Trichomoniasis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Volumn 80, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 91-95

  Swygard, H ^a   Sena A C ^a   Hobbs, M M ^a   Cohen, M S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARNIDAZOLE; FURAZOLIDONE; METRONIDAZOLE; NIMORAZOLE; NITROFURAN; NITROIMIDAZOLE; NITROIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; ORNIDAZOLE; PAROMOMYCIN; TINIDAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG EFFICACY; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NAUSEA; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SKIN MANIFESTATION; TASTE DISORDER; TREATMENT FAILURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; TRICHOMONIASIS; URETHRITIS; UTERINE CERVICITIS; VAGINITIS; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; ANTITRICHOMONAL AGENTS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MICROBIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS;

EID: 1942522110     PISSN: 13684973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/sti.2003.005124     Document Type: Review

References (58)

1. Sorvillo F, Smith L, Kerndt P, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV and African-Americans. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:927-32.
2. Anorlu RI, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Fagorala T, et al. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis in patients with vaginal discharge in Lagos, Nigeria. Nigerian Postgrad Med J 2001;8:183-6.
3. Daly CC, Maggwa N, Mati JK, et al. Risk factors for gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomonas infections among women attending family planning clinics in Nairobi, Kenya. Genitourin Med 1994;70:155-61.
4. El Seoud SF, Abbas AAM, Habib FS. Study of trichomoniasis among Egyptian male patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 1998;28:263-70.
5. Krieger JN. Trichomoniasis in men: old issues and new data. Sex Transm Dis 1995;22:83-96.
6. Krieger JN. Consider diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis in men [editorial; comment]. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:241-2.
7. Pastorek JG 2nd, Cotch MF, Martin DH, et al. Clinical and microbiological correlates of vaginal trichomoniasis during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1075-80.
8. Morency P, Dubois MJ, Gresenguet G, et al. Aetiology of urethral discharge in Bangui, Central African Republic. Sex Transm Infect 2001;77:125-9.
9. Sorvillo F, Kovacs A, Kerndt P, et al. Risk factors for trichomoniasis among women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at a public clinic in Los Angeles County, California: implications for HIV prevention. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;58:495-500.
10. Crosby R, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, et al. Predictors of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis: a prospective study of low income African-American adolescent females. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:360-4.
11. Niccolai LM, Kopicko JJ, Kassie A, et al. Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:284-8.
12. Spinillo A, Bernuzzi AM, Cevini C, et al. The relationship of bacterial vaginosis, Candida and Trichomonas infection to symptomatic vagnitis in postmenopausal women attending a vaginitis clinic. Maturitas 1997;27:253-60.
13. Mbizvo EM, Msuya SE, Stray-Pedersen B, et al. Determinants of repoductive tract infections among asymtpomatic women in Harare, Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 2001;47:57-64.
14. Lo M, Reid M, Brokenshire M. Epidemiological features of women with trichomoniasis in Auckland sexual health clinics: 1998-99. NZ Med J 2002;115:U119.
15. Reynolds M, Wilson J. Is Trichomonas vaginalis still a marker for other sexually transmitted infections in women? Int J STD AIDS 1996;7:131-2.
16. Joyner JL, Douglas JM, Ragsdale S, et al. Comparative prevalence of infection with Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Sex Transm Dis 2000;27:236-40.
17. Wendel KA, Erbelding E, Gaydos CA, et al. Use of urine polymerase chain reaction to define the prevalence and clinical presentation of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in men attending an STD clinic. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:151-3.
18. Pepin J, Sobela F, Deslandes S, et al. Etiology of urethral discharge in West Africa: the role of Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79:118-26.
19. Watson-Jones D, Mugeye K, Mayaud P, et al. High prevalence of trichomoniasis in rural men in Mwanza, Tanzania: results from a population based study. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:355-62.
20. Buve A, Weiss HA, Laga M, et al. The epidemiology of trichomoniasis in four African cities. AIDS 2001;15(Suppl 4):S89-96.
21. Moodley P, Wilkinson D, Connolly C, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:519-22.
22. Franklin TL, Monif GR. Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. Coexistence in vaginal wet mount preparations from pregnant women. J Reprod Med 2000;45:131-4.
23. Schneider H, Coetzee N, Fehler HG, et al. Screening for sexually transmitted diseases in rural South African women. Sex Transm Infect 1998;74(Suppl 1):S147-52.
24. Ryan KA, Zekeng L, Roddy RE, et al. Prevalence and prediction of sexually transmitted diseases among sex workers in Cameroon. Int J STD AIDS 1998;9:403-7.
25. Sayed el-Ahl SA, el-Wakil HS, Kamel NM, et al. A preliminary study on the relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis and cervical cancer in Egyptian women. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2002;32:167-78.
26. Bowden FJ, Garnett GP. Trichomonas vaginalis epidemiology: parameterising and analysing a model of treatment interventions. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:248-56.
27. Krieger JN, Jenny C, Verdon M, et al. Clinical manifestations of trichomoniasis in men. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:844-9.
28. Jackson DJ, Rakwar JP, Chohan B, et al. Urethral infection in a workplace population of East African men: evaluation of strategies for screening and management. J Infect Dis 1997;175:833-8.
29. Hobbs MM, Kazembe P, Reed AW, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis as a cause of urethritis in Malawian men [see comments]. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:381-7.
30. Krieger JN, Verdon M, Siegel N, et al. Natural history of urogenital trichomoniasis in men. J Urol 1993;149:1455-8.
31. Kaydos SC, Hobbs MM, Price MA, et al. Sites of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the genitourinary tract of Malawian men. Int J STD AIDS 2001;12(Suppl 2):38.
32. Schwebke JR, Morgan SC, Pinson GB. Validity of self-obtained vaginal specimens for diagnosis of trichomoniasis. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:1618-9.
33. Wiesenfeld HC, Lowry DL, Heine RP, et al. Self-collection of vaginal swabs for the detection of Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis: opportunity to encourage sexually transmitted disease testing among adolescents. Sex Transm Dis 2001;28:321-5.
34. Kingston MA, Bansal D, Carlin EM. "Shelf life" of Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J STD AIDS 2003;14:28-9.
35. Wendel KA, Erbelding EJ, Gaydos CA, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis polymerase chain reaction compared with standard diagnsotic and therapeutic protocols for detection and treatment of vaginal trichomoniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:576-80.
36. Ohlemeyer CL, Hornberger LL, Lynch DA, et al. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent females: In Pouch TV culture versus wet-mount microscopy. J Adolesc Health 1998;22:205-8.
37. Schwebke JR, Venglarik MF, Morgan SC. Delayed versus immediate bedside inoculation of culture media for diagnosis of vaginal trichomonosis. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:2369-70.
38. Lara-Torre E, Pinkerton JS. Accuracy of detection of Trichomonas vaginalis organisms on a liquid-based papanicolaau smear. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:354-6.
39. Herzberg AJ, Silverman JF. Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in endocervical and ectocervical smears. Diagn Cytopathol 1996;14:273-6.
40. Waghorn DJ, Tucker PJ, Chia Y, et al. Collaborative approach to improve the detection and management of trichomoniasis in a low prevalence district. Int J STD AIDS 1998;9:164-7.
41. Wiese W, Patel SR, Patel SC, et al. A meta-analysis of the Papanicolaou smear and wet mount for the diagnosis of vaginal trichomoniasis. Am J Med 2000;108:301-8.
42. Patel SR, Wiese W, Ohl CA, et al. Systematic review of diagnostic tests for vaginal trichomoniasis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2000;8:248-57.
43. DeMeo LR, Draper DL, McGregor JA, et al. Evaluation of a deoxyribonucleic acid probe for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal secretions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:1339-42.
44. Kengne P, Veas F, Vidal N, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis: repeated DNA target for highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction diagnosis. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-Le-Grand) 1994;40:819-31.
45. Lawing LF, Hedges SR, Schwebke JR. Detection of trichomonosis in vaginal and urine specimens from women by culture and PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:3585-8.
46. Kaydos SC, Swygard H, Wise SL, et al. Development and validation of a PCR enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with urine for use in clinical research settings to detect Trichomonas vaginalis in women. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:89-95.
47. Kaydos-Daniels SC, Miller WC, Hoffman I, et al. Validation of a urine-based PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for use in clinical research settings to detect Trichomonas vaginalis in men. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:318-23.
48. Vishwanath S, Talwar V, Prasad R, et al. Syndromic management of vaginal discharge among women in a reproductive health clinic in India. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:303-6.
49. Gulmezoglu AM, Garner P. Trichomoniasis treatment in women: a systematic review. Trop Med Int Health 1998;3:553-8.
50. duBouchet L, McGregor JA, Ismail M, et al. A pilot study of metronidazole vaginal gel versus oral metronidazole for the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis vaginitis. Sex Transm Dis 1998;25:176-9.
51. Schmid GP, Narcisi EM, Mosure D, et al. Prevalence on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a gynecology clinic. J Reprod Med 2001;46:545-9.
52. Narcisi EM, Secor WE. In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:1121-5.
53. Sobel JD, Nyirjesy P, Brown WJ. Tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-reistant vaginal trichomoniasis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1341-6.
54. Anonymous. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: MMWR 2002;51(RR-6):44-5.
55. Sutton MY, Sternberg M, Nsuami M, et al. Trichomoniasis in pregnant human immunodeficiency virus-infected and human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected congolese women: prevalence, risk factors, and association, with low birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:656-62.
56. Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001;345:487-93.
57. Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M. A population based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynoecol 1998;105:322-7.
58. DuBouchet L, Spence MR, Rein MF, et al. Multicenter comparison of clotrimazole vaginal tablets, oral metronidazole, and vaginal suppositories containing sulfanilamide, aminacrine hydrochloride, and allantoin in the treatment of symptomatic trichomoniasis. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:156-60.