Wales. Colloque ordovicien-silurien. Bureau de Rechérches Géologiques et Minières, Mémoire, 73, 451-460.
81. WATERLOT, G. 1945. Les graptolites du Maroc. Premiere partie. Généralités sur les Graptolites. Notes et Mémoires du Service Géologique, Maroc, 63, 1-112.
82. WILLIAMS, M. and ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. 2000. Cyrtograptus rigidus cautleyensis Rickards. Atlas of Graptolite Type Specimens, The Palaeontographical Society, London, Folio 1.18.
83. WHITE, D. E., BARRON, H. F., BARNES, R. P. and LINTERN, B. C. 1992. Biostratigraphy of the late Llandovery (Telychian) and Wenlock turbiditic sequences in the SW Southern Uplands, Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 82 (for 1991), 297-322.
84. WOOD, E. M. R. 1900. The lower Ludlow Formation and its graptolite fauna. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 53, 415-492.
85. ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. 1990. Silurian graptolite biostratigraphy in the Welsh Basin. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 147, 619-622.
86. ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. 2000. Cyrtograptus linnarssoni Lapworth. Atlas of Graptolite Type Specimens, The Palaeontographical Society, London, Folio 1.17.
87. ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. and WILLIAMS, M. 1999. Graptolite biozonation of the Wenlock Series (Silurian) of the Builth Wells district, central Wales. Geological Magazine, 136, 263-283.
88. ZALASIEWICZ, J. A. and WILLIAMS, M. 2000. Cyrtograptus rigidus rigidus Tullberg. Atlas of Graptolite Type Specimens, The Palaeontographical Society, London, Folio 1.19.
89. ZALASIEWICZ, J. A., WILLIAMS, M., VERNIERS, J. and JACHOWICZ, M. 1998. A revision of the graptolite biozonation and calibration with the chitinozoa and acritarch biozonations for the Wenlock succession of the Builth Wells district, Wales, UK, Temas Geológico-Mineros ITGE, 23, 141.